Exercise Set 12 Solutions

*1. (i) We want to maximize

P(x, y) = 100x
3/5
y
2/5
if 150x + 250y 100, 000
For a sketch of a contour map of P(x, y) with the constraining line 150x+250y = 100, 000
see the corresponding Maple le.
There are no unconstrained stationary points. As illustrated by the contour map, the
maximum is attained at a point on the constraint, where the constraint is tangent to a
contour of P(x, y). This is a stationary point of the Lagrangian function
L = 100x
3/5
y
2/5
+ (2000 3x 5y)
At stationary points,
L
x
= 100
3
5
x
2/5
y
2/5
3 = 0
L
y
= 100
2
5
x
3/5
y
3/5
5 = 0
L

= 2000 3x 5y = 0
= = 20
_
y
x
_
2/5
= 20
2
5
_
x
y
_
3/5
y =
2
5
x
Substituting into the constraint,
3x + 5y = 2000
5x = 2000
x = 400 y =
2
5
x = 160
The maximum production level is
P(400, 160) = 100(400)
3/5
(160)
2/5
= 27, 725.79 production units
An adjustment must be made to evaluate , since the constraint equation was divided
by 50. The Lagrangian multiplier,
=
20
50
_
y
x
_
2/5
=
20
50
(0.4)
0.4
0.2772
Hence for each additional pound added to the budget at (400, 160) approximately 0.2772
additional product units can be produced.
1
(ii) We want to minimize
C(x, y) = 150x + 250y subject to 100x
3/5
y
2/5
= 20, 000 or x
3/5
y
2/5
= 200
For a sketch of a contour map of C(x, y) with the constraining curve 100x
3/5
y
2/5
= 20, 000
see the corresponding Maple le.
There are no unconstrained stationary points. The minimum is attained at a stationary
point of the Lagrangian function,
L = 150x + 250y + (200 x
3/5
y
2/5
)
At stationary points,
L
x
= 150
3
5
x
2/5
y
2/5
= 0
L
y
= 250
2
5
x
3/5
y
3/5
= 0
L

= 200 x
3/5
y
2/5
= = 250
_
x
y
_
2/5
= 625
_
y
x
_
3/5
2x = 5y
Substituting into the constraint,
x
3/5
y
2/5
= 200
_
5
2
_
3/5
y = 200
y = 200
_
2
5
_
3/5
115.42 x = 500
_
2
5
_
3/5
288.54
The minimum cost is
C(288.54, 115.42) = (150)(500)
_
2
5
_
3/5
+ (250)(200)
_
2
5
_
3/5
= 72135
Again an adjustment must be made to evaluate , since the constraint equation was
divided by 100. The Lagrangian multiplier,
=
250
100
_
5
2
_
2/5
3.607
Hence for each additional product unit produced at the minimum point found above, the
cost is increased by approximately 3.61.
2
2. Plot the points, as in R
2
: z = (

3, 1) and w = (1, 1). This will enable you to deduce

the modulus and argument of each:
z =

3 i |z| = 2, =

6
z = 2e
i

6
w = 1 + i |w| =

2, =

4
1 + i =

2e
i/4
q =
(

3 i)
6
(1 + i)
10
=
_
2e
i/6
)
_
6
_
2e
i/4
_
10
=
2
6
e
i
2
5
e
i10/4
= 2e
i(5/2)
= 2e
i/2
= 2i
*3. Write each of the following complex numbers in the form a + ib:
e
i/2
= i, e
i3/2
= i, e
i3/4
=
1

2
+ i
1

2
, e
i(11/3)
= e
i(/3)
=
1
2
i

3
2
,
e
1+i
= e
1
e
i
= e cos(1) + ie sin(1), e
1
is real,
e
3+i 2

5
= e
3
cos(2

5) + ie
3
sin(2

5), 4e
i7/6
= 2

3 2i
4. For y(x) = e
ix
,
dy
dx
= ie
ix
,
d
2
y
dx
2
= i
2
e
ix
= e
ix

d
2
y
dx
2
+ y = e
ix
+ e
ix
= 0
In the same way y(x) = e
ix
satises the dierential equation.
*5. Find the roots w and w of x
2
4x + 7 = 0 using the quadratic formula,
x =
4

12
2
w = 2 + i

3 , w = 2 i

3 are the solutions.

