Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ANA113 Sp 2012 EXAM 1 Study Guide Shortened version: Materials from each lecture that are highlighted by TAs during review sessions Only materials that are not so obvious (ex: Compartmentalization by cell membrane not included) Corresponding tables to fill out at the end of each lecture Complete tables/charts at the end Table of practice questions (mainly of lec 11,12) from review sessions and muscle review from muscle lab Summary of materials to skim, as told by TAs during review sessions
Ribosome ER continuous with nuclear membrane Rough (RER) Multiple ribosomes on surface; make and transport protein Smooth (SER) Lipid production and metabolism; store calcium Golgi Complex Flattened sacs
Store protein Package materials into vesicles Cell respiration Conducting channels Component of centrioles and cilia Involved in cell division Skeletal support Contractile activities Locomotion
Mitochondria Microtubules
Internal comp. called cisternae Hollow tubules (formed by tubulin) throughout cytoplasm Cylindrical Bundles of thin strands of protein
Centrioles Microfilaments
Chemical Composision The body has O (65%) C (18%) H (10%) N (3%) All cells have: Inorganic Organic Water Electrolytes (acid, base, salt) Protein
Structural form and shape Enzymes catalyze Hormones regulators Monosaccharide glucose Disaccharide sucrose Polysaccharide glucogen Fats (storage) Cholesterol Phospholipid (in cell membrane) DNA (gene info) RNA (protein synthesis)
Carbohydrates
Lipid
Nucleic acids
Principle Events
A. G1 phase B. S phase C. G2 phase II. Mitotic Phase Nuclear division; Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic division
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
General Information A. After mitosis, daughter cells 1. New cell cycle 2. Rest 3. Specialize age die B. Cell types Lose ability to divide Divide if needed Constantly divide RBC, neurons, muscle cell Liver cells, lymphocytes (white BC) Skin, cells of intestinal lining, bone marrow
Mitosis In most cells of body Result: 2 identical daughter cells 23 pairs of chromosomes 46 total # chromosomes
Meiosis In gonads in sex cells Result: 4 daughter cells Each has DNA and # of chromosomes 23 total # chromosomes
4. Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands Endocrine Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream Exocrine Secrete products through duct 1. Unicellular goblet: cell produce mucous 2. Multicellular saliary gland
Types of epithelium: Type Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Stratified squamous Stratified cuboidal Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Transitional Appearance 1 thin layer of cells Glandular Single layer Multiple cell layer Glandular Respiratory tract Cells change shape
Location
Types
Composition
Adipose
2. Cartilage
Composition 1. Intercellular material (matrix) Chondroitin sulfate semisolid gelatin-like substance 2. Cells Chondrocytes, live in lacunae 3. Fibers 1. Perichondrium tough, outer coverage 2. Avascular receive nutrients by diffusion Hyaline a. Articular cartilage cover surface of long bones at joint b. Found in portions of respiratory tract (nose, trochea, bronchi, ends of ribs) Fibrocartilage a. Withstand compression b. Found in intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis Elastic a. Increase flexibility b. Found in auditory tube, external ear, larynx
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneun
The Dermis
Contains
Function Glands
CT (elastin and collagen fibers) Macrophages (phagocytes) Mast cells Nerve fibers Blood vessels Sweat glands Hair follicles Root (active cells, hair growth); Shaft (dead, keratinized cells) Sebaceous glands Network of blood vessels for diffusion of nutrients to epidermis Sebaceous a. Structure very slippery, rupture to release contents b. Location All of body except palm of hand and sole of feet c. Function sebum prod. by hormones Sweat a. Structure tubular with duct b. Location and function 1. Eccrine most numerous, sweat producing 2. apocrine In axillary, anogenital; secrete sweat and lipoproteins (prod. odor)
Composition
Bone formation Intramembraneous a. Directly from embryonic CT membranes b. Rapid; for bones required for protection c. Ex: flat bones of skull and clavicle Endochondral (lecture diagram helpful) a. Gradual replacement of hyaline cartilage model b. Ex: long bones of limbs
Memorizing the location and attachments shown in lab and lecture handouts is best for these.
