English Notes AUTHOR NOTES -Ralph Waldo Emerson -Philospher/speaker poet -Harvard graduate at 14 -Concord, Mass.

, lived with David Thoreau -1830's, 1840's group met to discuss philosophy -Transcendental Club -Stressed: Intuition, Individuality, Self reliance -Official Statement of beliefs -Nature -Henry David Thoreau -Born and raised in Concord, Massachusetts -Moved into Emerson's house -Self built cabin at Walden pond -Nothing in the cabin -Tested Trancendentalism life by Walden's pond -Walden is now regarded as the supreme work of trancendentalism literature -Looking into water reflection is reflection of self -Nathaniel Hawthorne -influenced by cruelty of Puritan ancestors -Believed evil is the dominant force in the world -Related to Judge Hawthorne -Gloomy vision on the world -Uncle was judge in Salem witchcraft trials -Secluded for 12 years in his mothers' house -Believed he inherited the guilt of his ancestors' sins and responsibilities Joseph Moody (The Black Veil) -felt guilt at killing his best friend Herman Melville -Not recognized during his life -Explored south seas as a sailor at 19 -Typee and Omoo (Polenisian Islands) -Lived on an island for a year and a half -Whaling ships -Befrended Hawthorne (Anti-Trancendentalist neighbors) -Moby Dick Henry Wadsworth Longfellow -Born in Portland, Maine -Attended Bowdoin -Was classmate with Nathaniel Hawthorne -Got a position at Harvard University

-suffered the deaths of two of his wives -While traveling in Europe, his wife died while having a miscarriage -Another wife died in a fire; he got burned trying to save her -loved to use American History as the topic of his poems -took subjects from American history for his poems -wrote poems that appealed to the general audience -wrote Evangeline THE TIDE RISES, THE TIDE FALLS. -talks about how nature continues on even after we die. Catalouges the last moments of an old man -AABBA A PSALM OF LIFE -Stanza 7 is the most important (Talks about how we should make an impression) -ABAB THE ARESENAL AT SPRINGFIELD -Henry saw guns stacked against the wall, wrote a poem -Made the organ of guns emit many sounds of war in his poem -Alludes to many historical wars -ABAB -a quatrain -THEME: If we were to use the money we spent on weapons for education there would be no need for war Oliver Wendell Holmes -While a professor at Harvard, he wrote numberous poems and essay -Old ironside protests the planned demolition of the battleship Constitution -The poem aroused such protest that it was not demolished -Holmes was know fr his wise and witty conversation which was preserved in the Aitocrat of the Breaskfast table -He died in 1894, the last member of Americas first generation of highly regarded writers -Decendant of Anne Bradstreet James Russell Lowell -May have been the most talented fireside poets -Born in Cambridge, MA -The descendant of a prominent family -events in personal life -Tragic 3 of 4 children died during his life. Wife Maria died causing loss of poetic inspiration -supported the abolitionist movement -he wrote editorials attacking slavery which made him a leading abolitionist writer -The Vision of Sir Launfaul us his poetic romanticism that teaches many ethical lessons -Wrote Auspex (his heart is symbolized by a nest) John Greenleaf Whittier -He was the only aithor born in poverty -Had no formal education

-Very involved in his social issues -Parents were quakers -educated himself by reading -Became deeply involved in the abolistionist movement -Did not gain credit until after the civil war -Depicts tha warmth and simplicity of life in New England -Came back to Hampton Beach to reflect on his life-nature and good times on Hampton Beach -Died at Hampton beach while reflecting Emily Dickinson -During the last 10 years of her life she refused to leave her house or garden -Only dressed in white and wouldnt let anyone see her -known for eccentric use of punctuation in her poems -the extent of her talent was not widely recognized until a complete edition of her poems were published -For the first time, her unique style, concrete imagery, and her simple but forceful language were appreciated -compares hope to a bird in her poem because she takes an intangible quality and makes it tangible by comparing it to something that is concrete. Transcendentalism 1) Human senses can know only physical reality -you can only understand what you observe 2) Truths of the universe can only be grasped by intuitio -one can only apply intuition when unemcumbered 3) Focus on human spirit/not the senses 4) If you explore Nature you will know yourself 5) Universal truths 6) We exist through -God -Nature -Humanity

