ENERGY RESOURCES

ENERGY SOURCES

ENERGY RESOURCES

Where does it come from?

How much are there? How much do we have?

In energy statitistics it is called Primary Energy

Energy Classification Primary energy

Fossil fuels Nuclear fuels Geothermal Hydropower Wind Waves Tidal energy Ocean heat Charcoal (from wood)

Secondary energy
Electricity (from anything) Liquid fuels (from anything) Hydrogen (from anything)

ENERGY RESOURCES

Coal Petroleum Geothermal

Biomass

PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION

How much are there?

OIL
World Reserves World total 1,371

Oil

World Reserves 2006 (billion bbl)

World total 1,371

144.4

163.5 (oil sand)

59.9

742.7
117.2 103.5
5.7

16.3 4.2 4.3 (0.4% of world reserves)

4.2

Oil

World Reserves World total 1,371

4.3 (0.4% of world reserves)

Nat Gas

World Reserves World total 181.5

Trillion cubic metres

2.63 ( = 93 TCF) (1.5% of world reserves)

Nat Gas

World Reserves 2006 (TCF)

World total 6405

2263

282 501

2593

86 38 19 12

243

93 (0.4% of world reserves)

92

Coal

World Reserves 2006 (billion tons)

World Total 909

287.1 254.4
114.5 50.3 92.4 4.9 (share: 0.5%)
19.9

78.5

Renewable Energy Resources

Expressed in POWER or power density instead of physical quantity (volume or mass)

Geothermal Hydropower Wind power Solar radiation

MW MW W/m2 (power density) or in m/s (wind speed) W/m2 of or kWh/m2 per year

Geothermal Resources
Energy from heat contained in the rock and fluid, derived from radioactive decay deep in earth

Temperatures in Celsius

Depth in kilometers

2,000 4,000 6,000

4,000

5,000

Geothermal Resources Depends upon the fluid phase hydrothermal resources

vapor-dominated reservoirs (steam only) liquid-dominated reservoirs (steam and water, or water only)

Hot Dry Rock (HDR)

No water, just hot, deep-seated rock

Geothermal Resources
Classified by temperature: low temperature
(less than 90C)

moderate temperature
(90C - 150C)

high temperature
(greater than 150C).

Wind power
Recall:

Kinetic Energy =

1 mv 2 2

1 m 2 kg 2 s

Joule

Kinetic Power =

1 mv 2 2

1 kg m 2 2 s s

J = Watt s

(kg/s) = Velocity (m/s) x Area (m2) x Density (kg/m3) Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air Density x Velocity3

velocity Swept Area

Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air Density x Velocity3

Classes of wind power density at 10 m and 50 m Wind Power Wind Power Density (W/m2) 0 1 100 2 150 3 200 4 5 6 400 7 1000 7.0 9.4 800 2000 8.8 11.9 250 300 6.0 6.4 500 600 7.5 8.0 5.6 400 7.0 5.1 300 6.4 4.4 200 5.6 10 m Speed (b) m/s 0 50 m Wind Power Density (W/m2) 0 Speed (b) m/s 0

Class*

The world's largest wind turbine generator Blade diameter : 126 metres What is the wind power at wind speed of 14m/s Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air Density x Velocity3 Rotors sweep an area of PI x (diameter/2)2 = 12470 m2 ! Air density is 1.23 kg/m3 Wind Power = 0.5 x 12,470 x 1.23 x (14 x 14 x 14) = 21,000,000 Watts = 21 MW Actual power: 5 MW Eff: 21%

Sizes and Applications

Small (10 kW)

Homes Farms Remote Applications
(e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking)

Intermediate (10-250 kW)

Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power

Large (250 kW - 2+MW)

Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power

Hydropower

Potential Energy = mgH H

m3/s m

Hydropower = 1000 Q g H (Watt) = 10 Q H (kW)

Hydropower = 10 Q H Eff (kW) Typical eff: 70%

Energy Conversion and Distribution

Energy Classification Primary energy

Fossil fuels Nuclear fuels Geothermal Hydropower Wind Waves Tidal energy Ocean heat Charcoal (from wood)

Secondary energy
Electricity (from anything) Liquid fuels (from anything) Hydrogen (from anything)

Energy Conversion
Primary energy
Conversion Secondary energy Electricity Liquid fuels Conversion Energy services Direct use Heating Mechanical

PRIMARY ENERGY TO ENERGY SERVICES

ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION

FUEL
ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

POWER PLANT

DELIVERED ENERGY

HEAT

USEFUL ENERGY

Energy Conversion
LPG Liquid fuels Conv. Energy services

Crude oil

Refinery

Petrochemical feedstock Non-fuel products

OIL CHAIN INDONESIA

INSTALASI/DEPOT/ T.TRANSIT

RAIL TANK WAGON

IMPOR BBM
Pipeline

Pipeline

IMPOR CRUDE DEPOT

KILANG LADANG MINYAK

OIL BARGE

Pipeline

BUNKER PIT

BUNKER SERVICE

SPBU

INDUSTRI

BUNKER SERVICE

SPBU Apung

INDUSTRI

INDUSTRI

Energy Conversion

Power plant Coal

Electricity Conv. Energy services

Liquefaction

Liquid fuels

Energy Conversion

Power plant Nat Gas

Electricity Conv. Energy services

Liquefaction

Liquid fuels

World Primary Energy Consumption 2006

Hydro 6% Oil 36%

Nuclear 6%

Coal 28% Gas 24%

World Total 10,878 million TOE

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

COAL HYDRO NUCLEAR GAS

OIL

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

COAL HYDRO
NUCLEAR

GAS

OIL

North America

S.Cent America

Europe

MidEast

Africa

Asia Pacific