Unit 2

Fractions

- 1 -

/~Writing

Fractions

The fraction ~ names the amount that is shaded in the picture below. Two parts are shaded out of a total of 5 parts.

1.

write a fraction that names the shaded part of each picture. In the second blank, write a fraction that names the amount that is not shaded. a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

EE
f.

OJ
g. h.

- 1 -

:'-~Writing Fractions
\.

The fraction ~ names the amount that is shaded in the picture below. Two parts are shaded out of a total of 5 parts.

1.

write a fraction that names the shaded part of each picture. In the second blank, write a fraction that names the amount that is not shaded.
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g;

h.

- 2 You do not need pictures to write fractions.

Example
What part of a week is 3 days? part total

17 <===

There are 7 days in a week.

2.

Write fractions a. b. c. d. e. f.

that answer the questions

below.

What part of a year is 3 months? What part of a an hour is 10 minutes? What part of a year is 6 weeks? What part of a dozen eggs is 3 eggs? What part of a meter is 80 centimeters? What part of an eighty game schedule is played after playing 30 games? What part of an eighty game schedule must still be played after playing 30 games? If 8 students wear glasses in a class of 32, what part of the class wear glasses? If 8 students wear glasses in a class of 32, what part of the class do not wear glasses? A coat costs a total of $40. If $5 of it was tax, what part of the coat was tax? In the word "mathematics", what part of the word is made up of vowels?

g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

- 3 ~

Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.)

The greatest common factor is the largest number which will divide evenly into two or more numbers.

The greatest common factor of 6 and 8 is 2 because it is the largest number which will divide evenly into both 6 and 8. The greatest common factor of 6, 9 and 12 is 3 because it is the largest number which will divide evely into 3, 6 and 9. What is the G.C.F. of 10, 15 and 207

The G.C.F. of larger numbers can be found by two methods. Method 1. 2. 1

Listing all factors of each number. Choosing the largest factor that is in both numbers.

Example
What is the G.C.F. of 18 and 247 Factors of 18: Factors of 24: The G.C.F. is 6.
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

1.

Find the G.C.F. of these numbers.

1, 2, 3,
1, 3, 6, 9,

Use your calculator

18

to help

a.

18 27

9,27

G.e.F.

b.

6
18

G.e.F.

- 4 Finding G.C.F.
Method 2

1. 2.

Prime factorize each number. Multiply the common factors.

Example 1
What is the G.C.F. of 18 and 24? 18
I
I I

24
I I I

2
I

9
I I

2
I

12
I I

2
I

6
I I

18 = 2 x 3 x 3

24

2 x 2 x 2 x 3

:: : CJ :
G.C.F.

.x

is 2 x 3 = 6

Example 2
18
I I I I

27
I I

2
I

9
I I

3
I

9
I

18 = 2

x 3 x 3

27 = 3 x 3 x 3

18

2
3

G. C. F.

is 3 x 3

I Gf

- 5 -

2.

Choose either of the two methods to find the G.C.F. of the following.

a.

12 8

G.e.F. =

b.

18
36

G.e.F.

c.

15 18

G.e.F.

d.

15

17

G.e.F. =

e.

18 50

G.e.F.

f.

30

45

G.e.F. =

g.

25

75

G.e.F.

h.

16
48

G.e.F. =

i.

21 28

r=-;
~-

G.C.F.

j.

18 21

G.C.F.

- 6 -

~Lowest

Terms

A fraction is in lowest terms if the greatest common factor of the numerator(number on top) and the denominator(number on bottom) is 1.

Examples
4 '7 is in lowest terms because the G.C.F is 1.
(;

is not in lowest terms because the G.C.F is 2. is 3.

12 is not in lowest terms because the G.C.F. 15

To write a fraction in the lowest terms, find the G.C.F. then divide the top and bottom number by the G.C.F.
1.

The G.C.F. of 4 and 6 is 2. Divide both 4 and 6 by 2. The fraction

..... 4~~2

= =

2.
3

i in

lowest terms is ~.

2.

The G.C.F of 12 and 15 is 3. Divide both 12 and 15 by 3. The fraction

.=1 .. 2~~3

15

.!
5

i~ in

lowest terms is ~.

1.

write the G.C.F. in the first blank and the fraction in the second blank.
.. ..

in lowest terms

a.

G.F.C.

= = = = =

2 2

= =

J. 4

J. 4

b.

L 10

G.F.C.

.!
c.
8

G.F.C.

d.

L 12
J.

