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Module 1 Activity No. 1.1 1. Why is it important for anyone in our society to have knowledge of research methods?

Research is important when conducted correctly because it helps us to understand and possibly even solve existing or possible problems in the world. This could be anything from social issues to medical breakthroughs. Governments carry out research all of the time in order to come to conclusions about policies and strategies. Without this research and knowledge, it would be difficult to make a change in the world. It would also mean that changes wouldn't be fully considered which could result in bigger problems in the long run. If a problem is evident, for example gun crime, it is essential to understand what has caused the problem and why people continue to take part in such illegal activity even though they know it is fundamentally wrong. Research will aim to answer these questions so that informed decisions can be made about what strategies will help.

2. How can research be of help to the present needs of human beings? As what has been cited, research aims to promote a wholesome living for mankind. Through research, humans are able to satiate their own personal curiosity in explaining the natural phenomena in the environment. Through research, most of today's business is now based on the advancement of technology. Research opens the awareness of human minds to possibilities only it can conceive. 3. How has research solved the problems of mankind? Through research, human society was able to understand certain problems that arise from the progression of societal trends. It has utilized methods in solving even simpler problems but with greater impact to the society. Research enables human to define certain aspect of the community, even within themselves,

facilitating their decisions and influences their insights in handling daily situations. Research has gone through a lot of human and social development that had further enhanced the life-ways of the populace. 4. What is research in the context of development? What is its role in the development process? Research provides creative work with an efficient basis for the purpose of increased knowledgeknowledge for human, for society and for culture, in relation of devising new applications and for further improvement of the mass. 5. What makes research? What are the characteristics of high quality research? Explain each. High quality research should be empirical, which means results should be based on direct observation. It should also be logical pertaining to valid procedures and principles applied leading to verifiable results. Research should be cyclical which always starts with a problem and finally, drawing of conclusions and recommendations out of the gathered and analyzed data. It should be analytical which utilizes empirical data and analytical procedures in the manner of gathering data. Furthermore, it should encompass critical characteristic for careful and precise judgement to establish confidence in interpretation of data gathered. It should be methodical showing a systematic approach in enacting procedures and certain actions to ensure objectivity and appropriateness. Lastly, it should be subjected to replication to disembark valid and conclusive results. Replication of experimentation decreases the percent error of results.

Module 2 Activity No. 2.1 1. Differentiate applied research and basic research. Applied research is problem-oriented which is concerned with the application o scientific theory to real-life problems and is carried out to solve specific problem that requires decision while basic research is conducted primarily to improve our understanding of various issues without emphasizing the immediate application and is purely academic with principal aim of contributing knowledge for general good. 2. Compare quantitative from qualitative approaches in research. Quantitative research is a systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. It includes data collection which involves numbers to be analyzed using statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive) (Cresswell, 2008). Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Qualitative research is more on understanding of human behaviours and the reasons that govern such behaviours. Collection of data includes wordtype data which will be subjected to theme analysis. It concerns with the description of the population without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or to take into the potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more restrictive in testing hypotheses because it is extremely expensive and time consuming, and typically limited to a single set of research subjects. Qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses.

3. What makes library research different from field research? Library research is done in the library where answers to specific questions or problems of the study are available. This research is much focused on the past, and much of the primary and secondary sources are found in the library. Field research is conducted in a natural setting no changes are made in the environment which is both applicable to descriptive survey and experimental methods. 4. How can a researcher obtain correct information? A researcher could obtain correct information if one will apply all classification of research. After taking library research which contains all the informations the researcher wanted, one should also try to have the field research to validate all information taken from the library. In that sense the information would be updated. The laboratory research would be plausible for more proofs. Application of procedures and interpretation of information for comparison in the purpose of actual experimentation. 5. Which qualities of a researcher do you possess? Why? I am always curious and persevere. As a good researcher, I am never satisfied by one or two sources. I always dig deeper to find probable problems and answers in all angles of my work. One source would lead me to another source and so on and so forth. It always keeps me guided for possible problems and makes me track on accurate methods and procedures, thus, giving me an efficient and less-error results. 6. What research breakthrough in your lifetime that has directly or indirectly affected your lifestyle? Why? Back in my grade school days, there was this part of our textbook that talks about multi-tasking and I totally like that idea of perhaps taking a vacation and going to school all at the same time. It gets you somewhere without solely spending your entire time and effort in doing something productive. The breakthrough about the feasibility of human cloning made me conclude that,

that figment of the authors imagination can no longer be a mere fantasy today. I can now really take a hold of that childish dream and perhaps make it come true right now at this very moment when multi-tasking becomes my day to day routine. I can submit my genes for cloning and an instant copycat will be born. But why it changed my lifestyle is that, it made me realize that no matter how intense the advancement of human technologies are, still they remain incomparable to what were originally created. Cloning cannot assure total similarity; perhaps physical and intellectual features but what about opinions, values and perspectives? Just like what happened to CC, the first ever cloned cat. Yes, CC existed but not at all the same with his gene donor, Rainbow. Even CCs appearance ended up unique and far too different from Rainbow. Cloning can copy the exact sequence of ones genetic make-up but it can never be perfected like the way every individual was created. It can guarantee awe and amazement but in the most superficial way. This breakthrough indirectly changed my lifestyle in a way that it made me see the special side of my existence. I was created uniquely and that is something worth celebrating as long as I exist.