Sutures a. Coronal, sagittal, lamboidal, squamous b. Fontanels Allow change in shape of head during passage of birth canal Accommodate rapid brain growth Thoracic Cage (rib cage) Jugular notch curve on superior manubrium Sternal angle junction of manubrium and body of sternum Ribs Intercostal space muscle between ribs Costal cartilage cartilage that connect to sternum True ribs (1~7) attach to sternum False ribs (8~10) attach to rib 7 cartilage Floating (11~12) No articulation anteriorly True ribs articulate anteriorly All ribs articulate posteriorly
Vertebral column Classification Cervical (C1-C7) a. C1-C2 has transverse foramen (opening for blood vessels) b. Axis has DENS c. Atlas and Axis held by transverse ligament d. C3-C7 has bifid spinous process Thoracic (T1~T12) a. Spinous process travels in posterior, inferior direction b. Has facet where ribs attach Lumbar (L1~L5) a. Rectangular shaped vertebral body Sacral (5) pelvic region Coccygeal (4) tail bone Each vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs a. Composed of fibrocartilage b. Annulus fibrosus outer layer Nucleus pulposus inner layer
Labeling
Lecture 9: Articulations
Synarthroses (fibrous) Tough CT No movement Amphiarthrotic (cartilaginous) Hyaline or fibrocartilage tissue Little movement Diarthrotic (synovial) Lubricated; cartilages and ligaments bind and protect Free movement Type Pivot
Suture of skull
Examples
Condyloid/Ellipsoidal
Biaxial movement
Gliding
Side to side
Hinge
Uniaxial
Saddle
Wide range
Ball-and-socket
Great range
Important terms and concepts Bursa Ligaments Tendons Articular cartilage TMJ Unhappy triad Labeling Fluid-filled pockets; reduce friction and act as shock absorbers Bone to bone Bone to muscle Hyaline cartilage that protects ends of bones of joint Modified hinge joint (hinge + gliding) Torn/damage in: Anterior cruciate Medial collateral ligament Medial meniscus
Voluntary
Composed of long cells with 1 nucleus Found in G1 tract and walls of blood vessels
Cardiac Involuntary
Innervation of skeletal muscle Neuromuscular junction Motor unit Point of contact between muscle fiber and axon of neuron which stimulates it Motor neuron and all muscle fibers it controls The more precise the movement, the smaller motor unit
Color
Myoglobin
High
Little
High
Mitochondria
Many
Few
Many
Capillaries
Many
Few
Many
Energy Production
Aerobic
Aerobic
Glycogen reserves
Power
Fatigue
Resistant
Contraction time
Fast
Examples
Muscle groups Synergistic - Muscle that contract together in coordinated effort for a specific movement Types of contraction Concentric - Shortening contraction Ex: upper arm against trunk of body, elbow flexed. Eccentric - Lengthening contraction Ex: Upper arm against trunk of body, elbow extended. Antagonistic - Muscles that perform opposite functions Ex: flexors and extensors
Axial
Scalp and Face Occipitofrontalis Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris Zygomaticus major Depressor anguli oris Levator labii superioris Depressor labii inferioris Buccinator Platysma Wrinkle forehead Close eye Close eyelid Close and pulse lips (kiss) Smile Frowning Elevate upper lip Depress lower lip Chewing Push food to teeth Tense skin of neck (when a man shaves)
Anterior Neck Suprahyoid Infrahyoid Support tongue Elevate hyoid bone Help swallowing Depress hyoid bone
Anterolateral Neck Sternocleidomastoid Bilaterally flex Unilaterally rotate to opposite side Bilaterally flex Unilaterally rotate to opposite side
Scalenus Medius
Deep muscles of neck Erector spinae Quadratus lumborum Extend spine Bilaterally flex lumbar Unilaterally, laterally flex to same side
Biting and grinding movements of jaw Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid Elevate mandible Close mouth Elevate mandible Close mouth Move mandible side to side Close mouth Depress mandible Open mouth
Abdominal wall External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis Bilaterally flex and rotate spine Bilaterally flex and rotate spine Bilaterally flex and rotate spine Flex spine
Lateral pterygoid
Ocular muscles 4 Rectus muscles 2 Oblique muscles Superior,Inferior,Medial,Lateral Move eyeball Superior, inferior Rotate eyeball Respiration External intercostals Internal intercostals Diaphragm Pelvic floor and perineum Hyoglossus Genioglossus Styloglossus Depress Lateral side Depress and project Retract and elevate Pelvic diaphragm Urogenital diaphragm Support organs of pelvic cavity Support organs of pelvic cavity Aid in respiration Aid in respiration Aid in respiration
Tongue
Appendicular
