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By adding an excess of zinc powder it a measured amount of aqueous copper (II) sulphate and measuring the temperature change over a period of time, you then calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.
Formula
Diagram
00.00.00
s
25.5 C
Stopwatch Temperature Display
Lid
Data Collection
Time (s)
Temperature (C) 0.1 C Trial 1 Trial 2 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 40.8 67.9 70.2 69.0 67.3 65.9 64.5 63.2 61.9 60.7 59.5 58.5 57.4 56.3 55.3 54.4 53.5 52.7 Trial 3 22.5 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.5 51.2 69.8 69.5 67.9 66.5 65.1 63.7 62.5 61.3 60.0 58.9 57.8 56.8 56.0 55.1 54.4 53.4 52.7
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660
22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 39.8 55.3 65.5 69.4 68.2 66.6 65.3 63.9 62.7 61.5 60.4 59.2 58.2 57.4 56.4 55.6 54.9 54.2
690 720
53.6 53.0
51.9 51.1
52.0 51.3
This data was then represented in 3 graphs, 1 for each trial. The graphs showed the change in temperature over the time span. See attached hand drawn graphs.
Qualitative Observations
The copper sulphate, mostly made up of water, is a clear bright blue. As the zinc is added to the copper sulphate, the solution begins to heat up until it reaches a maximum at which point it begins to cool down After the reaction is complete we are left with the products, reddish copper and white zinc sulphate.
Data Processing
Graphs On the graphs the red line represents the slope at the time of cooling or the rate of cooling, and the green line indicates where the reaction began. The point at which the two lines meet is the theoretical maximum temperature for that trial. (see graphs). This is the max temperature value we will use for our calculations.
74.0
74.0
72.8
As we have two of the same values for our temperature (74.0) the last value may be an outlier but there is no way to be sure of this with only three trials so we will need to include it in our calculations.
Calcualtions
Here we are finding the average of our maximum temperatures, to have one final, more accurate value for our enthalpy change In the formula formula. we need the change in temperature therefore we must calculate the average minimum temperature of the three trials. This is just the lowest temperature recorded for each trial.
= 51C
To find you subtract the average minimum temperature from the average maximum temperature.
Then we use the heat equation to find Q, assuming that the copper sulphate is made up completely of water and has a c value of 4.18 KJKg-1
We want to find the heat change per mole so we divide by the number of moles
This is now the heat produce per mole of copper sulphate reacted.
We take the uncertainty of the instrument and divide it by the smallest measurement taken to give us the biggest uncertainty then we add up the 2 (pipette and temperature) and times by 100 to give us the percentage uncertainty.
But because we are looking for enthalpy change we just have to switch the sign as enthalpy change is opposite to heat change.
Conclusion
When we compare our value of approximately -213KJmol-1 it is very close to the accepted value of -217KJmol-1. However it is not within the uncertainty. When I did the percentage yield formula I found that I was less than 2% off (only 1.76%). There was bound to be a difference as experimental conditions are never perfect. Also I did wonder if because we used the specific heat capacity of water and not copper sulphate if it made a difference.
Evaluation
Error
Explanation
Heat loss
This was our major point of error and probably the main reason why our value was below the literature value. The calorimeter was polystyrene but the top would have let out a lot of heat to the surroundings that would not have shown in our data as they would not have warmed the temperature probe
Improvement To improve this I would proposed using 2 or maybe 3 calorimeters and placing them inside each other and then taping them together airtight. This would add insulation but also create airspace, which would insulate well. Then I would cut out a polystyrene top with a much smaller hole so that the temperature probe can fit more snuggly. This should minimize heat loss significantly and hopefully give a more accurate value for H. The SHC of copper sulphate is 4.184KJKG-1K-1. Obviously this does not seem like it would make a big difference but I recommend that it was used in future calculations
I felt that by using the specific heat capacity of water for our calculations we decreased the accuracy of our result, as we did not know the specific heat capacity of copper sulphate. There is no way to know if this made our value smaller or larger.
If this experiment were re done I would recommend When the zinc is added it larger quantities of both often gets stuck on the sides copper sulphate and zinc to and does not all react. It is make sure that they can be in excess but it may still mixed properly although have affected our results you will need to make sure you are careful not to spill them over the side.