Activity No. 2.2 List down at least 5 research topics/ titles. Reason out why you are interested to delve into them. 1. Decision making and problem solving Reason: The ability and skills of human to have rational decisions and sound solution has always intrigued researchers. For the past century, humans are never contented of what their minds can conceive, thus, resulting to remarkable level of socio-economic productivity. 2. Political breakthroughs Reason: Politics is not at all that bad when it comes to breakthroughs. Recently, a political breakthrough about climate change has been passed in South Africa. Political breakthroughs allowed us to manage today. 3. Medical Breakthroughs Reason: Through medical breakthroughs, epidemics such as pneumonia, bubonic plague and small pox that killed millions in the earlier times, now appeared if not extinct, too meagre if not to be screened by radiography scans or sensitivity tests and be dealt with a 7-day antibiotic therapy. These breakthroughs does not just maximize human life expectancy but they make this world a safer place to live in. 4. Social Concerns Reasons: Man would be less than holistic without the society. From the society emerged the customs, values, traditions and lifeways that we unconsciously incorporate in our lifestyles that would later on define our personalities as part of the society. From these arising social concerns, apparently and basically, there would be a significant change in our norms and moral point of views. Today, the society is a lot more open to these breakthroughs that most of them had already affected not just the moral aspects of man but most precisely spiritual and emotional. existing and pre-existing economic, environmental, social and political problems that concern our nation

5. Software and Information technology breakthroughs Reason: Everything had been made possible through the computer. All forms of business and professional work is immobile and unprogressive without the advancement of information technology and software engineering. It already seemed like computers and the internet had already been a part of our basic needs that without these things, itll never be good enough.

Module 3 Activity No. 3.1 Briefly define the following terms as applied to research. 1. Process- is a series of steps which make up research from the development of an idea to the completed research paper. 2. Problem- it is defined as pursued topic or objectives needed to be solved or satisfyingly answered. 3. Questions- are interrogative forms of stating a problem. 4. Feasibility- one of the essential characteristics of a good research question which means it can be studied without undue amount of time, energy, or money. 5. Clarity- a characteristic which mean that the problem communicates effectively with its intended audience. 6. Significance- It means that the problem poses a great impact to large group of bodies making it worthwhile, with its implications that go beyond the group. 7. Ethical- It means that it does not involve physical or psychological harm or damage to human beings, to animals or to any natural or social environment. 8. Formulation- is the process of formulating or creating a feasible and researchable problem out of preliminary data gathered. 9. Empirical- means a verifiable or provable search of knowledge through multiple sequences of experimentation and observation and not just by means of mere logic and theories. 10.Method- is a step by step process of conducting research.

Activity No. 3.2 Choose 5 research questions you want to answer through your research. Reason out why you are asking such questions. 1. Topic: Is there a significant difference in the level of intelligence competency in relation to age, gender, economic status and family background? Reason: This will lead to understanding the difference between male and female intelligence and the factors affecting their intelligence quotient. People say men are born to be intelligent with lack of interest thereof, but females may not be the same with males genetic achievement yet they are highly skilled in acquiring one. 2. Topic: Is there a significant difference in the academic and clinical performance of nursing students from the new nursing curriculum compared to those from the old nursing curriculum? Reason: The number of possible factors makes the problem researchable. Through research, the said possible factors will be identified and both curriculums will be evaluated whether or not it caused improvement to students academic and clinical performance. Furthermore, it will also seek to determine the relative contribution of the identified factors to the students academic and clinical performance. 3. Topic: What are the factors that affect the aberrations in individual psychodynamics of human? Reason: In assessing psychodynamics of psychiatric patients in the local setting, a number of patterning factors can be identified that can significantly explain the nature of these patients condition and thus leading the healthcare team to provide therapeutic communication strategies to further enhance the medical treatments undergone by the patients. 4. Topic: Exams often do little more than measure a persons ability to take exams. Should exams be outlawed in favour of another form of assessment? Reason: Alternative learning assessment methods has now long been practiced in most local universities. Instructors claim that unlike traditional assessment

strategies, these strategies allowed the student to assume a greater part in evaluating their own performances. 5. Topic: What are the factors that influence the occurrence of gender identity disorders among patients? Reason: Homosexuality has always been an issue in the society. Several studies has identified its possible origin. This study can sort out significant factors and deal with each factor intensively whether or not how they affect the occurrence of gender identity disorders that could be a ground for homosexuality

