Microstrip Patch Antennas © World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. LTD

CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1
Introductory Remarks
Microstrip patch antennas (MPA) are a class of planar antennas which have been researched and developed extensively in the last three decades. They have become favorites among antenna designers and have been used in many applications in wireless communication systems, both in the military sector and in the commercial sector. The aim of this book is to provide a coherent account of the theory, analysis, and design of these antennas. Since the authors have been involved with the research and development of MPAs from the early 1980s, this book can also be regarded as a partial record of their personal journeys in this eld. A signicant fraction of the material is drawn from their own work in the last two and a half decades. In this opening chapter, we rst briey describe some commonly used antennas before MPAs came on the scene. This helps the reader appreciate the attractiveness of MPAs. The chapter then discusses, in general terms, the basic geometry of the MPA, material considerations, and various feeding methods for the single element. A discussion on the knowledge and skills needed to design MPAs follows. For easy reference, we include the electromagnetic spectrum and its utilization for various wireless communication applications at the end of the chapter. 1.2 Conventional Antennas
We review some antennas that are commonly used before the advent of microstrip patch antennas. They will be referred to as conventional antennas. The simplest and most widely used antenna element is the half-wave dipole, which consists of two linear conductors about a quarter wave long, driven by a source at the center, as shown in Figure 1.1a. Two variations of the half-wave dipole are the quarter wave monopole (Figure 1.1b) and the folded dipole (Figure 1.1c).
1
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. http://www.worldscibooks.com/engineering/p669.html
Microstrip Patch Antennas
Two-wire
Feeding
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 1.1
Illustrations of (a) dipole; (b) monopole and (c) folded dipole.
Fig. 1.2
(a) A driven element and a director; (b) a driven element and a reector.
The pattern of a dipole can be modied by placing a passive or parasitic conductor near it. Although the parasitic element is not connected to a source, a current is induced in it due to the radiation from the driven dipole. The total radiation is the sum of the driven and the parasitic elements. By suitably choosing the length and spacing of the latter, it can act either as a reector enhancing radiation in the direction of the dipole (negative x) or as a director enhancing radiation in its own direction (positive x). These are illustrated in Figure 1.2. An antenna consisting of a driver, a reecting element, and one or more directing elements is called a Uda-Yagi array or a Yagi for short (Figure 1.3). There is a limit to the number of parasitic elements that can be added to a Yagi since the induced current on a parasitic element becomes progressively smaller as its distance from the driven element increases. It ceases to play an eective role if it is placed too far from the driven element. Yagis are seldom designed to have more than 12 elements. A 7 element Yagi using a folded dipole as driver is shown in Figure 1.3b. While a thin conductor can act as a reector, it is highly sensitive to frequency. The frequency dependence is reduced if a plane conducting sheet is used instead. The eectiveness of the reecting sheet can be further
Introduction
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1.3 (a) A three-element Yagi-antenna and (b) a seven-element Yagi-antenna using folded dipole as driver.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1.4 (a) Plane conductor type corner reector antenna and (b) grid type corner reector antenna.
enhanced if it is bent into two sheets intersecting at an angle, as shown in Figure 1.4a. The resulting structure is known as a corner reector antenna. The corner reector has the limitation that, even if the sides are innite in extent, there is an upper limit to the directiveness of the resultant radiation. To reduce wind resistance, the reecting metal sheets are replaced by conducting rods, resulting in a grid type corner reector antenna (Figure 1.4b).
Other traditional antenna elements are the loop antenna, the horn antenna, and the helical antenna. The loop antenna is used extensively in TV reception and as directional nders. An indoor TV antenna consisting of a dipole and a loop is shown in Figure 1.5. By aring the aperture of an open-ended waveguide, a horn antenna is obtained (Figure 1.6). The horn antenna is used extensively at microwave frequencies, both as feed antennas for parabolic reectors and as the standard calibration antenna for gain. For communication with satellites and space vehicles, electromagnetic waves with circular polarization (CP) is preferred over linear polarization (LP). The helical antenna (Figure 1.7) is a popular CP antenna and was the antenna brought to the moon by the astronauts in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Fig. 1.5
An indoor TV antenna.
Fig. 1.6
A horn antenna.
Introduction
Fig. 1.7 Table 1.1. elements.
A helical antenna.
Typical gain and bandwidth of conventional antenna
Element Half-wave dipole/Folded dipole Quarter-wave monopole One wavelength loop Yagi (Dipole + parasitics) Dipole + Corner reector Helical antenna Horn antenna
Typical gain 2 5 4 12 12 16 20 dB dB dB dB dB dB dB
