DNA NOTES (* IS IMPORTANT) 12-1 WHAT SCIENTISTS HAD TO KNOW GENES DID TO FIND OUT STRUCTURE OF DNA 1.

. GENES HAVE TO CARRY INFO FROM ONE GENERATION TO NEXT 2. PUT THAT INFO TO WORK BY DETERMINING HERITABLE INFO OF ORGANISMS 3. GENES HAD TO BE EASILY COPIED

*DNA IS A LONG MOLECULE MADE UP OF UNITS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES. *NUCLEOTIDES MADE UP OF 3 COMPONENTS: o FIVE CARBON SUGAR: DEOXYRIBOSE o A PHOSPHATE GROUP o NITROGENOUS BASE (BASE THAT CONTAINS NITROGEN)

*FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF NITROGENOUS BASES: o PURINES (2 RINGS IN STRUCTURE) ADENINE AND GUANINE CYTOSINE AND THYMINE o PYRIMIDINES (1 RING IN STRUCTURE) o FOR EXAMPLE, ONE EXAMPLE OF A NUCLEOTIDE WOULD BE CYTOSINE WITH THE PROTEIN AND THE PHOSPHATE.

CHARGAFF o FOUND THAT PERCENTAGE OF GUANINE AND CYTOSINE ARE EQUAL o FOUND THAT PERCENTAGE OF ADENINE AND THYMINE ARE EQUAL o A+T

o G+C WATSON AND CRICK o WATSON AND CRICKS MODEL OF THE DNA STRUCTURE WAS A DOUBLE HELIX IN WHICH TWO STRANDS WERE WOUND AROUND EACH OTHER. o WATSON AND CRICK DISCOVERED THAT HYDROGEN BONDS COULD FORM BETWEEN CERTAIN NITROGENOUS BASES AND PROVIDE ENOUGH FORCE TO HOLD THE TWO STRANDS OF THE HELIX TOGETHER. o HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN AT AND GC FORM THE STEPS OF THE LADDER (BETWEEN DOUBLE HELIX) o COMING TOGETHER OF AT AND GC IS CALLED BASE PAIRING. 12-2 Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclei and they have 1 chromosome and 1 molecule to carry the 1 chromosome. DNA floats in cytoplasm. Eukaryotic Cells o DNA found in nucleus in the form of chromosome. o # of chromosomes varies but chromosome # <1 o Humans have 46 chromosomes. o The DNA strands wrap around marble shaped proteins called histones to create chromatins. o Nucleosomes fold enormous lengths of DNA into the tiny space available in the cell nucleus. DNA REPLICATION o The sites where separation and replication occur are called replication forks. o Replication

DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing.

Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a model for the new strand that is replicated. The helicase unwinds or unzips the DNA into two different strands, creating the replication fork. Then, DNA polymerases comes and bring complementary pairs to the strands of DNA to produce new strands of DNA. For example, if one strand had TACGTT, then the DNA polymerase would come and bring 6 nucleotides of ATGCAA to follow the rules of base pairing and form a new DNA strand.

DNA POLYMERASE: The principle enzyme involved in DNA replication. It joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule, which is a polymer, hence the name POLYMERASE. It also proofreads each new DNA strand to make sure it is a replica.

12-3 RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Genes: o Coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cells.