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Test (structure of atom) The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 16.2 u. What are the percentages of isotopes and in the sample? Explain with examples (i) Atomic number, (ii) Mass number, (iii) Isotopes and (iv) Isobars. Give any two uses of isotopes. Summarize the rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various shells for the first eighteen elements. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter. Describe Bohr's model of the atom. What are the limitations of J. J. Thomson's model of the atom? What are the limitations of Rutherford's model of the atom? For the symbol H, D and T tabulate three sub-atomic particles found in each of them. On the basis of Thomson's model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a whole. Give experimental evidence to show that: Practically the whole mass of an atom is centered at its nucleus. The nucleus of an atom is positively charged. Distinguish between isotopes and isobars. An electron is regarded as universal particle. Explain. When is the energy of an electron regarded as zero? Why the results given by -particles scattering experiment were totally unexpected? What conclusions were made by Rutherford through his gold foil scattering experiment? What were the observations of the Rutherford scattering experiment? What was the model of atom proposed by Ruther ford? Test (natural resources) What are the biogeochemical cycles? Explain the pathways of any one. Distinguish between nitrogen and carbon cycles. (a)At what height ozone layer is present? In which sphere of atmosphere, ozone layer exists? (b)Name the group of chemical compounds which adversely affect ozone layer. (c)How does the ozone layer protect us from harmful effects in the environment? How is gaseous nitrogen fixed by the plants? What is its significance? What role do organisms play in (i) Water cycle, (ii) Oxygen cycle, (iii) Nitrogen cycle? How is soil formed? Write a note on how forests influence the quality of our air, soil and water resources. What are aerosol spray propellants? What damages do they cause? What are the two types of sources of air pollution? Differentiate between them. State in brief the role of photosynthesis and respiration in carbon cycle in nature. What is acid rain? Mention two adverse effects of acid rain. Name the 5 air pollutants, their main sources and harmful effect on animals, plants and human beings. Explain O2 cycle in detail. Test (diversity in living organisms) How are Pteridophytes different from Phanerogams? How do poriferan animals differ from coelenterate animals? What are the advantages of classifying organisms? What are the major divisions in the Plantae? What is the basis for these divisions? Explain how animals in Vertebrata are classified into further sub groups. How can the biodiversity be conserved? Write the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi. Write the characteristics of Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES. Write the characteristics of ARTHROPODA. Write the characteristics of PROTOCHORDATA. Write the characteristics of class REPTILIA. Write the characteristics of class AVES. Write the characteristics of class MAMMALIA. What are the differences between animals belonging to the aves group and those in the mammalian group?

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