Chapter 23: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850

1. Introduction a. A meeting of revolutionaries in Haiti b. Toussaint LOuverture and the Haitian slave rebellion c. The legacy of the revolutionary era in the western world 2. Prelude to Revolution: the eighteenth-century crisis a. Colonial wars and fiscal crises i. Spain lost colonial power to the Dutch and the British ii. The British and French competed for colonial holdings iii. The cost of making war went up higher and faster than taxes did b. The enlightenment and the old order i. The enlightenment and the application of scientific ideas to human nature ii. The enlightenments influence on politics iii. Government and the enlightenment iv. The relationship between the intellectuals of the enlightenment v. Women, the middle class and the enlightenment vi. The Americas, Ben Franklin and European debates c. Folk cultures and popular protest i. Many peoples resisted the supposedly beneficial changes and reforms: they saw them as threatening their traditional systems ii. Attempts were made to restrict many popular cultural traditions deemed corrupt iii. The relationship between popular protest and revolution 3. The American Revolution, 1775-1800 a. Frontiers and taxes i. British tired to impose more taxes on the American colonists ii. Problems arose between the Amerindians the British when they took over French holding in the Great Lakes region iii. Pontiac, the British response, and colonial dissatisfaction iv. Britains campaign to raise money from the colonists and boycott v. Boston, the Boston Massacre and a tea party b. The course of revolution, 1775-1783 i. The colonists began to take over government institutions and intimidate the loyalists ii. Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence iii. British brought in military forces: the two parties were not able to compromise iv. Amerindian involvement v. French involvement vi. The end of wars c. The construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800 i. State constitutions and the confederation government ii. The constitution convention, 1787 iii. Who gained full rights? What about free blacks, women and slaves

4. The French Revolution , 1789-1815 a. French society and fiscal crisis i. The first and second estates ii. The third estate, the bourgeoisie iii. The plights of the poor iv. War expenses, new taxes and the power of the privileged class b. Protest turns to revolution, 1789-1792 i. Louis XVI had to call the estates general into session ii. The creation of the national assembly iii. Louis brought in the military for protection, but the people acted resulting in the storming of the Bastille iv. More rights and the Declaration of the Rights of Man v. Women in the revolution vi. Radical changes for French society and the European response c. The Terror, 1793-1794 i. The assembly suspended the King ii. France became a republic iii. Robespierre and the Jacobins iv. The Reign of Terror and the execution of Robespierre d. Reaction and dictatorship, 1795-1815 i. Dismantling the more radical elements of the revolution ii. Napoleon gave order to an exhausted France iii. Napoleon made alliances iv. Individuals lost rights v. Napoleon built an empire vi. Waterloo and defeat 5. Revolution Spreads, conservatives respond, 1789-1850 a. The Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804 i. The wealth of the colony paid for by a brutal slave system ii. Delegations sent to France iii. A power vacuum developed in Haiti and the two classes began to fight iv. Slave rebellion v. Napoleon tried to re-establish colonial power and slavery vi. The role of women in Haiti b. Congress of Vienna and Conservative retrenchment, 1815-1820 i. Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia met to create a European peace settlement that would safeguard the political order of all of Europe ii. Tried to turn back the clock in France iii. Also wanted to stem the tide of subversive ideas iv. The revolutions of 1848 and Napoleon III v. The reformers tried to reform in Austria and Prussia, but brought about little change c. Nationalism, reform and revolution, 1821-1850 i. Greek independence ii. Constitutional monarchy in France

iii. Domestic reforms made in the United Sates and Britain, but the governments were fearful of what had happened in France 6. Conclusion a. Royal needs for funds clashed with new ideas of reform revolution b. The three revolutions had different characters c. Conservative retrenchment