Pectoral Girdle (shoulder) Serratus anterior Trapezius Hold scapula to body and pull forward (Boxer) Elevate shoulder Extend head at neck
Wrist, hand, fingers Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor pollicis longus Hand Thenar Thumb Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Adductor pollicis Opponens pollicis Abduct Flex Adduct Oppose Flex and radially deviate wrist Flex and deviate wrist in ulnar direction Flex digits (not thumb) Extend digits Flex thumb Extend and radially deviate wrist Extend and deviate wrist in ulnar direction Extend fingers and wrist Extend thumb
Arm (Brachium) Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Teres major Deltoid Flex arm at shoulder Medial rotate and adduct Extend arm at shoulder Lat. dorsi and deltoid extension (adduct) Abduct arm Flex and medial rotate arm Extend arm (humerus) Supreaspinatus Abduction Infraspinatus Laterally rotate humerus Teres minor Laterally rotate humerus Subscapularis Laterally rotate humerus
Rotator cuff
Forearm Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Triceps brachii Flex arm at angle Major supinator of arm Flex forearm Flex forearm Extend forearm
5th digit Flexor digiti minimi brevis Flex Abductor digiti minimi Abduct Opponens digiti minimi Oppose Lumbricals(4) Ab/Ad finger Flex metacarpal phalangeal joint Dorsal Abduct fingers Interossei Palmer Adduct fingers interossei Hypothenar Thigh Iliopsoas Flex thigh at hip Iliacus Flex femur Psoas Major Abduct thigh at hip Extend thigh at hip Abduct thigh at hip Extend/rotate Medially Adduct thigh at hip
Supinate or pronate forearm Supinator Pronator teres, quadrates Supinate forearm Pronate forearm
Leg Sartorius Quadriceps femoris Hamstrings Flex femur and lower leg Flex thigh at hip Extend leg at knee Extend thigh at hip Flex leg at knee
Foot Flexor digiti minimi brevis Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor hallucis brevis Lumbricals (4) Dorsal interossei (4) Plantar interossei (3) Flex 5th Flex 2nd and 5th Flex great toe Flex MTPs Extend IPs of 4 fingers Abduct toes Adduct toes
Ankle, foot and toes Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus/Fibularis longus Peroneus/Fibularis brevis Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Dorsiflexion and inversion of feet Extend great toe Dorsiflexion of foor Extend toe Dorsiflexion Plantar-flex Evert foor Plantar-flex Evert foor Plantarflexion Flexion of leg Plantarflexion of foot Plantarflexion Invert foot Flex great toe Plantarflex foot
Practice action questions Scenario Reach Chew gum Look down Drink swallow Stuck out tongue Wrinkling of forehead Flying Wink eye Lower bottom lip Dentist done checking Action Flex arm at shoulder Hold gum in place Flex head at neck Elevate and depress Protract tongue Depress tongue Wrinkle forehead Abduct arm at shoulder Wink eye Lower bottom lip Elevate mandible Muscles
Protract mandible Grind Extend spine back Kiss Supinate forearm Crunches
Protract mandible Move jaw side to side Extend spine back Circumduct/rotate arm at shoulder Puck/purse lip Supinate forearm Flex stomach Laterally rotate stomach
Aid in respiration Respiration Help protract scapula Smile Extend arm at shoulder Adduct arm at shoulder Lift upper lip Depress lip Adduct thigh at hip Flex forearm at elbow
Toes Flex thigh Toes Step ladder Walk heel of feet Tip of toe Point at person
Extend toes up (not big toe) Extend knee Extend bid toe Flex thigh at hip Dorsiflex Plantarflex Flex finger, not thumb Extend forearm at elbow
Flex thumb Adduct thigh at hip Extend hand at wrist Flex hand at wrist Extend hip at knee Hold spine erect Extend thigh at hip Plantarflexion of foor
Point toe Walk on heel Ascend stairs Turn doorknob Extend hip back Kick Grab baton
Flexion of toe Dorsiflexion of ankle Flex hip Supinate forearm Extend thigh at hip Extend hip back Extension of knee Extend arm at shoulder
Motorcycle handle
Magic chair
Sit in midair Shoulder shrug Abduct shoulder Abduct hip Adduct shoulder Adduct hip Inversion of feet Eversion of feet
Principle Events
Interphase Resting phase; DNA replication and growth Normal cell activities; Cell growth, duplication of organelles Protein synthesis SNA replication Histones synthesis Protein synthesis, microtubules
Mitotic Phase Nuclear division; Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic division Nuc membrane disappear Chromosomes condense Paired chromosomes line up along equator
E. Prophase
F. Metaphase
G. Anaphase
H. Telophase