Module 4 Activity No. 4.1 Write your own rationale of the study. Assessment plays a significant role in the learning experience of students. It determines their progression through their programmes and enables them to demonstrate that they have achieved the intended learning outcomes. It is assessment that provides the main basis for public recognition of achievement, through the awarding of qualifications and/or credit. Assessing the learning progress made by students is a continuous process for teachers and one that calls for a lot of creativity and observation. A teacher's life can be very tough, especially when it comes to student learning assessment as every student is unique and learns differently. However, by following certain assessment strategies, teachers can easily and effectively monitor the progress made by their students. Some of the major assessment strategies or methods include information-based observation and notes; learning records; progress reports; assignments and projects; progress checklists; and written and verbal tests. Some of these strategies will allow you to assess your entire class, while others apply for individual assessments. You can customize these assessment methods as per your unique student and program needs or apply them directly to track student learning. Traditional education or back-to-basics refers to long-established customs found in schools that society has traditionally deemed appropriate. Some forms of education reform promote the adoption of progressive education practices, a more holistic approach which focuses on individual students' needs and self-expression. In the eyes of reformers, traditional teacher-centered methods focused on rote learning and memorization must be abandoned in favor of student-centered and task-based approaches to learning. However, many parents and conservative citizens are concerned with the maintenance of objective educational standards based on testing, which favors a more traditional approach. Alternative assessment on the other hand, uses activities that reveal what students can do, emphasizing their strengths instead of their weaknesses. With alternative assessment, students are expected to participate actively in evaluating themselves and one another. Learners who are used to traditional teacher-centered classrooms have not been expected to take responsibility for assessment before and may need time to adjust to this new role. They also may be skeptical that peers can provide them with feedback that will enhance their learning. Alternative assessment instruments are not only designed and structured differently from traditional tests, but are also graded or scored differently. Because alternative

assessment is performance based, it helps instructors emphasize that the point of language learning is communication for meaningful purposes. Alternative assessment methods work well in learner-centered classrooms because they are based on the idea that students can evaluate their own learning and learn from the evaluation process. These methods give learners opportunities to reflect on both their linguistic development and their learning processes (what helps them learn and what might help them learn better). Alternative assessment thus gives instructors a way to connect assessment with review of learning strategies. As shown in the study conducted by the National Capital Language Resource Center, the instructor should use checklists and rubrics to evaluate student performance but not ask students to do self and peer evaluation. When creating checklists and rubrics, instructors can ask students to provide input on the criteria that should be included in each. This approach gives the instructor time to become more comfortable with the use of alternative assessments, while modeling their use for students. The process helps students understand how they will benefit from alternative assessment and how they can use it effectively. Because alternative assessment depends on direct observation, instructors can most easily begin to use it when evaluating students' writing assignments and individual speaking tasks such as presentations. Once an instructor has reached a level of comfort with checklists and rubrics, they can also be used when observing students interacting in small groups. Once students are familiar with the use of checklists and rubrics for evaluation, they can gradually begin to assess their own learning and provide feedback to their peers. This aspect of alternative assessment can easily be included in the evaluation segment of a lesson. In classrooms where traditional forms of assessment are required, this gives the instructor multiple ways of measuring progress without increasing the time students spend taking traditional tests.

Module 5 Activity No. 5.1 Get 3 theories from the web and 3 from the book. Cite your source below each theory. 1. Cognitive Evaluation Theory - When looking at task, we evaluate it in terms of how well it meets our needs to feel competent and in control. If we think we will be able to complete the task, we will be intrinsically motivated to complete the task, requiring no further external motivation. Website: http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/cognitive_evaluation.htm Date of retrieval: December 28, 2011 2. Ben Franklin Effect- When we do a person a favour, we tend to like them more as a result. This is because we justify our actions to ourselves that we did them a favour because we liked them. Website: http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/ben_franklin_effect.htm Date of retrieval: December 28, 2011 3. Attribution theory by B. Weiner- Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behaviour. Website: http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/attribution-theory.html Date of retrieval: December 28, 2011 4. Information Processing Theory by George Miller - The first concept is "chunking" and the capacity of short term memory. Miller (1956) presented the idea that short-term memory could only hold 5-9 chunks of information (seven plus or minus two) where a chunk is any meaningful unit. A chunk could refer to digits, words, chess positions, or people's faces. The concept of chunking and the limited capacity of short term memory became a basic element of all subsequent theories of memory. Title of the book: Plans and Structural Behaviour Author(s): Miller, G.A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K.H Publisher: Holt, Rinehart & Winston

Copyright year: 1960 5. Social Learning Theory by A. Bandura- The social learning theory of Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Bandura (1977) states: "Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action." Title of the book: Social Foundations of Thought and Action Author: A. Bandura Publisher: Prentice-Hall Copyright year: 1986 6. Andragogy by M. Knowles- Knowles' theory of andragogy is an attempt to develop a theory specifically for adult learning. Knowles emphasizes that adults are self-directed and expect to take responsibility for decisions. Adult learning programs must accommodate this fundamental aspect. Title of the book: The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (3rd Edition) Author: M. Knowles Publisher: Gulf Publishing Copyright year: 1984

