AVESTA READER

FIRST SERIES
EASIER TEXTS, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY
BY

A. V.

WILLIAMS JACKSON
NEW YORK
CITY

OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE,

STUTTGART
\V.

K O H L H A M M E R
1893

This

little

book

is

inscribed in

remembrance

of the late

Kommerzienrat "W.

Kohlhammer

as a token of regard.

280323

PREFACE.
This
little

book

lays
in

no claim

to

any special merit

for

beyond furnishing
merely
first

convenient form some material

those beginning to study the Avesta.

for

As

it

is

intended
as

an

introduction,

and being
the

designed

the

of a series

of reading books,

number of pages

of texts has been limited.

The

selections here given are

such as
term;

may

easily be mastered

by

a class in one college

always finds a certain degree of pleasure and satisfaction in a book that can be read through in a comparatively short time, and he feels
the beginner,
is

moreover,

he

making a
is

certain

book has
volume and
will

to be taken up.

amount of progress when another With that in view, a second

this
will

being prepared,

contain

longer texts

be so arranged as to imply a step in advance. The present selections in prose and verse, are fairly
as far as excerpts

representative,

can be,

of Yasna, Vis-

parad, Yasht, and Vendidad. The chapters Ys. 26 and 57 are given complete. The passage from Vd. 19 has the advantage of presenting a specimen of texts in which

grammatical decay

is

to be observed.

The notes
cise,

in general

have been made brief and conbeside

but

it

is

hoped

that

being explanatory they

will also

prove

useful in giving

the student an occasional

vi

Preface.

hint

him

in the literature

regarding books of reference, and will thus interest of the subject. brief list of useful

books has already been given

p. xl-xlii.

in

Avesta

Grammar

Part

i,

Attention

is

now

also called to the

new Avesta
(3 volumes,

translation

by Darmesteter, Le Zend-Avesta

Paris

1892-3), the last two volumes of which reached

me
in

after the greater part of the present

book was already

press;

was pleased, however,

to note several co-incidences

in interpretation

of certain Yasht and Vendidad passages. The vocabulary has been made a little more full
is

perhaps than
sire to give

necessary; but this was done from a de-

the

beginner a

fair

start.

It

seemed

advis-

able, for

example, to

add frequent grammatical

references,
slightly dif-

and to designate the verb forms in full. ferent plan will be followed in the Second

Series.

With regard

to the

etymologies

in

the

vocabulary,

comparison has been confined to Sanskrit, Old Persian, It is presupposed, of course, Pahlavi, and New Persian.
that the student has

made some progress

in Sanskrit.

The

comparisons with
are

Old Persian, Pahlavi and

New

Persian

added, not at all with the idea that they will be mastered by a beginner, but in order to show the pupil
the
side

importance of the Iranian as well as the Sanskrit of interpretation, and to familiarize him with the
next
akin to his subject.

studies

Old Persian

is

easily

mastered after Avestan, and the earnest student will soon discover that the well-equipped scholar can not of course
long dispense with Pahlavi and
tional'

New

Persian.

The

'tradi-

and 'comparative' method must go hand in hand. In preparing the book I have had before me VV. Geiger's Handbuch der Awe staspr ache, the manual with which 1

first

began

my

Avesta

studies.

Of

course C. de Harlez'

Preface.

yj{

Manuel de rAvesta, and Bartholomae's Altiranische Dialekte have been often consulted. Justi's Handbuch der
was necessarily used at every step and Lanman's admirable Sanskrit Reader furnished many a
ZendspracJie
;

hint or apt English rendering for kindred Avesta-Sanskrit

words.

The material for comparison with Old Persian was drawn from Spiegel's Altpersische Keilinschriften ; and that for comparison with Pahlavi words, mainly
from West's
the case

and Index of Arda of New Persian, reference was made

Glossary

Viraf.

In

to Vullers-'

Lexicon Persico-Latinum and to Palmer's Persian- English Dictionary. Paul Horn's new Grundriss der Neupersischen

Etymologic (Strassburg 1893) came

was reading the

final

but happily as I revision of the proof-sheets of the

late

vocabulary; from this source, therefore, a number of good additions were made. To each of the above authors I
desire

to

made

cordial

acknowledgment.

To my

friend

Professor Karl F. Geldner rny sincerest thanks as always are due.

With
give

this

word, and with the hope that scholars

criticism,

will

their helpful
I

corrections

and suggestions,
this little

which

shall gladly
is

Avesta Reader

and personally acknowledge, started on its course.

A. V. Williams Jackson
September 1893.

Columbia College

NEW YORK

CITY.