Type Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Stratified squamous Stratified cuboidal Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Transitional
Appearance 1 thin layer of cells Glandular Single layer Multiple cell layer Glandular Respiratory tract Cells change shape
Location
Blood vessels Alveori sacs Glands Digestive tract Beg and end of G1 tract Vagina, skin
Appearance/composition Abundant
Ligaments Tendons
Elastic
Adipose
Special characteristics Deepest Single layer Mitosis and gradually move up Attach by spinke-like process
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Has dark granules Begin to die Clear layer Thick skin Superficial Dead
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneun
Type Pivot
Examples
Atlas and axis Proximal radioulnar joint
Condyloid/Ellipsoidal
Biaxial movement
Knuckles Wrist Radiocarpal joint Intercarpal (wrist) Vertebrae Ribs Elbow Interphalangeal Thumb
Gliding
Side to side
Hinge
Uniaxial
Saddle
Wide range
Ball-and-socket
Great range
Shoulder Hip
Color
Little Few Few Anaerobic metabolism for ATP Have large reserves for anaerobic metabolism Very powerful Increase # myofilaments
Power
Resistant Slowly for long periods of time Postural muscles especially low back, prolonged contraction
Quickly Fast
Resistant Faster than red Slower than white Muscles of lower limbs, provide both support and movement
Examples
Scenario Reach Chew gum Look down Drink swallow Stuck out tongue Wrinkling of forehead Flying Wink eye Lower bottom lip Dentist done checking
Action Flex arm at shoulder Hold gum in place Flex head at neck Elevate and depress Protract tongue Depress tongue Wrinkle forehead Abduct arm at shoulder Wink eye Lower bottom lip Elevate mandible
Protract mandible Grind Extend spine back Kiss Supinate forearm Crunches
Protract mandible Move jaw side to side Extend spine back Circumduct/rotate arm at shoulder Puck/purse lip Supinate forearm Flex stomach Laterally rotate stomach
Aid in respiration Respiration Help protract scapula Smile Extend arm at shoulder Adduct arm at shoulder Lift upper lip Depress lip Adduct thigh at hip Flex forearm at elbow
Toes Flex thigh Toes Step ladder Walk heel of feet Tip of toe Point at person
Extend toes up (not big toe) Extend knee Extend bid toe Flex thigh at hip Dorsiflex Plantarflex Flex finger, not thumb Extend forearm at elbow Flex thumb Adduct thigh at hip
Muscles Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Buccinator Sternalcoleidomastoid Scalenus medius Suprahyoid Infrahyoid Gyneoglossus Hyoglussus Occipitofrontalis Deltoid Orbicularis oculi Depressor labii inferioris Temporalis Medial pterygoid Masseter Lateral pterygoid Lateral pterygoid Rectus abdominis Rotative cuff Orbicularis oris Biceps brachii Rectus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique Transverse abdominis Internal intercostals External intercostal Diaphragm Serratus anterior Zygomaticus major Anteros major Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major Levator labii superiori Depressor labii inferioris Tensor fasciar latae Gluteus medius Biceps crachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Extensor digitorum Quadraceps Extensor pollicis Quadriceps fimoris Tibialis anterior Soleus Flexor digitorum profundus Superficialis Triceps trachii Flexor pollicis longus Adductor magnus
Extend hand at wrist Flex hand at wrist Extend hip at knee Hold spine erect Extend thigh at hip Plantarflexion of foor
Point toe Walk on heel Ascend stairs Turn doorknob Extend hip back Kick Grab baton
Flexion of toe Dorsiflexion of ankle Flex hip Supinate forearm Extend thigh at hip Extend hip back Extension of knee Extend arm at shoulder
Motorcycle handle
Magic chair
Sit in midair Shoulder shrug Abduct shoulder Abduct hip Adduct shoulder Adduct hip Inversion of feet Eversion of feet
Extensor carpi radialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Hamstring Erector spinae Gluteus maximux Hamstring Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis posterior Ficularis longus Fibularis brevis Flexor digitorum brevis Tibialis anterior Iliacus, psoas major Biceps brachii Supinator Gluteus maximus Hamstring Quadraceps Triceps Latissimus dorsi Deltoid Zygomaticus major Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachiaradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulanris Deltoid Pectoralis major Deltoid Soleus Gastrocnemius Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Hamstring Trapezius Deltoid Tensor fasciar latae Gluteus medius Pectoralis major Teres major Adductor magnus Tibialis Anterior Tibialis posterior Fibularis brevis Fibularis longus