G.F.C.

e.

G.F.C.

- 7 Another method of writing 1. 2. fractions in lowest terms is shown below.

Prime factorize each number. Cancel the common factors.

Examples write each fraction in lowest terms.

.16

= = =

~ ~

x
~ x

2 3

=
3

a
3

Q
8

x
2

~
2

= =

3 2

x x
5

= =

.1
4

12 15

x ~

x
5

:s

.15

2.

Prime factorize

each number, then write the fraction

2
3

in lowest terms.

a.

Q 9

a
3

...2...
b. 12

c.

10 15

d.

10 12

e.

.iz
18 15 18

f.

- 8 -

Choose either of the two methods to write each fraction in lowest terms.

a.

11. 24 15 24

b.

c.

.z,
27

d.

.z.
18
l...

e.

20 f. 11. 21

g.

1
36

h.

24
36

i.

18 48 10 21

j .

k.

1
28

l.

!
48

m.

16 48 16 64

n.

- 9 -

~ixed

Number

Look at the 3 squares below. Notice that each of the 3 squares are divided into eighths. How much of the squares are shaded?

,
..

::

..

Since each part is an eighth, there are a total of 21 eighths or Another way of describing are completely shaded and

il
8

this amount is noticing that two of the squares

i of

another is shaded. This amount is written as

the mixed number

2i.
it is made up of a whole number and a

It is called a mixed number because fraction. .

~

\ fraction where the top number is larger than the bottom number is called an improper fraction. An improper fraction is more easily understood if it is written as a mixed number.

Improper fractions are changed into mixed numbers by dividing the top number by the bottom number then writing the remainder over the bottom number. Change 21
8

into a mixed number.

21

2 with a remainder

of 5.

Change into mixed numbers.

r>.
a.

2"
9

2 = 3 with remainder

a.

b.

2"

b.

c.
~

10

c.

5 d. 12
7

d.

e.

1
3

e.

f.

f.

5 g.

II
5

g.

h.

19
4

h.

i.

II
6

i.

j.

1].
11

j.

k.

k.

3 l.

1.
10

l.

m.

il
11

m.

n.

32 15 20 5 21
6

n.

o.

o.

p.

p.

q.

2.

q.

13

11 -

Multiplying Fractions

To multiply

fractions, do the following:

Multiply the top number. Multiply the bottom number. write the answer in lowest terms . .! x J. Multiply
3 4

.!
3

J.
4

1
3

.a,
12

.!
4

Multiply these fractions. Be sure to write your answers as mixed numbers and in lowest terms.
1.1 x ~ 5 2 .1
2

= = = =

1 x 4 2 x 5 .!
2

= =

...410

2.

x 8

1 x 8 2 x 1

3.

x
3

4.

x
3

.a,
10 .
8

5.

6.

a
J.
8

x 2.2.
6

12

7.

= = =

8.

.a,
10

.2.
9

9.

aa

15

J.
4

- 12 ~

Improper Fractions
Improper fractions are needed in multiplying study the example below. mixed numbers.

Change the mixed number

sf

into an improper

fraction.

Multiply

the whole number by the bottom number. 5 x 3

15

Add the sum to the top number. 15 + 2

17

Write the new sum over the bottom number. 1.1.

3

Change these mixed numbers

1-

into improper fractions.

4 5 3.1 2 5
3

2. 3. 4. 5.
~
6.

2.1 4 5d 4 12 3 15d 4

7.

- 13 -

r>.

Multiplying Mixed Numbers

To multiply mixed numbers, do the following: Change the mixed numbers to improper fractions. Multiply the top numbers. Multiply the bottom numbers.

Change the number back to a mixed number. write the answer in lowest terms. Multiply
~
3

il
5

5 x 11
3

x 5

55

15

3.lQ 15

Multiply these numbers.

111. x 2. 5 3

2.

11. x 2. 5 3

3.

11 x 31. 4 2

4.

21 x 3.
4 5

r>.
5.

21 x 2
4

6.

21 x 3 4

- 14 -

r---Dividing Fractions

To divide fractions,

do the following:

Change division to multiplication Flip over the divisor (last fraction). Multiply the top numbers. Multiply the bottom numbers. Write the answer in lowest terms . Divide:

.1 ~ .l
6 . 4

.1
6

.l
4

1 6

x x

4
3

A18

= a 9

Divide these fractions. Be sure to write your answers as mixed numbers and in lowest terms.
~l.

2"
2

"5
4 =

2"

4"

.=

2.