Module 6 Activity no. 6.1 1. Why there is a need to review literatures when conducting a research? Literatures are essential factors in the success of a research paper. Reviewing literature is but a way in making the research paper credible to the people you are intending the research. Literatures such as journals and related studies could support, and often times explain, the results of the study and the underlying causes of such. Literature review is the part of the paper where the researcher will be given the opportunity to strengthen the paper by citing what other reliable authors have said about the topic. This will prove that the topic chosen were not about any random subject but that many others have also poured their thoughts on the topic. 2. Why should a researcher document their sources of the literature which are cited in their studies? Documenting the sources of literatures has always been the common mistake of researchers. In such cases, plagiarism usually occurs without having it as their intention. It is a must, one of the crucial rules of making a research, to take note of the sources of literatures. It stands as an indication and, at the same time, an acknowledgment for the authors of the literatures. Indication in the sense that it is a pointer for the location of the source and acknowledgment showing that the researcher is indebted of the source. 3. Write a review of related literature(at least 3 paragraphs) Traditionally, health is defined in terms of the presence or the absence of disease. Nightingale defined health as a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent (Nightingale, 1860/1969). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health in a more holistic view. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition: reflects concern for the individual as a total person functioning physically,

psychologically, and socially. Mental processes determined peoples relationship with their physical and social surroundings, their attitudes about life, and their interaction with others (Kozier and Erb, et al. 2008). Health is considered as the goal of public health in general, and community health nursing, in particular. There are a number of definitions but the most frequently cited is the one that is contained in the WHO constitution: Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Dunn, on the other hand, emphasized highlevel wellness which he defined as: an integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential which the individual is capable. Orem defined health as a state characterized by soundness and wholeness of human structures and bodily and mental functions (Maglaya, A. et al. 2005).

Activity No. 6.2 1. Title: The effect of a Supported Employment Program on Psychosocial Indicators for Persons with Severe Mental Illness Conclusion: The results of this study were clearly contrary to initial expectations. The alternative hypothesis suggested that Self Esteem participants would show improved psychological functioning and self esteem after three months of employment. Exactly the reverse happened Self Esteem participants showed significantly worse psychological functioning and self esteem. Author: William M.K. Trochim Website: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sampaper.php Date of retrieval: Dec. 29, 2011 2. Title: Salinity Effects on the Growth, PEP Carboxylase, and Photosythesis in Three Ploidy Levels of Artiplex canescens (Push) Nutt. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the effects growth, PEP Carboxylase and photosynthesis in three ploidy levels of Artiplex canescens (Push) Nutt. Author: Gary John Hamilton Source: Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University Date of Retrieval: September 12, 2011 3. Title: Anti cholesterol Property of Rooster feathers astaxanthin on White Rabbits Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the level of cholesterols of white rabbits treated with carrying dosages astaxanthin from rooster feathers Author: Nadine Bacalangco Source: Capiz National High School- Science Learning Resource Date of Retrieval: October 2009

Module 7 Activity no. 7.1 Descriptive Correlational Research The relationship of maternal smoking and arrest records of their sons 34 years later 1. The question or hypothesis of my study is: Does maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly affect the increased rates of crime in adult offspring? 2. A brief summary of what I intend to do, when, where, and how is as follows: a. The randomly selected samples will be controlled for socioeconomic status, parental psychiatric problems, age, and fathers criminal history. b. The study will be limited to the effect of maternal smoking in the rate of crime in adult offspring. 3. The major problems I foresee at this point are as follows: a. The above mentioned factors can have a significant effect on the dependent variable which may eventually cause false negative results.

Activity no. 7.2 Descriptive-Evaluative Research The Effect of Group Sensitivity Tests in lowering the rate of alcohol use in a selected university 1. The question or hypothesis of my study is: Does group sensitivity tests significantly affect the rate of alcohol use in a selected university? 2. A brief summary of what I intend to do, when, where, and how is as follows: a. This evaluative study will explore group sensitivity tests among college students will lower their alcohol use and if the said procedure is achieving its stated goals. b. Both process and outcome evaluation will be applied to examine whether the program is operating as planned and assess whether the program achieves the impact or effects that were planned for it. 3. The major problems I foresee at this point are as follows: a. The heterogeneity that exists among institutions and students means that findings from studies conducted on one campus, or even on a few campuses, may not be generalizable to other institutions.

Activity no. 7.3 Descriptive Survey Research Insurance Preference and Awareness 1. The question or hypothesis of my study is: What are the insurance preferences and the degree of awareness among insurance brokers and agents in 20 important markets in the country? 2. A brief summary of what I intend to do, when, where, and how is as follows: a. In-depth interviews with 100 insurance brokers and agents in 20 important markets around the country determining their attitudes toward specific insurance carriers and their preference in products will be conducted. b. The study should be made sure to have an extensive experience researching the insurance brokerage community. 3. The major problems I foresee at this point are as follows: a. Limited orientation and knowledge in the brokerage community may cause insufficient data gathered and thus false positive results.

