M1 Notes

Modelling assumptions: Particle mass concentrated at a single point i.e. ignore air resistance + any rotational effect Rod mass distributed along a strain line, no thickness & rigid Lamina mass distributed across flat surface, no thickness Uniform mass evenly distributed & CoM is geometrically centre Non-uniform mass not evenly distributed i.e. CoM is NOT geometrically centre Light weight is negligible (i.e. ignore) & tension is the same throughout the string Inextensible string acceleration of the masses is the same as it doesnt stretch under load Smooth no resistive force (friction) Rough resistive force (friction) Gravity g = 9.8ms (2 s.f.) give all your answers to 2 s.f. but 3 s.f. is a safer bet because IT IS ALWAYS accepted.

Kinematics of a particle moving in a straight line: Always draw a sketch of whats happening + choose a +ve direction List known and unknown quantities With gravity, choose a +ve direction in relation to the qtn Total time from projection to hit the ground = time of flight Initial speed = speed of projection At the highest point, speed = 0 If A is projected from B which is xm off the ground, remember that s of time of flight = (s+x) If A is projected from B which is xm off the ground, s=-x the ball has hit the ground With problems where TWO objects are moving in DIFFERENT directions, take care. List the variables DIFFERENTLY for the two objects, taking the +ve direction to be DIFFERENT if needed. If working out collision times, or whether an object will collide, you want to work out a common distance from a relative position. I.e. they collide when S=S Speed-time graph always +ve values as speed = |v|. Velocity-time graph v > or < or = 0. o Gradient = acceleration o Area = displacement Acceleration-time graph: area = velocity Displacement-time graph: gradient = velocity SUVAT: o o o o o ( )

Dynamics of a particle moving in a straight line Newtons 2nd law: Weight under gravity: Newtons 3rd law: every action has an equal and opposite reaction If a force is applied at an angle, you may need to RESOLVE the COMPONENT of the force: or (if the angle that you need is unknown but the is). where is the coefficient of friction If , the object will not move REMEMBER TO RESOLVE THE COMPONENTS OF FORCES AND MARK EVERY FORCE AND EVERY REACTION. If particles are connected and moving in the SAME STRAIGHT LINE, you can treat the whole system as a particle. But a good technique would be to consider them individually in the direction as they both will have different reactions. Then treat them as a whole system. NB with regards to tension, when you treat the whole systems the tensions cancel each other out. To work out the tension, consider EITHER particle A OR particle B. As a method of checking, check w/ the other. With strings and collisions, dont forget to take into account slackness of the string! Its sneaky!!! KEEP your answers in fractional form or in terms of g if it is needed elsewhere as it makes the calculation less tedious. In problems with particles passing over pulleys, you MUST consider the particles separately. Remember and remember to RESOLVE THE COMPONENTS in the x and y directions. Momentum = mass x velocity force x time since it is when a constant force acts for time t o o essentially, Impulse = change in momentum = final momentum initial momentum Derivation: With impulse questions, since impulse is a vector quantity, ALWAYS CHOOSE A POSITIVE DIRECTION. Remember to DOUBLE CHECK that you have been consistent with signs. Conservation of momentum i.e. momentum before collision = momentum after o Remember to keep +ve direction consistent in collision questions Final note: BE CAREFUL of what is doing the impulse. I.e. is A exerting the impulse on B or is it C?

Statics of a particle Piss easy REMEMBER TO RESOLOVE THE COMPONENTS IN THE X AND Y DIRECTIONS!!! Oh, and mark up gravity etc.

Moments Moment = turning effect = Force x perpendicular distance measured in Nm Only thing which can trip you up is perpendicular distances. If need be, re-draw the forces and positions on Cartesian axes or in a sketch & work out the perp distance using trig Several coplanar forces add moments about a point. CHOOSE A +ve direction (clockwise or anti-c~). If unknown forces/unknown distances, just add moments about a point with one of the unknowns. If the moments are not balanced, i.e. AC is not equal to C, the find the sense of the rotation i.e. the turning effect and relate it to a direction e.g. xNm anticlockwise Tricky bit when, with forces acting a lamina, the perpendicular distance is not given. Resolve the forces into one acting parallel to the given distance, and one force that is perpendicular to the distance. Then you just do the force(s) component(s) - Fcosa or Fsina multiplied by the different perpendicular distance(s). Remember the modelling assumptions about uniform and non-uniform bodies With vector forces, i.e. (ai + bj), remember that the force is already split up for you: a acting in the i direction, b acting in the j direction. No need to find the magnitude of the whole force.

Vectors Remember quantity + direction ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS draw the vectors on Cartesian axes/ sketch so you dont f up directions Remember bearings are 030, 230 etc and measured about North... no decimal places etc Use i, j notation or use column notation. Column if more complicated. REMEMBER THE TRIANGLE LAW OF ADDITION. Velocity is a vector = v; speed = |v| = the magnitude of v (use pythag) new position = initial position + velocity x time Displacement is another vector = s = vt Magnitude of s = |s| but keep displacement as a vector for the use in the above eqn

v = u + at v, u, a are all vector quantities. Same applies to F=ma where F and a are vectors. Column notation makes it easier to do the calcs. REMEMBER to convert back to i,j notation. To find a vector that is parallel to with magnitude , use: o o o o o | |

Numerical accuracy CHECK CHECK CHECK CHECK CHECK CHECK WORK. CHECK YOUR WORK. Keep answers as fractions/ in terms of g if needed elsewhere. CHECK CHECK CHECK CHECK.