For this value of w, the real and imaginary parts of f(t) = e
wt
, t R are,
e
wt
= e
(2+i

3)t
= e
2t
e
i

3t
= e
2t
(cos

3t + i sin

3t)
=Re(f(t)) = e
2t
cos

3t Im(f(t)) = e
2t
sin

3t
(For w, the real part of f(t) is the same and the imaginary part diers only in sign.)
The real and imaginary parts of g(t) = w
t
, t Z
+
are,
w
t
= (2 + i

3)
t
= (

7e
i
)
t
= (

7)
t
(cos t + i sin t)
=Re(g(t)) = 7
t/2
cos t Im(g(t)) = 7
t/2
sin t
where
_
cos =
2

7
sin =

7
(For w, the real part of f(t) is the same and the imaginary part diers only in sign.)
3
*6. = a + ib.
y(t) = Ae
t
+ Be

t
= Ae
(a+ib)t
+ Be
(aib)t
= Ae
at
e
ibt
+ Be
at
e
ibt
= e
at
(Ae
ibt
+ Be
ibt
)
Using Eulers formula, this becomes
y(t) = e
at
_
A(cos bt + i sin bt) + B(cos bt i sin bt)
_
= e
at
((A + B) cos bt + i(AB) sin bt)
= e
at
(

Acos bt +

B sinbt)
By choosing A and B to be complex conjugates for any complex number, say A = Z
and B = Z, we have

A = A + B = 2Re(Z) and

B = i(A B) = 2Im(Z) are both
real numbers. This makes y(t) a real-valued function of t (as opposed to a complex-valued
function).
If

A and

B are real, this last form can be expressed as Ce
at
cos(bt ) using the formula
for the cosine of the sum of two angles:
Ce
at
cos(bt ) = Ce
at
_
cos(bt) cos + sin(bt) sin
_
with cos =

A
C
, sin =

B
C
so that

A is the adjacent side of a right triangle,

B is the opposite side and C is the
hypotenuse. Then
C =
_

A
2
+

B
2
=
_
(A + B)
2
+ i
2
(AB)
2
= 2

AB
7. Recall that e
i
and e
i
are complex conjugates for any R, so that in general
e
i
+ e
i
= (cos + i sin ) + (cos i sin ) = 2 cos
To show that e
zt
+ e
zt
is real for t R, write z = a + ib C,
e
zt
+ e
zt
= e
(a+ib)t
+ e
(aib)t
= e
at
(e
ibt
+ e
ibt
) = e
at
(2 cos bt)
which is real.
To show that z
t
+ z
t
is real for t Z
+
, write z = re
i
,
z
t
+ z
t
= r
t
e
it
+ r
t
e
it
= r
t
(e
it
+ e
it
) = r
t
(2 cos t)
4
8. (a) To solve z
4
= 1, write z = re
i
and 1 = e
i
= e
i(+2n)
z
4
= (re
i
)
4
= e
i(+2n)
r
4
= 1, 4 = + 2n r = 1, =

4
,
3
4
,
5
4
,
7
4
The four roots are e
i

4
, e
i
3
4
, e
i
5
4
, e
i
7
4
.
To illustrate the roots as points in the complex plane, plot the rst root in terms of its
polar coordinates, r = 1, =

4
. (If you have trouble with this, change the rst root to the
form a +ib: e
i

4
=
1

2
+i
1

2
and mark the point (
1

2
,
1

2
) on the graph.) The remaining
3 points are on the unit circle, spaced evenly a distance

2
apart.
In the same way, the 3 roots of z
3
= 1 are of the form
z = re
i
where r
3
= 1, 3 = + 2n.
The roots are e
i

3
, e
i
= 1, e
i
5
3
Mark the point (1, 0) in the complex plane. The other two roots (which are complex
conjugates) are on the unit circle, making angles of

3
with the positive real axis.
For x
5
= 1 note that 1 is a root and the remaining 4 roots will be evenly spaced
around the unit circle. For x
6
= 64, 2 is a real root and the 6 roots are evenly spaced
about the circle of radius 2.
(b) To answer this, you need the roots in the form a + ib:
z
1
= e
i/4
=
1

2
+ i
1

2
z
2
= e
i3/4
=
1

2
+ i
1

2
z
3
= e
i5/4
=
1

2
i
1

2
= z
2
z
4
= e
i7/4
=
1

2
i
1

2
= z
1
To factorise z
4
+ 1 into a product of quadratic factors with real coecients, write the
polynomial as a product of linear factors in conjugate pairs. For the rst conjugate pair,
(z z
1
)(z z
1
) = z
2
2Re(z
1
)z + z
1
z
1
= z
2

2z + 1
In the same way, (z z
2
)(z z
2
) = z
2
+

2z + 1, so that
z
4
+ 1 = (z
2

2z + 1)(z
2
+

2z + 1)
5