Activity no. 7.4 Historical Research Gandhi in the 1930s; An Example of Creative Historical Research 1. The question or hypothesis of my study is: Presenting a creative writing assignment that combines humanities with social studies will enhance the teachers ability to evaluate the end product of the students. 2. A brief summary of what I intend to do, when, where, and how is as follows: a. The skit is presented as an example of a creative writing assignment that combines humanities with socials studies. It is recommended that high school teachers make such assignments for themselves and their students. The teacher is given the same assignment because brushing up on rusty composition skills and direct experience in creative historical research will enhance the teachers ability to evaluate the end product of the student. 3. The major problems I foresee at this point are as follows: a. Due to long time data collection, the theory or statement does not apply in current conditions.

Activity no. 7.5 Pure Experimental Research Repulsorlifts as a Method of Stable Magnetic Levitation 1. The question or hypothesis of my study is: Repulsorlifts were used in the study to find out if they can be used to replace the wheels of a conventional car. It was hypothesized that it will be able to lift a car using magnetic repulsion forces. 2. A brief summary of what I intend to do, when, where, and how is as follows: a. The different magnets were tested individually with the usual tests for magnetic strength, size, and temperature increase, which were done in the preliminary testing. The prototype road and car were then constructed based on the specifications that had been identified after the preliminary testing. The prototype cars magnets were permanent magnets while the road magnets were electromagnets. They had been oriented so that the magnets would repel each other. b. After the levitation tests, the proponents constructed other prototype roads and cars, based on the design which increased the chances for stability of the project. The repulsorlift setups were then tested for levitation. c. The major problems I foresee at this point are as follows: The repulsorlift can be capable of lifting the car, yet its stability and lift would depend on two factors: the strength and the ratio of the strength of the car and road magnets, and the angles at which the car magnets are oriented. Therefore this can be feasible once the lift would be sufficient to resist both gravity and the weights on the car.

Activity No. 7.6 Quasi- Experimental Research Married and Unmarried Parenthood and Economic Well-Being A Dynamic Analysis of a Recent Cohort

1. The question or hypothesis of my study is: This paper analyzes the relationship between marriage and economic well-being in a dynamic context. 2. A brief summary of what I intend to do, when, where, and how is as follows: a. Using data on women and mothers over time enhances our ability to distinguish a causal effect of marriage from a selection effect. Cross section estimates are subject to bias because individuals who marry may have unobserved advantages affecting their incomes over individuals who do not marry. With panel data, we can observe the income profiles over time of individuals who marry and those who do not. 3. The major problems I foresee at this point are as follows: a. Limiting the selection problem is inherently difficult in the absence of an exogenous variable that reduces or stimulates marriages in one environment but not in another.

Activity 7.7 Case Study Problem of communication in decoration institution 1. The question or hypothesis of my study is: What is the effect of communication between the manager and the employees in driving performance? 2. A brief summary of what I intend to do, when, where, and how is as follows: Communication between the manager and the employee/ team is critical to drive performance, the faster a manager can understand his team, the effective he can be in managing and coaching. There uses of communication management tools to avoid high turnovers, performance issues, improper planning is also at stake wherein delegations of job roles are in conflict with management decisions and other factors. Poor communication will not help small decoration firms develop highly productive, fully engaged workforce regardless of institution location and or tenure. By measuring employees' attitudes, motivations and outlook on their employers, current managers and job functions, organizations can gain a vital perspective on the present reality in their company and pinpoint areas of concern affecting the total workplace experience. 3. The major problems I foresee at this point are as follows: The results could be subjective and specific to the company where the study will be conducted such that attitude does greatly affect communication styles.

Activity 7.8 In each of the following research questions, identify the independent and dependent variables. a) Does assertiveness training improve the effectiveness of psychiatric nurses? Independent: Assertiveness training Dependent: Effectiveness of psychiatric nurses b) Does the postural positioning of patients affect their respiratory function? Independent: Postural positioning of patients Dependent: Respiratory function c) Is the psychological well-being of patients affected by the amount of touch received from the nursing staff? Independent: Amount of touch received from the nursing staff Dependent: Psychological well-being of the patients d) Is the incidence of observation affects the students performance in school? Independent: Incidence of observation Dependent: Students performance in school e) Are people who were abused as children more likely than others to abuse their own children? Independent: Occurrence of abuse in childhood years Dependent: the likelihood to abuse their own children