Typical Bandwidth (VSWR < 2) 816% 816% 10% 5% 816% 70% 20%
Two important antenna parameters are the gain and the impedance bandwidth. The gain describes the directional property of an antenna while the impedance bandwidth describes the range of frequencies within which the voltage standing wave ratio is below a certain value. This value is usually taken as 2 in academia and 1.5 in industry. The abbreviation for voltage standing wave ratio is VSWR or SWR. Both will be used in this book. Table 1.1 shows the typical values of these two parameters for the conventional antenna elements described above. One method of obtaining high gain antennas is to use an array of fed elements, all of which are connected to a source. A linear array is one with the elements arranged in a straight line. The elements can also be arranged in a plane, resulting in a planar array. The element spacing is usually about half a wavelength. In theory, for a given spacing, the gain can be made as
Fig. 1.8
A linear array of folded dipoles.
Fig. 1.9
A planar array of helical antennas.
high as one wishes by increasing the number of elements. Figure 1.8 shows a linear array of folded dipoles. Photograph of a planar array of helical antennas is shown in Figure 1.9. Another method of obtaining high gain antennas is to use a parabolic reector, with the feed antenna at the focus. This antenna is also known as a dish. For a given frequency, the gain is proportional to the diameter of the dish. In theory, the gain can be made as high as one wishes by increasing the dish diameter. Figure 1.10a shows the 1000 feet dish at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Figure 1.10b shows the 100 m (300 feet) dish in Eelsberg, Germany. The former is the worlds largest dish but it is xed on the ground, although the main beam can be steered to a limited extent by electronic means. The latter is one of the worlds largest fully steerable dishes. Figure 1.11 shows the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico, consisting of 27 85-feet dishes arranged in the form of the letter Y.
Introduction
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1.10 (a) The dish antenna at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico (Courtesy of Astronomy and Ionosphere Center); and (b) the dish antenna in Eelsberg, Germany (Courtesy of Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy).
Fig. 1.11 The Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico. (Courtesy of National Radio Astronomy Observatory).
Several undesirable features of the conventional antennas can be noted. They are bulky and they protrude from a surface. Moreover, it is dicult to design conventional antennas to perform more than one functions, such as dual-frequency and dual-polarization.
Antennas which do not protrude from a surface are very desirable for fast moving vehicles such as airplanes, missiles and spacecrafts. In the late 1970s, the military was especially interested in such antennas because they did not interfere with the aerodynamics of these vehicles. Historically, the microstrip patch antenna was developed in response to this need although its planar prole has been found to be an attractive feature in commercial applications as well. 1.3 Geometries of the Basic Microstrip Patch Antenna
The idea of microstrip patch antennas arose from utilizing printed circuit technology not only for the circuit components and transmission lines but also for the radiating elements of an electronic system. It was rst proposed by Deschamps [2]. However, little attention was paid to his idea until the 1970s. Since then, this class of antennas has been the subject of intensive research and development. There are several thousand papers published on the subject, as well as a number of books. A list of books are given in the references [313]. The basic structure of the microstrip patch antenna is shown in Figure 1.12. It consists of an area of metallization supported above a ground plane by a thin dielectric substrate and fed against the ground at an appropriate location. The patch shape can in principle be arbitrary; in practice, the rectangle, the circle, the equitriangle and the annular-ring are common shapes. Four feeding methods are shown in Figure 1.13. They are: coaxial probe feed, microstrip line feed, aperture-coupled feed and proximity feed. Electromagnetic energy is rst guided or coupled to the region under the patch, which acts like a resonant cavity with open circuits on the sides.
Fig. 1.12
The basic structure of the microstrip patch antenna.
Introduction
Fig. 1.13
Four common feeding methods of microstrip patch antenna.
Some of the energy leaks out of the cavity and radiates into space, resulting in an antenna. 1.4 1.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Patch Antennas Advantages
The advantages of microstrip patch antennas are: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Planar, which can also be made conformal to a shaped surface Low prole Low radar cross-section Rugged Can be produced by printed circuit technology Can be integrated with circuit elements Can be designed for dual polarization operations Can be designed for dual or multi-frequency operations
These advantages make microstrip patch antennas much more suitable for aircrafts, spacecrafts, and missiles than conventional antennas as they do not interfere with the aerodynamics of these moving vehicles. Figure 1.14 shows the picture of a Shuttle imaging radar antenna consisting of an array of microstrip patch antennas, in the laboratory (a) and
10