CONTENTS.
PREFACE. TEXTS TRANSCRIPTION OF AVRSTAN ALPHABET ABBREVIATIONS NOTKS ON THE TEXTS
V
VII

-33
34

36

3748
49112

VOCABULARY

SELECTION OF TEXTS.
Yasna
(1)

Vs. ix. 1-8.

Duty towards the cow, the horse, and Ilaoma

Sacrifice

~3
-17

(2)

Vs. 26.1-11.

and praise

to the Fravashis

58
S iS

13)

YS

57-2-34.

Praise of the

Angel Sraosha

Visparad
(4)

Vsp. 15.1-3.

Exhortation to righteousness and worship

Yashts
(5) (6)

Vt. 5.1-9, 132. Vt. 14.1-17.

Praise of the

Goddess of Waters

....

Six incarnations of the Genius of Victory

1923 2327
28-

Vendidad
(7)

Yd. 3.23-29.

(8) Yd. 6.44-51.

(9)
\'d.

blessings of agriculture Origin of the Towers of Silence

The
The

30
31

30
J2

19.5-10.

temptation of Zoroaster

33

TEXTS.

YASNA.
i.

Yasna n.
The cow,
horse,

Haoma, if misused, utter The homage due to Haoma.

imprecations.

V asna

1 1

-t {Kor-^)-au

Yasna

and

26.

II.

Yasna
Sacrifice

26.

and Praise to the Fravashis.

Yasna

26.

"

Yasna

26.

K*TO

-R-^^rO

Do)

-X"!-"^

!)-

-"

io3

Xi *^- M

M / ro

^^-"^g-"))

Hbcvi
^!!)-"
1103

/ tO3 j -"-^-"/-"ru ^^-"^g-"))-"

-^X"!- 3>5JJ
1J

-^x^i^-^^g-^
-ilJ

!?VQ)

JJ

"(W!

I0

fO3 -"-^-"/-"f*o

Yasna 26 and

57.

III.

Yasna

57.

Srosh Yasht.
Praise of the Angel Sraosha.

103 --"-;-"

-"

Yasna

57.

in

TO

Yasna

57.

103

-"D

IV

103 -^-"

10

.^wj

.^-a.

10

(oar

ii

f( -1^ "t-"- -U

.-"->j-*A

ii

103 ^-"^-"

12

13

-tf

-^f-

^y-"

^f^gw

13

vi

"

Yasna

57.

1 1

-w

15

vii

Yasua

57.

18

4t*

^-"ar

-ti-^y^

-t^j^

19

vm

Yasna

57.

13

-U

2O

21

IX

ai

23

23

14

Vasna

57.

24

.^jj.^u-

-if.

24

-M))

.-M/^

-*W(

25

Yasna

57.

15

27

xi

27

28

28

Yasna

57.

30

rfHTty

-fr*-wr 4^^^

^^a^'y

30 xii

31

K3ar-"-^-a/'

4i^ J>aw

^ro

31

32

J^MJOJ^) ^jo-o)

.-(_)

)J|-w-^

^O^JIM

.j^wQj^|53

32

33

^^{p ^V"ir

iv^-"

-l^^}

33 XI11

Yasna

57.

34

34

103

VISPARAD.
IV.

Visparad
Exhortation
.to

15

1-3).

Righteousness and Worship.

YASHTS.
v.

Yasht

1-9; 132). 5 ( ArduT Sur Yasht.

Praise of Ardvi Sura Anahita, the Celestial Stream

and Goddess of Waters.

20

Yasht

5.

ov<j jV-"j Qr

-"-?

-"ro

--ovar

Yasht

5.

21

22

Yasht

5-

joiDtoro

132

~"-W-"

-"K>-u .ojj^jj^

-u^>aj 132

Yasht

and

14.

23

VI.

Yasht

14

1-17).
Yasht.

Bahram

Six of the Incarnations of Verethraghna, Genius of Victory.

24

Yasht

14.

ii

Yasht

14-

103 '-"-f^

pro
in
8

-M

-A -"

10

iv

10

26

Yasht

14.

12

13

^825 '^

I3

14

?a;

vtojj-^-^/^ro

K?-^^)ar-"-(7-"^->(Mi3

i/p
.A^ar-"

14

v AeJOrt^V'/
15

^^en))^-"/
15

>i-fa

(^

--"ih"^*"

>>a;

Yasht

14.

27

-'

1133

16

vi

16

17

17

VENDIDAD.
VII.

Vendidad 3
The
23
.^7)cv>o J -")>*>D-"

23-29).

Blessings of Agriculture.

v4HM(g-

..^-M^j-u^

.$V>>oji^ 23

24

-"

"'ro

f^o

P**

-v

24

.oj/j

25

Vendidad

3.