f) Is tolerance for pain related to patients age and gender? Independent: Patients age and gender Dependent: Tolerance for pain g) Are the numbers of prenatal visits of pregnant women associated with labour and delivery outcomes? Independent: Labour and delivery outcomes Dependent: Number of prenatal visits of pregnant women h) Are levels of depression higher among children who experience the death of a sibling than among other children? Independent: Level of depression Dependent: Death experience of siblings among children i) Is compliance with medical regimen higher among women than among men? Independent: Compliance with medical regimen Dependent: gender j) Is anxiety in oral examination affected by study habits and psychological preparation? Independent: Study habits and psychological preparation Dependent: Anxiety for oral examination k) Does participating in a support group enhance coping among family caregivers of AIDS patients? Independent: Coping among family caregivers of AIDS patients Dependent: Participating in support group l) Does hearing acuity of the elderly changes as a function of the time of day? Independent: Function of the time of day Dependent: Hearing acuity of the elderly m) Is patient satisfaction with nursing care related to the congruity of nurses and patients cultural backgrounds? Independent: The congruity of nurses and patients cultural Dependent: Patient satisfaction with nursing care

n) Is a womans educational attainment related to the frequency of breast self-examination? Independent: Womans educational attainment Dependent: The frequency of breast self-examination o) Does home birth affect the parents satisfaction with the childbirth experience? Independent: Home birth Dependent: The parents satisfaction with the childbirth experience.

Module 8 Activity No. 8.1 1. Who do you think will benefit your study? Why? The recipients of the study are clients, nurses and other health providers, health educators, medical practitioners, Department of Health (DOH), and future researchers. 2. List them down and explain why they will gain something from your research. Cite the tangible and specific benefits. Clients. This study can provide benchmark data on traditional health practices at the community level. The health benefits and safety of these practices can be explored. The data that can be gathered can be used as basis for planning interventions that are culturally congruent to the health care needs of the community. This can bridge the culture gap, which can result to client care outcomes that are health promoting and satisfying. Nurses and other health providers. This study can provide a better

understanding of the use of traditional health care practices in the community level. Also, this could reinforce a wider scope in the use of traditional health care practices in relation to various theories and later application into the nursing care plan. This could also promote education for clients regarding traditional health care practices in terms of safety, risks and benefits. It will add to their knowledge about traditional health practices and provide a basis for health education. Health educators. Health educators can utilize the findings of the study as basis for conducting information dissemination drives and health classes focusing on common ailments, and traditional health practices. Myths, fallacies, and misconceptions of the community can therefore be corrected. Medical practitioners. This would provide them with information regarding the most prevalent traditional health care practices, and basis for further studies about traditional practices. It can also help promote collaboration of professional

and traditional health care practitioners as to the integration of medical and traditional health care practices. Department of Health (DOH).The data that can be gathered can add to the knowledge base of DOH regarding the utilization of traditional health care practices. It will be beneficial to the health workers actively involved in the Traditional Health Program of the department. Future researchers. This will serve as a foundation for future studies on traditional health care practices.

Module 9 Activity No. 9.1 1. What is research design? Research design is a systematic plan of research. It usually includes formulating a strategy to answer a research question(s). It also provides detailed methods for collecting, recording, processing, and analyzing the recovered data from the research environment. 2. What are the research designs? There are four research designs: historical design (a systematic and critical inquiry about the past events using the critical method in understanding and interpreting of facts which are applicable to current issues), descriptive design (focuses on the present condition of which purposes are to find the new truth that may have different forms such as increased quantity of knowledge), descriptive researches (appropriate wherever the object of any class vary among themselves and one interested in knowing the extent to which different conditions obtain among these objects), and experimental design (a problemsolving study that describes the future, a very useful design for natural sciences). 3. How can historical data be evaluated? Data used in a scientific study must be evaluated for: a. RELEVANCE: Are the data and information relevant to the study? b. ACCURACY: Are the data and information accurate? c. CONSISTENCY: Are the data and information consistent and reproducible? d. RELIABILITY: Can the sources of data and information be located? e. SUFFICIENCY: Are the data and information sufficient to reach a conclusion? f. Why is survey research the most common form of study engaged in by researcher? Survey research is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research. The broad area of survey research encompasses any

measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents. A "survey" can be anything form a short paper-and-pencil feedback form to an intensive one-on-one in-depth interview. 5. What is the difference between correlational research and longitudinal research? A correlational study is a quantitative method of research in which you have 2 or more quantitative variables from the same group of subjects, & you are trying to determine if there is a relationship (or covariation) between the 2 variables (a similarity between them, not a difference between their means). Longitudinal survey involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time often many decades. psychology to study Longitudinal studies are often used in trends across the life span, and developmental

in sociology to study life events throughout lifetimes or generations. 6. Compare experimental research to case study. Experimental research is a type of research that directly attempts to influence particular variable and that it can really test hypotheses about cause and effect relationships. Case study, on the other hand, utilizes problem solving technique. It describes the past, present, and future.

Module 10 Activity No. 10.1 Describe your research environment. I outline my research environment in terms of its three core elements: firstly, the autonomy granted to the researchers to perform their tasks independently; secondly, the resources and equipment made available to every researcher to fulfill his research objectives; and thirdly, its shared-use research infrastructure, including necessary facilities to make every research feasible.

