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Biot Savart Law and Amperes Law (cont.)
is a vector pointing towards the point of interest from the
origin, and is a vector towards the wire segment. The second
expression is for a non-uniform current distribution in the
magnetic field generating system (like a wire).
Amperes circuital law states that the magnetic field intensity
integrated along a closed path is equal to the current flowing
through the surface enclosed by the path.
r
r
' r
r
I l d H =
r
r
Off-axis Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire
Consider a segment of a straight wire of
length 2a. Using Biot-Savart Law, the
magnetic flux density due to a small segment
dl is given by
The B vector is pointing into the paper.
) ) ' ( ( 4
sin
' 4
) ' (
) ' , , (
2 2
0
3
0
z z r
dz I
r r
r r z Id
z r B d
+
=
r r
r r r
(r,,z)
a
-a
z
' r r
r r
y
r
r
I
(
(
+ +
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
2 2 2 2
0
2 / 1 2 2 2
0
2 / 3 2 2
0
2 2
0
) ' (
'
) ' (
'
4 ) ) ' ( ( 4
) ' (
) ) ' ( ( 4
) ) ' ( ( 4
sin
) ' , , (
a z r
a z
a z r
a z
r
I
z z r r
z z Ir
z z r
Irdz
z z r
dz I
z r B
a
a
a
a
a
a
On-axis Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire
If the point of interest is at the midpoint of the wire, z = 0, and
2 2
0
2
a r r
Ia
B
+
=
) ( 4
) ( 4 ) ( 4
4
) ' , 0 , 0 (
z a
a I
k d
z a
a I
k B
z a
d a I
z a
adl I
dB
R
R l Id
z B d
z
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
r
r
r
k
a
I
B
2
0
=
r
At the center of the loop,
On-axis Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
z
-l
l
Using the result above, we can calculate the on-axis
magnetic field inside the solenoid
Consider a solenoid with n number of windings per
meter. The length of the solenoid is 2l.
2 2
0
2 2 2
2
0
2 / 3 2 2
2
0
2 / 3 2 2
2
0
2 ) ( 2
) ( 2
l a
NI
z a a
z nIa
z a
dz nIa
B
z a
dz a nI
dB
l
l
l
l
z
z
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
r r
Vector Potential
Since there is no magnetic monopole , can be
expressed as , the curl of vector potential.
For the two different expressions of B, we have
0 = B
r
B
r
A
v
=
= dv
r r
r r r J
r r
r r l d r I
r B
3 3
'
) ' ( ) ' (
4
'
) ' ( ) ' (
4
) (
r r
r r
r
r r
r r
r
= dv
r r
r J
r r
l d r I
r A
2 2
'
) ' (
4
'
) ' (
4
) (
r r
r
r r
r
Magnetic Dipole
x
z
(r,0,)
a
r
Top view
x
R
For a current loop, the magnetic field off axis can be calculated
by finding vector potential.
Magnetic Dipole
The vector potential due to the green segment has a direction of
the green arrow. Because of symmetry, the potential due to the
red segment almost cancel the green vector potential and the
resultant potential due to these two segments has a direction
normal to the xz plane, or in general in direction. Without loss
of generality, we place the point of interest in the xz plane.
The component of A due to a segment is equal to
The total is found as the integral around the loop
R
Idl
dA
4
' cos '
=
= =
2
0
' ' cos
4 4
' cos '
R
d Ia
R
Idl
A
Magnetic Dipole
where
For r >> a
or
The total vector potential is
are then equal to
2 cos 2
2 2 2 2 2
+ = + = a r ra a r R ' cos sin ra
' cos sin 2 1
r
a
r R |
.
|
\
|
+ ' cos sin 1
1 1
r
a
r R
( )
2
2
2
0
2
4
sin
' ' cos sin ' cos
4 r
a I
d
r
a Ia
A
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
B
r
( ) ( )
sin
sin
= = rA
r r
A
r
r
A B
r
( )
| |
sin
cos
2
3
2
+ = r
r
a I
Magnetic Dipole
The magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment, the counterpart
of electric dipole, is defined as
The dipole direction is pointing up from the loop for the counter-
clockwise I direction (as in this case), and vice versa.
The vector potential can then be expressed as
2
a I m =
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
m A
1
4
0
r
r