29

-JL

.0-J--

27

ioar- u )H

ro

-(7V

-*'

30

Vendidad

and

6.

VIII.

Vendidad

4451).

Disposal of the dead bodies. Origin of the Towers of Silence.

44

^}-"
rXy-

-JCVJ

-*-"))^

!}-"

-X"!-

XJ

OO-X'C'

?-">o-u

44

45

p-"-;

-o-ujx.

45

46

.-uj^^xuj-u^^^

-KJK5|O-"

(OOf

/toro

Vendidad
47

6.

31

V M)C*1V""VS -^K>^V

-"K

47

48
-"'Of)

/ --"O-*^

^^W-"

48

-"

-(7)C'|

J>

OJ AJ ))> D-" -^X^I^uO-"^

-

'K
j
i

49

49

50

v-w--Lu

-"))3

M
3

50

J>

V*-J*QM

51

51

32

Vendidad

19.

IX.

Vendidad 19

5-10).
the Evil Spirit.

The Temptation of Zoroaster by

5
-.--(^.wi^-fc

-(;&-"

^/enj^V"

~"^

)jU)>

'

-**i-"9

o)->j

jaj
!

Vendidad

19.

33

-"

10

I0

TRANSCRIPTION OF AVESTAN ALPHABET.

(Compared with
Justi,

Ilandhuch der Zendsprache.)^

A. Vowels.

Short

.......-* a
a
-***

> i

>

u
u
ii

o e
(e)

~^
<>

(e)

Long

y
f

d
j

if''

*V.

\***

CD

)c

<?

&

(ej

(do)

(3)

B. Consonants.

Guttural

k
k

}y fy

g
g
/

(kh)

(i^k)

Palatal

\>

C
c

^j
b
ft

Dental

i*

J$

d
d

d ^/
(t)

(th)

(dh)
OW

Labial

pp
p
?

/ J
.

W
4am

f
V
(*

w
n

Nasal

#n
(n)
^

(n)

(n)

m
(j

Semivowel and
Liquid
Sibilant

W
u
<y

()
v
*"

y
-o

(i)
S

r
r
3

2 () V (u)

v
/ Z

^S^ w /

qfoZ

Aspiration

h
h

^ k
(q)

Ligature

r**

fo

(<!)
1

'-

Forms in parentheses () show >\hert Justi has lieen deviated Irom. The si^ns t, u need only be employed for purely scientilic purr,

poses; the letters

v for both

initial

and internal

rt)

w
,

^)

)),

answer

fully
1

for practical purposes.

The

differentiation

/,

/,

The

single

si^n

.?

is

ordinarily

/ need only be made in scientific articles. quite sufficient for the three -t), gj, TO.

NOTES
ON THE

TEXT.

ABBREVIATIONS.
adj.

advl.
cl.

= adjective = adverbial = class

compound

Afr.

Afringan

A.O.S.
B.B.

American Oriental Society

Bezzenberger's Beitrage

cpd.
dcln.
esp. et al.
expl.
fr.

GAv. 1
Gr. 2
IF.

Gatha

A vesta

=
=

declension
especially
et alia

Grammar
Indo-Iranian

Indogermanische Forschungen

Ind.tran.

example from
=~-

K.Z.

Kuhn's
-

Zeitschrift

MS.

indecl.
infin.

indeclinable

MSS.
Nar.

Manuscript
Manuscripts

= =
=-.

infinitive
-

Naryosangh
Persian

noin. propr.

nomen proprium

Ny. -- Nyaish
P.

num.
orig.

numeral
original, originally

1'hl.Vers. to

Pahlavi Version

opp., opp. to
par.

opposed

S.B.E.
Sir.

=
r

Sacred Books of East

= paragraph pret. = preterite

ptcpl.

Skt.

participle

Vd.
Vsp.

= Sirosah = Sanskrit = \ enclidad

Visparad
1

sb., subst.

substantive

scdry.
str.

secondary
verb, verbal

VAv.
Ys.
Yt.

--

strong

vb., vbl.

= =

Younger Yasna

A vesta

Yasht

w.

= with wk. = weak

1

Z.A.
Zl'hl. Gl.

Zend-Avesta

=
p.

Zand-Pahlavi Glossary
\lvii.

For explanation of GAv., YAv. see Gr,

All

references

to

Cr.

are

to

Jackson,

Avesta

Grammar

(Stuttgart

1892).