"3

"5

3.

3"

6 "7 =

4.

"5

S
5

= = =

5.

8
2

(;

6.

"3

10

7.

"5
12 15

12

5 =

13

"3 =

9.

'7

- 15 -

Dividing

Mixed Numbers
To divide mixed numbers, do the following: Change the mixed numbers to improper fractions. Change division to multiplication (last fraction).

Flip over the divisor Multiply Multiply

the top numbers. the bottom numbers.

Change the number back to a mixed number. write the answer in lowest terms. Divide
21. 2 1~ 5 21. 2 1~ 5

= = =
5 110

2"
5 3 2" x "5 15 10

"3

2"

"3

5 3 2" x "5 15 10

11. 2

Divide these numbers.

111. 5 11. 5 1~ 4 2~ 4 2~

2.

2~

3.

31. 2 3~ 5

4.

5.

2~
4

"5
3

6.

2~ 4

- 16 -

Lowest Common Multiples

Multiples number. Multiples Multiples Multiples
1.

of a number are found by multiplying of 2 are: of 3 are: of 4 are: 2,

3,

the number by any whole

4, 6,
8,

6,
9,

8,

4,

12, 12, 16,

10, 12, 15, 20, 20,

Complete the following: a. b. c. d. e. Multiples Multiples Multiples Multiples Multiples of 5 are: of 6 are: of 7 are: of 8 are: of 9 are:
_5_ _6_, _7_, _8_ _9_,

,-l.Q....., ~, ---1.L,

,
,

--'
--'

, .zi,.. ,

--'

.za..

, ~,

Example Find three Common Multiples Multiples Multiples of 2 are: of 3 are: of 2 and 3 :

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, of 2 and 3 are 6, 12 and 18. of 2 and 3 is 6.

Three Common Multiples

The Lowest Common Multiple

2.

write three Common Multiples for each pair of numbers, then circle the Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M). a, b. c. d. e. 2 4
3

4
3

6 4 6
3

- 17 -

~qual

or Equivalent Fractions
Equivalent fractions are written by mUltiplying top and bottom numbers by the same number. the

.i
5

= = =

x 2 x
X

5 x 2
4
3

= = =

L
10 12 15 16 20

.i
5

5 x 3
4 4

.i
5

5 x 4

These are equivalent .1.

5

fractions II 20

.a,
10

12 15

Complete the blanks by writing

1. 1

fractions equivalent

to the first fraction.

3"

'6

9"

2.

3"

'6

9"

3.

"4

"8

12

4.

"4

"8

12

5.

4 = 10

15

6.

10

9
=

15

- 18 -

.~dding

and Subtracting Fractions

7ractions can be added or subtracted only if they have the same or common denominators (bottom number) . Example 1 Add + 1.
3

~ 5

Find the Lowest Common Multiple multiples multiples of 3 are: of 5 are:

3,

of the denominators.

6, 9, 12, 15

5, 10, 15

L.C.M. = 15 This L.C.M. 2. is called the Lowest Common Denominator fractions with denominators
3

(L.C.D.).

write equivalent

of 15.

+ 5 3.

= =

...2...
15

10 15

Add the top numbers of the equal fractions, then write the answer over the L.C.D. 10 15
19

...2...
+ 15 15 4. Simplify your answer.
19

15 Example 2 Subtract

1~ 15

1.
5
3

.a,
.i.
15 15

10 15

- 19 -

Arite each sum or difference

1. 1 +

in lowest terms.

.l
9

2.

9 - 9

3.

4.

2 2 "3 + "5

r>.
5.

"3

2 +

.2.
9

6.

"8 - "3

7.

5 +

.2.
6

8.

2"

1 +

1.
5

.~1.

10.

3~ - ~

- 20 -

Problem Solving
1. Erica had two containers of paint. In one container she had half a litre and in the other she had three quarters of a litre. How much paint does she have in total?

2.

A recipe calls for cups of sugar. recipe, how much sugar is required?

2i

If Kyle is making half of the

3.

Ravi is se~ing 8 aprons to give as Christmas gifts. If each apron requires 13 meters of ribbon, how many meters are required?

4.

John ate 2 of his pizza and Mary ate pizza lef~ and how much more?

t of her

pizza.

Who has more

5.

Mary has 9 apples to share equally among 4 of her friends. apples would each of her friends receive?

How many

6.

A concrete mixture requires is required for 8 bags?

3tkg of sand per bag.

How many kg of sand