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1.14 The picture of a Shuttle imaging radar antenna consisting of an array of microstrip patch antennas, (a) in the laboratory and (b) during ight. (Courtesy of Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA).
Fig. 1.15 A 896-element microstrip antenna array. (Courtesy of Ball Aerospace Systems Division, Boulder, Colorado).
during ight (b). Figure 1.15 shows a 896 element microstrip antenna array for remote sensing applications. Their planar proles are to be contrasted with those of the arrays shown in Figure 1.9. In Figure 1.16, an array of microstrip patch antennas are made conformal to a wing shape surface. Because of the advantages listed above, the microstrip patch antenna has also become the favorite of antenna designers for commercial mobile
Introduction
11
Fig. 1.16 An array of microstrip antennas are made conformal to a wing shape surface. (Courtesy of Air Force Research Lab./Antenna Technology Branch, Hanscom AFB, USA)
Fig. 1.17
A patch antenna in a cellular phone.
and wireless communication systems. Figure 1.17 shows a patch antenna in a cellular phone. Figure 1.18 shows a base station antenna array consisting of patches. Figure 1.19 shows patch antenna arrays mounted on the walls of a building for satellite television reception. 1.4.2 Disadvantages of Microstrip Patch Antennas
There are several disadvantages associated with microstrip patch antennas. (1) In its basic form, the microstrip antenna has a narrow impedance bandwidth, typically less than 5%. However, various bandwidth-widening
12
Fig. 1.18
A base station antenna array consisting of patches.
Fig. 1.19 Patch antenna arrays mounted on the walls of a building. (Reproduced by permission from J.-F. Zurcher and F. E. Gardiol Broadband Patch Antennas, Norwood, M.A. Artech House, Inc. 1995)
techniques have been developed. Up to 50% bandwidth have been achieved. It is generally true that wider bandwidth is achieved with the sacrice of increased antenna physical volume. (2) Due to the small separation between the radiating patch and its ground plane, the microstrip antenna can handle relatively low RF power. The average power considered safe is a few tens of watts. (3) While a single patch element generally incurs very little loss because it is only about one half wave long, microstrip arrays generally have
Introduction
13
larger ohmic loss than arrays of other types of antennas of equivalent aperture size. This ohmic loss mostly occurs in the dielectric substrate and the metal conductor of the microstrip line feed network and power dividing circuit. 1.5 Material Consideration
The metallic patch is normally made of thin copper foil. The substrate material provides mechanical support for the radiating patch elements. It also maintains the required spacing between the patch and its ground plane. The substrate thickness for the basic geometry is in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 free-space wavelength. The dielectric constant ranges from 1 to 10 and can be separated into three categories. (1) Those having a relative dielectric constant (relative permittivity) in the range of 1.0 to 2.0. This type of material can be air, polystyrene foam, or dielectric honeycomb. (2) Those having a relative dielectric constant in the range of 2.0 to 4.0. This type of material consists mostly of Fiber-glass reinforced Teon. (3) Those with a relative dielectric constant between 4.0 and 10.0. This type of material can be ceramic, quartz, or alumnia. The most commonly used material is Teon-based with a relative permittivity between 2 and 3. This material is also called PTFE (PolyTeraFluoroEthylene). It has a structure very similar to berglass material used for digital circuit boards, but has a much lower loss tangent. Cost, power loss, and performance are trade-o considerations in choosing the substrate material, as illustrated by the following examples. For example, a single patch or an array of a few elements may be fabricated on a low-cost berglass material at the L-band frequency, while a 20-element array at 30 GHz may have to use higher-cost, but lower loss, Teon-based material (loss tangent less than 0.005). For a large number of array elements at lower microwave frequencies (below 15 GHz), a dielectric honeycomb or foam panel may be used as a substrate to minimize loss, antenna mass, and material cost while having increased bandwidth performance. There are materials with relative dielectric constant higher than 10. The patch size is smaller for higher dielectric constant. However, higher dielectric constant also reduces bandwidth and radiation eciency.
14
1.6
Feed Methods for the Single Element
We briey describe here four feed methods for the microstrip patch antenna. 1.6.1 Coaxial Probe Feed
This is perhaps the most common feeding method. The geometry is shown in Figure 1.20. The coaxial probe usually has a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. As will be shown in a later chapter, the input impedance of the patch antenna varies with the feed location. Thus the location of the probe should be at a 50 ohm point of the patch to achieve impedance matching. There are a number of terms associated with the coaxial probe. Type N, TNC, or BNC connectors are for VHF, UHF, or lower microwave frequencies. OSM or OSSM connectors can be used throughout the microwave frequencies. OSSM, OS-50 or K-connector are for millimeter-wave frequencies. 1.6.2 Microstrip-Line Feed