Module 11 Activity No. 11.1 Do research about the following terms. You can get ideas from the books or internet. Expand your definition with specific examples. Cite your sources. 1. Sampling Design Sampling design specifies for every possible sample its probability of being drawn. Example:Bernoulli sampling, P(S) is given by

where for each element q is the probability of being included in the sample and Nsample(S) is the total number of elements in the sample Sand Npop is the total number of elements in the population (before sampling commenced). Source: Sarndal, Swenson, and Wretman (1992), Model Assisted Survey Sampling, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-40620-4 2. Probability Sampling A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. Example: The researcher wants to take 50 samples in a population of 200. He may use lottery method or table of random numbers in taking these 50 persons. In lottery method (also known fishbowl method), the researcher puts the sample frame in a bowl and then randomly selects the 50 persons. In this method, each unit of 200 persons were given the chance to be selected as a sample. Source: David S. Moore and George P. McCabe (February 2005). "Introduction to the practice of statistics" (5th edition). W.H. Freeman & Company. ISBN 07167-6282-X. 3. Non- Scientific Sampling Any sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of coverage'/'undercovered'),

or where the probability of selection can't be accurately determined. It involves the selection of elements based on assumptions regarding the population of interest, which forms the criteria for selection. Example: The researcher will interview certain folks who knows traditional healthcare. If the researcher only knows one person, even if he is required to have more than one sample, the researcher will take referral from the person he knows to other persons who knows traditional healthcare. Source: David S. Moore and George P. McCabe (February 2005). "Introduction to the practice of statistics" (5th edition). W.H. Freeman & Company. ISBN 07167-6282-X. 4. Purposive Sampling It is simply picking out the persons whom the researcher think are representative of the population to which he wants to make inference to, for the purpose of the study. Example: The researcher wants to survey on every president of the universities of Iloilo. So, the sampling is only limited to all presidents of universities. Source: David S. Moore and George P. McCabe (February 2005). "Introduction to the practice of statistics" (5th edition). W.H. Freeman & Company. ISBN 07167-6282-X. 5. Quota Sampling the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. Example: An interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. Source: David S. Moore and George P. McCabe (February 2005). "Introduction to the practice of statistics" (5th edition). W.H. Freeman & Company. ISBN 07167-6282-X.

Module 12 Activity 12.1 1. What are the qualities of an ideal research instrument? a. Validity It means the degree to which a test or measuring instrument measures what it intends to measure. b. Reliability It means the extent to which a research instrument is dependable, consistent and stable. c. Usability It means the degree to which the research instrument be satisfactorily used by teachers, researchers, supervisors and school managers without expenditures of time, money and effect. 2. Why should a research instrument be valid? The imperative to develop evidence-based practice strategies out of research in various fields demands knowledge of the research instrument validation process. 3. How can an instrument be reliable? Methods in Testing the Reliability of a Good Research Instrument a. Test-retest method In this method, the same instrument is administered twice to the same group of subjects and the correlation coefficient is determined. rs = 1 Z6D2 N3-N b. Parallel-forms method Parallel or equivalent forms of a test may be administered of the group of subjects, and the paired observations correlated. Split-half method The test in this method may be administered twice, but the test items are divided into two values. rwt = Z(rt) 1 + rnt c. Internal-consistency method This method is used with psychological test which consist of dichotomously scored items. d. Kuder-Richardson Formula 20

Rxx = [N] N-1

[SD2 - piqi] SD2

4. Look for a rubric. Rate a test paper using the instrument on practicality. Find out the result. 1 Type of problem totally trivial or esoteric 2 Trivial or esoteric inappropriate ambiguous biased 3 Slightly trivial or esoteric Slightly in appropriate Slightly ambiguous Slightly biased 4 Less trivial or esoteric Less inappropriate Less ambiguous Less biased Total: 19 Score range and value: 1-4 Needs Improvement 5-8 - Fair 9-12 - Good 13-16 Satisfactory 17-20 Very Satisfactory 5 clearlydefined appropriate precise fair Score 5 5 5 4

Difficulty Totally level inappropriate Wording Bias Totally ambiguous Mostly biased

Activity 13.1

Module 13

Draw a schema showing the actual flow or sequence of the research process. Use the following for your schema.

submission/presentation of transmittal letter determination of sample size identification of samples

administration of questionnaire
retrieval of questionnaire

editing and review of filled out research instrument


tallying and grouping of data data processing and analysis

Module 14 Activity 14.1 Define the following. 1. Review of literature - a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. 2. Research problem - the situation that causes the researcher to feel apprehensive, confused and ill at ease. It is the demarcation of a problem area within a certain context involving the WHO or WHAT, the WHERE, the WHEN and the WHY of the problem situation. 3. Phenomenon an observable fact or event. 4. Qualitative data are data that approximate or characterize but does not measure the attributes, characteristics, properties, etc., of a thing or phenomenon. 5. Validity - the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is wellfounded and corresponds accurately to the real world. 6. Sample - is a subset of a population 7. Theory - is an unproven idea or speculation 8. Variable - something that can be changed, such as a characteristic or value 9. Research design the determination and statement of the general research approach or strategy adopted/ or the particular project. 10. Quanitative approach - always dealing with a quantity or numbers of some sort to prove a point.