Yasna
General Remarks.
sec Gr. Introd. p. xvii

Notes.
its
it

On
13.

the

book of the Yasna and

present
selection

divisions,
is

The

from

one of

three chapters, Ys. 9, 10,

Haoma

as part of the

u, which were specially recited in preparing the sacrifice. The verses of this short chapter, mingled

with the prose lines of the liturgy, formed the conclusion of the Haoma ritual. The sacred wine was then drunk by the priest, and the perfor-

mance of The
if

the Yasna sacrifice continued.

introductory verses here given narrate how three good creatures, misused, will utter imprecations; the closing stanzas are in praise of Haoma. The Metre may be compared with the Sanskrit floka but is

sometimes defective; occasionally it reminds one of the Kalwala verse of See Gr. Part II, chap, on Metre. Longfellow's Hiawatha.
Ys. xi. I.

gau$

as pas c a
are
priest.

haomasca:
respectively

the

inference

is

plausible

that

the three

creatures
rior,
k>ji

typical of the three classes,

peasant, war-

stain balisahe: the Phi. Vers. renders 'who dost not give See Vocabulary. precious thing (to worthy people)'.
Ys.
1 1.2.

me

as a

aspo buSarzm:
to

apparently the second, or see above.

warrior
930.

class

is

here alluded

tnqm zavar': on the construction, cf. 6>. po*rn-maiii kar$ay&: either in the
YS.
:

race or in battle.

11.3.
to

presumably an allusion
the
'hi.

the

priest who does not

renders

fulfil

his duty.

tsm dSraythi: from being prepared'.

pi La: Ahura Mazda
is

Vers.

'who

witholdest

me

Ys. 11.4.
of course to he understood (sec next paragraph).

Ys.
var
-na: 'serpents, snakes', as
in

1 1. 6.

shown by the fragment given by Geldner,

K.Z. xxvii. p. 588.

38

Notes

to

Yasna

and

26.

Ys. 11.7.

fr*9r*3yf*m,..pairiJlkalt9m:

according to the legend, the murderer Franrasyan (i. e. later Afrasvab), took refuge in an underground palace or iron chamber; in spite of which, however, Horn captured
him.

See Darmesteter, Etudes Iran'tunnes,

pp.

vol. u. pp.
vol.
i.

225-229; S.B.E.,
p.

vol. xxiii.

64 note, 144; Le Zend-Avesta,

ill

note.

Yasna 26 Notes.
General Remark.
short

In

the

performance of the Yasna

sacrifice

this

chapter i.s recited by the priest (Zut) and his assistant (R&spl) as part of the invocation of the Fravashis.

YS. 26.1.
s ta o

mi

zba ytmi ufy e m i : compare the formulaic yasnUtca vahtnaica

al.

etc.

Ys. 57.6 et

Ys. 26.4.

ah tint
(i)

...

fravaflm:
man.
!

be usual

five-fold classification of the spiritual

is

faculties of

The same

division

found also

in later

Parsism
'religion,
(4)

aAa) spirit, breath of life'; (2) dafna (Hhl. din} conscience'; (3) baodah (Phi. bod} 'consciousness, perception';
(Phi.

ahu

urvan

(Phi. rufi<fn}

'soul',-

g?u3 huJ&vho:
from which

($)'/r<rve& Phi. fronar) 'Fravashi, guardian angel'. an allusion to the Primeval Bull slain by Ahrimari, but
(

all

animals are sprung.

Similarly,

mankind are descended

See Ys. 26.5 below.

from
nian

his counterpart Gayo-mareton>

the primitive man, a sort of Ira-

Adam, who was

also slain by Ahriman.

YS. 26.9.

uzdaftyunqm^a:
other lands

Zoroastrianlsm

distinctly

besides Iran,

cf. Yt.

13.143,144

recognized the righteous in a glimpse of the idea

of the universal brotherhood of mankind.

Ys. 26.10.

kaca

coming of the Saviour (Saohere about equivalent to 'from shyantj. Lhe beginning of the world to the resurrection', cf. i Corinthians xv-45...

& saoSyantSt: an

allusion to the

The phrase haca

etc.

is

Ys. 26.11,

rvqno

...

y& J ravaj&ydThe
relative

here the souls of the dead are Fravashis,

cf. Yt.

13.17.

y&

(f.)

is

attracted to fravafayo.

Notes to Yasna 57.

39

Yasna 57 Notes.
General Remark.

Two

Yashts (Vs. 57, Yt.

n)

are

dedicated

to

The latter Sraosha the divinity of Religious Obedience and Devotion. Yasht (Yt. ix) is commonly termed Srosh Yasht H&dhokht and is rather
the
is

more liturgical of the two. The former, our present selection (Ys. 57), the Srosh Yasht si shaba or '.Srosh Yasht of the Three Nights', since it
three

is

used at funeral ceremonies during the

nights after the decease,

as well as being in
Avesta, vol.
i.

common

use at the sacrifice.