A microstrip patch can be connected directly to a microstrip transmission line, as shown in Figure 1.21. At the edge of a patch, the impedance is generally much higher than 50 ohm (e.g. 200 ohm). To avoid impedance mismatch, sections of quarter-wavelength transformers can be used to transform a large input impedance to a 50 ohm line. As shown in a later chapter, the input impedance is smaller at points away from the edge. Thus another method of matching the antenna impedance is to extend the microstrip line into the patch, as shown in Figure 1.22.
Fig. 1.20 The geometry of coaxial probe feed microstrip patch antenna (a) top view and (b) side view.
Introduction
15
Fig. 1.21 The geometry of a direct microstrip feed microstrip patch antenna (a) top view and (b) side view.
Fig. 1.22 The geometry of a recessed microstrip line feed microstrip patch antenna (a) top view and (b) side view.
With the microstrip-line feed approach, an array of patch elements and their microstrip power division lines can all be designed and chemically etched on the same substrate with relatively low fabrication cost per element. However, the leakage radiation of the transmission lines may be large enough to raise the sidelobe or cross-polarized levels of the array radiation.
1.6.3
Proximity-Coupled Microstrip-Line Feed
An open-ended microstrip line can also be used to feed a patch antenna through proximity coupling, as shown in Figure 1.23. For example, the open end of a 100 ohm line can be placed underneath the patch at its 100 ohm location.
16
Fig. 1.23 The geometry of a proximity coupled microstrip feed microstri patch antenna (a) top view and (b) side view.
Fig. 1.24 The geometry of a patch antenna fed by an adjacent microstrip line (a) top view and (b) side view.
An open-ended microstrip line can also be placed in parallel and very close to the edge of a patch, to achieve excitation through fringe-eld coupling, as shown in Figure 1.24. Both these methods avoid any soldering connection, which in some cases, could achieve better mechanical reliability.
1.6.4
Aperture-Coupled Feed
An open-ended microstrip line can be placed on one side of the ground plane to excite a patch antenna situated on the other side through an opening slot in the ground plane, as shown in Figure 1.25. This slot-coupling or aperture-coupling technique can be used to avoid soldering connection was well as to avoid leakage radiation of the line to interfere with the patch radiation.
Introduction
17
Patch
Dielectric substrate
Ground plane
Aperture Dielectric substrate
Microstrip Feed line
(c) Pictorial View
Fig. 1.25 The geometry of an aperture coupled feed microstrip patch antenna (a) top view, (b) side view (c) pictorial view.
In addition, by using a thick substrate, this feed method allows the patch to achieve a wider bandwidth (>10%) compared to the coax probe feed. Still wider bandwidth (about 20%) is obtained if a resonant slot is used. When two resonators (slot and patch) having dierent but closely spaced resonance, wider bandwidth is achieved. The main disadvantage of this feeding method is the back radiation from the slot. 1.6.5 Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Feeding Methods
Table 1.2 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the four feeding methods discussed above.
18
Table 1.2. The comparisons between the four common feeding methods for microstrip patch antenna.
Advantages Proximity Coupled No direct contact between feed and patch Can have large eective thickness for patch substrate and much thinner feed substrate Microstrip Line Monolithic Easy to fabricate Easy to match by controlling Insert position Coaxial Feed Easy to match Low spurious radiation Use of two substrates avoids deleterious eect of a high-dielectric constant substrate on the bandwidth and eciency No direct contact between feed and patch avoiding large probe reactance or width microstrip line No radiation from the feed and active devices since a ground plane separates them from the radiating patch Spurious radiation from feed line, especially for thick substrate when line width is signicant Large inductance for thick substrate Soldering required Multilayer fabrication required Higher backlobe radiation Disadvantages Multilayer fabrication required
Aperture Coupled
1.7
General Comments on Designing Microstrip Patch Antennas
To be able to design microstrip patch antennas to meet the performance specications, the antenna engineer should possess a combination of certain knowledge and skills. First, he should have an understanding of the principles of operation of the basic microstrip patch antenna structure. This can be obtained from a physical model known as the cavity model, which is based on a number of assumptions applicable to thin substrates. Within its limitations, the theory provides an understanding of the physical
Introduction
19
principles and can predict the parametric dependence of a number of antenna characteristics. In practice, it is rare that the performance specications can be met by the basic microstrip patch antenna structure. Thick substrates and additional features, such as parasitic patches, shorting pins, or slots in the patch, have to be added. Unfortunately, once the structure departs from the basic geometry, it is not amendable to analysis via a simple model. Maxwells equations must be solved and boundary conditions satised, a procedure known as full-wave analysis. Such analysis, while not providing much physical insight, does yield numerical results predicting the performance of the antenna structure. Throughout the 1980s to the mid 1990s, the patch antenna designer often had to perform full wave analysis for specic designs and developed his own computer code to obtain numerical results for the characteristics of a design, which can be validated by comparison with experiment. Through the eorts of many researchers, a wealth of knowledge has been