Module 15 Activity 15.1 Prepare a line graph, pie graph and bar graph using the following data. Describe your data comprehensively.
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 single married widow widower separated male female

The line graph shows higher frequency of single, married and widowed males compared to of females. However, the graph also revealed a higher frequency of separated females compared to that of males.
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 single married widow widower separated female male

The bar graph shows equal frequencies of single male and females and higher frequencies of married and separated females than males.

male

single married widow widower separated

Pie graph 1 Pie graph 1 shows that a little more than a quarter of the male population are married, a quarter are widowers, a little less than a quarter are singles and half a quarter are married.

female

single married widow widower separated

Pie graph 2 Pie graph 2 shows a little less than half of the female population are widows, a little less than a quarter are married and singles and a small percentage are separated.

Module 16 Activity 16.1 Write your sample summary here. This study aimed to determine the traditional health care practices for common ailments used by Brgy. Caninguan, Lambunao, Iloilo, utilizing the Sunrise Model which was developed by Leininger to give a holistic and comprehensive conceptual picture of the major factors: a) Technological Factors; (b) Religious and Philosophical Factors; c) Kinship and Social Factors; d) Cultural Values and Lifeways; e) Political and Legal Factors; f) Economic Factors; and g) Educational Factors, held as important to the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. Seven key informants participated in the study. A semi-structured interview was done to determine their utilization of traditional health care practices for common ailments as practiced in their family, to explore the care receivers reasons for using these practices and their perceived benefits. To triangulate the data, two traditional health care providers were also interviewed, to determine the therapeutic benefits of the traditional health care practices being performed. The qualitative data gathered were compiled, analysed and synthesized. Recurrent patterns were identified and major themes were formulated.

Module 17 Activity 17.1 Write your conclusion and recommendations here. Conclusion The culture care theory with the sunrise enabler and ethnonursing research method provided a useful framework and method for this study. This theory is effective in understanding the emic or generic or folk systems and in integrating professional care through culturally congruent nursing care, by nursing professionals and students. This will serve as their guide in understanding those cultures and giving a more holistic and effective care, as they venture to other unique cultures to deliver culturally congruent care.

Recommendations Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are hereby presented: 1. The Department of Health should be informed of the findings of this study to incorporate relevant health care practices in the promotion and preservation of health and implement proper regulations of non-evidence based practices. 2. Community health nurses and other health care personnel should be informed of the findings of the study so that they may be able to relate the recommendations to their practice. The results can be used as a baseline in making care plans that are culturally congruent to the needs of the individual, family or community.

3. Transcultural Care Nursing must be highlighted in nursing lectures and seminars so that students may obtain deeper understanding of its relevance to the nursing practice. 4. Qualitative researches, especially ethnographic studies must be encouraged in thesis writing in the academe. In this way, students and educators will be trained to analyze abstract ideas and outline them into patterns and themes. It can also help expand their perspectives regarding the unique culture of certain cultural groups. 5. Nurse educators must give thorough lecture on the methods and techniques in writing ethnographic and qualitative researches to students. As much as guidelines for quantitative researches are being discussed to students, the researchers believe that discussions concerning qualitative researches will depict other areas of research that may develop and encourage the students interest in research work. 6. Nurses, physicians, and members of the health care team could use this research as guide in conducting in-depth studies on health care practices of other cultural groups. 7. Seminars and conferences may be conducted regarding cultures of cultural groups. Public awareness is one way of erasing discrimination especially in ones care expression. 8. Quantitative researches may be done in relation to this study (e.g. assessment of health status of cultural groups as other aspects of their health care practices and experimental researches in discovering significant effects of traditional health care practices).

9. Assessment tools should include further appraisal of the patients use of traditional health care practices that may or may not affect the disease process of their illnesses. 10.Further studies should be conducted on traditional health care practices of other cultural groups since different cultures may have different practices. Studies on the identified endemic medicinal herbs should also be conducted. The use of these endemic plants will anchor on the results of these studies thus making it an evidence-based practice. Extensive studies on specific traditional health care practices are also recommended to holistically investigate the nature, procedure, and effects of each practice. The researchers also further recommend not just related studies of cultural groups in the rural communities but traditional health care practices in the urban set-up as well. 11.Furthermore, the researchers also encourage qualitative researches highlighting the possible subsequent phases of this study which may include patient education, the application of the nursing process to the identified traditional health care practices and the integration of preserved culture care in the care plan of clients.

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