Figurative Thread God-------------------Nature---------------------Humanity | | | ----------------------------------------------------------TERMS Apostrophe-liteterary device in which a writer directly addresses an inanimate object, abstract idea, or an absent person. Anti-Trancendentalism-writing focused on the limitations and potential destructiveness of the human spirit rather than its possibilities. Allegory-a work of literature in which events, characters and details of a setting have a symbolic meaning.

Stanza form- a division of poetry; a paragraph in prose; groups of lines of poetry Couplet-two lines Quatrain-four lines Faith-the believe one has in someone or something Hope-the quality of wishing for something LovePOETRY TERMS Allusion-A reference to a well know person, place, literary work, event, or work of art Apostrophe-A figure of speech which a speaker directly addresses and absent person or object/idea Assonance-Repeated vowel sound in the middle of the word Ballad-A song-like poem that tells a story of adventure and romance Blank Verse-A poem that does not have rhyme Conceit-An unusual or suprising comparison between two very different things Concrete Poem-A poem with with a shape that suggests its subject Connotation-A word that calls to mind an association or feeling Consonance-A repeated consonant sound at the end of a word or accented syllable Couplet-A two line stanza Elegy-A solemn and formal lyric poem about death Folk Ballad-A ballad that originated in the oral tradition and passed from gen to gen by word of mouth Free Verse-Poetry that lacks a regular pattern Hyperbole-A deliberate exaggeration or overstatement Irony-contrast between stated and what is meant, and what is expected to happen/what happened Mood- The feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage Ode-A long, formal lyric poem with a serious theme that may have a traditional stanza structure Paradox-A seemingly contradictory statement that actually presents a truth Rhyme Scheme-A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem Rhythm-A pattern of beats or stresses in spoken or written language Similie-A figure of speech that makes a direct comparison using like or as Sonnet-A fourteen line lyric poem focused on a single theme Stanza-A group of lines in a poem that are to be considered a unit Style-A writer's typical way of writing Symbolism-Expressing emotions using a pattern of symbols Narrative-A story told in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama Lyric-A poem that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker Tone-The writer's attitude toward his or her subject, characters, or audience Rhymes-The repetition of sounds at the ends of words Rhyme Scheme-A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem Repetition-The repeated use of any element of language (sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, etc.) Parallelism-The repetition of grammatical structure Alliteration-The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words Onomatopoeia-The use of words that imitate sounds

Figurative language-writing or speech not meant to be taken literally Images-Words or phrases that appeal to one or more of the five senses Personification-A figure of speech in which a nonhuman subject is given human characteristics Similies-A figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two things using like or as Metaphors-A figure of speech in which two things are compared without using like or as Extended metaphors-Metaphors that are drawn out** Symbols-Anuthing that stands for or represents something else MOBY DICK -Moby Dick is Nature and Nature is Moby Dick -Moby Dick is an allegory Whale: All that is paradoxical and uncontrollable in nature Ahab is chasing nature in order to find its meanings -Moby Dick represents all the questions and answers to the universe Ahab does not capture Moby because one can never understand the problems of the universe ON EXAM: If Emerson had written Moby Dick, how would the outcome of the story be different? A. Emerson would have captured Moby Dick and found the answers the the universe Nature is indifferent (Doesn't Care) Ex: tsunami at Japan could not be controlled Moby Dick is immortal Both nature and Moby Dick are: -massive and threatening -nourishing and destructive -beautiful and inspiring -powerful and graceful -whale/indestructible and immortal

White symbolizes purity and goodness, and emptiness and death 30 members on the boat, 30 states