accumulated for sophisticated structures. This knowledge should be at the disposal of the designer. Beginning in the mid 1990s, electromagnetic simulation softwares capable for solving general planar microstrip structures became commercially available at moderate costs. It is rare that a research group in a University or a company does not have an array of such softwares. Thus being procient in using at least a few of these softwares becomes a must for antenna designers. Nowadays, while the antenna designer seldom needs to perform the full wave analysis and develops his own codes, knowledge of this is still valuable since it will enable the designer to use the codes judiciously and be aware of their limitations. It will also help him to develop softwares in situations which are not covered in commercially available softwares, such as substrate materials with novel properties. Table 1.3 shows a number of commercial electromagnetic simulation softwares. One class uses the method of moments (MoM) in the numerical analysis, while another uses the nite dierence time domain method (FDTD). One software, HFSS, is based on the nite element method. Another software, PCAAD, is based on the cavity model. The segmentation method used in Micropatch is a variation of the cavity model. Finally, the antenna designer should have the skills to fabricate the design and verify the predicted performance from measurements. Figure 1.26 illustrates the design process, adapted from the concept due to John Huang and David Pozar [15].
20
Table 1.3. A list of commercial electromagnetic simulation softwares (From [14] c 2008, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.)
Software Name Ensemble IE3D Momentum EM PiCasso FEKO PCAAD Micropatch Microwave Studio (MAFIA) Fidelity HFSS Theoretical model Moment method Moment method Moment method Moment method Moment method/Genetic Moment method Cavity model Segmentation FDTD FDTD Finite element Company Ansoft Zeland HP Sonnet EMAG EMSS Antenna Design Associates Microstrip Design, Inc. CST Zeland Ansoft
Creativity and Innovation
Feedback correction No Commercial or Self-Developed Electromagnetic Simulation Software Do the simulation results agree well with design specifications? Yes
Design Specifications
Antenna Designer
Preliminary Design Specifications
Simulation Results
Patch Antenna Principles and Design Techniques
Design
Fabrication Feedback correction
Measurement Results
No
Do the measured results agree well with design specifications?
Final Design Yes
Fig. 1.26
The antenna design ow chart.
In this book, we aim at providing the reader with the important block Patch Antenna Principles and Design Techniques in Figure 1.26 and some knowledge of the basis of developing electromagnetic simulation softwares. While it is outside the scope of this book to teach how to use specic commercial simulation softwares, the reader will need to become familiar with one or two of these if he is to do the mini-projects at the end of
Introduction
21
Fig. 1.27
(a) Electromagnetic spectrum, (b) band designations.
Table 1.4.
Typical frequencies of various wireless communication applications.
Typical Frequencies AM broadcast band Shortwave radio FM broadcast band VHF TV (24) VHF TV (56) UHF TV (713) UHF TV (1483) 5351605 kHz 330 MHz 88108 MHz 5472 MHz 7688 MHz 174216 MHz 470890 MHz GSM cellular phone PCS cellular phone 3G cellular phone Wireless LAN Microwave oven Automobile collision warning & intelligent cruise control system 900 MHz (33.3 cm) 1.8/1.9 GHz (16.5 cm/20 cm) 2.1 GHz (14.3 cm) 2.45 GHz (12.2 cm) 2.45 GHz (12.2 cm)
76.5 GHz (0.4 cm)
22
most of the chapters. The reader is expected to obtain the fabrication and experimental knowledge in a course on microwave measurements. 1.8 Utilization of The Electromagnetic Spectrum for Wireless Communication Applications
For reference purposes, we include the electromagnetic spectrum and its utilization for various wireless communication applications. This are given in Figure 1.27 and Table 1.4. References
[1] K. F. Lee, Principles of Antenna Theory, John Wiley & Sons, 1973. [2] G. A. Deschamps, Microstrip microwave antennas, 3rd USAF Symposium on Antennas, 1953. [3] I. J. Bahl and P. Bhartia, Microstrip Antennas, Artech House, 1980. [4] J. R. James, P. S. Hall and C. Wood, Microstrip antenna theory and Design, Peter Peregrinus, 1981. [5] J. R. James and P. S. Hall (Editors), Handbook of Microstrip Antennas, Peter Peregrinus, 1989. [6] Jean-Francois Zurcher and F. E. Gardiol, Broadband Patch Antennas, Artech House, 1995. [7] K. F. Lee and W. Chen (Editors), Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, Wiley Interscience, 1997. [8] K. L. Wong, Design of Nonplanar Microstrip Antennas and Transmission Lines, Wiley Interscience, 1999. [9] G. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, Artech House, 2002. [10] K. L. Wong, Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Wiley Interscience, 2002. [11] K. L. Wong, Planar Antennas for Wireless Communications, Wiley Interscience, 2003. [12] G. Kumar and K. P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Artech House, 2003. [13] Z. N. Chen and M. Y. W. Chia, Broadband Planar Antennas, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2006. [14] J. Huang, Microstrip Antennas: Analysis, Design and Applications, Chapter 4 in Modern Antenna Handbook, Edited by Constantine A. Balanis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008. [15] J. Huang and D. M. Pozar, Microstrip Arrays: Analysis, Design, and Applications, Chapter 3 in Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, K. F. Lee and W. Chen Editors, Wiley Interscience, 1997.

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CHAPTER 1

Microstrip Patch Antennas

Illustrations of (a) dipole; (b) monopole and (c) folded dipole.

Microstrip Patch Antennas

Fig. 1.7 Table 1.1. elements.

Typical gain and bandwidth of conventional antenna

Microstrip Patch Antennas

A linear array of folded dipoles.

A planar array of helical antennas.

Microstrip Patch Antennas

The basic structure of the microstrip patch antenna.

Four common feeding methods of microstrip patch antenna.

Microstrip Patch Antennas

A patch antenna in a cellular phone.

Microstrip Patch Antennas

A base station antenna array consisting of patches.

Microstrip Patch Antennas

Feed Methods for the Single Element

Proximity-Coupled Microstrip-Line Feed

Microstrip Patch Antennas

Aperture Dielectric substrate

Microstrip Feed line

(c) Pictorial View

Microstrip Patch Antennas

General Comments on Designing Microstrip Patch Antennas

Microstrip Patch Antennas

Creativity and Innovation

Preliminary Design Specifications

Patch Antenna Principles and Design Techniques

Fabrication Feedback correction

Do the measured results agree well with design specifications?

Final Design Yes

The antenna design ow chart.

(a) Electromagnetic spectrum, (b) band designations.

Typical frequencies of various wireless communication applications.

76.5 GHz (0.4 cm)

Microstrip Patch Antennas

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