See Darmesteter,

Le.

Zend-

p. 358.

Kardes

'sections',

generally divide this Yasna into thirteen each of which closes with the repetition of a formula.

The MSS.

Ys. 57-1.

a$9tn whit: the opening verse beginning with these words,

merely of formulas;
it

consists

is

therefore here omitted.

Ys. 57-2-

fr as lyr* tap pai ii

pSyii

bar*si3n:

on the construction,

cf.

Gr.

966 N.

I.

a Dvandva compound (Gr. ij 879 expl.), and it refers apparently to Mithra and Rashnu, the keeper and the judge at the Cinvat liridge after death. It seems at least reasonable to regard

pwdr$tara:

Mithra

(cf.

Yt. 10) as the watchful guardian (/>dyu);

it

is

fair to

pre-

sume

that

Rashnu the

Just

(cf.

Yt. 12), the divinity

balance the deeds of men,

may be

the

who weighs in the pwor'star who has the decision.

it

The

Phi. Vers., moreover, supports the view as

as p&tiak barinkar Mitro 'the

actually glosses the

phrase

keeper and former Mithra'; it fails to recognize the dual of the Dvandva, treats the words as singular, and hence makes no mention of Rashnu.
Ys. 57-3

ray<i

yasna: on

the construction,

cf.

Gr.

941 expl.

Ys. 57-6.

pryafystt$

etc.:

nouns in explanatory apposition to bar'sma.

Ys. 57-8.

ga& frasr&vaya$
trical selections',

afsmanivqn: who
:

chanted the Gathas, the me-

etc.

Ys. 57-10.

yapa

<&/<&

na^dyf&vksm:

reminiscence

of the Gathas (Ys. 34.80),

hence

tta*dc (d) rather

than na'd (d).

Ys. 57-11.

fnr 9 za*dim: the

Phi. Vers. has

for'zaiflm, this

buiand

'tall'

which would rather favor the

bir'zaftya-.

MSS. reading

would imply a stem

AQ

Notes

to

Yasna

57.

Ys. 57.14-

d iir<i

'there

vdi j>i.& ve* )f,ti: compare the words of the Psalmist (Ps. xci.io) shall no evil befall thee, neither .shall any plague come
thy

nigh
vis pay co

dwelling'.
Ys. 57-15l

f rnvOis ga epayco:

i.

e.

the prosperity of

all

mankind'.

The

Phi. Vers. has farulftlih 'prosperity, comfort, growth'.

Ys. 57-18.

frSnS-mS^te

fiwcrejaj: on the syntax, see Gr.

962

expl.

Ys. 57-20.

pap a. vac'tv pa* i-i.gu.va (.&:

tion'

the Phi. Vers. glosses 'he speakes prolecz acj zak pdndkiJt yemaUltincd ... For the form />a V/.Y# (Geldner's text) instead of ga (as here), see Gr. 354, 193 N. 2.
etc.
...

Ys. 57-24.

diienu.disd datnaydi:
Av.
visit

for the ap[>arent

etc.,

vispa'tiDt Yt. 10.18,

Skt. vispdl'un

redundancy compare the phrase, visam R.V. 3.13.5.

of fr&,
cf.

On dafnayai sec fraor*nta ..//

N. 2 expl.

Gr.
.

957.
for

Jra:

the

repetition

6V.

752

Ys. 57-25.

ahecn avbJus: on

the syntax,

cf.

Gr.

977.
f.)

drva^byo kacnfbyo: on

the collocation (m. n.

.see

Gr.

906.

Ys. 57.27a say a: the Phi. Vers. has silyako -_- P. sSyah, as Dr E. W. West kindly wrote me (Dec. 5 1888); hence the suggestion 'not casting a shadow', with which Geldner compares the Skt. epithet chayadvitiyii 'accom-

panied by a shadow', the characteristic mark distinguishing

the divinities

man from

MBh.

3.57.25.

Ys. 57-28.

Ssyavha aspacUiya;
av t vyt-iyti
...

on the dual number here,

Ys. 57-29-

cf.

Gr.

908 N.

2 expl.

i. e. 'they pursue and overtake others, but they themselves never can be overtaken'; ave refers both times lo the horses of Sraosha.

ave df?ntc:

Ys. 57-3e

kindvo;
it;

the

river

of the Orient
is

is

the-

Indus, as the Phi.

Vers, has

the river in the west

perhaps the Tigris.

Notes

to

Yasna

57, Visparad 15

and Yasht

5.

41

Ys. 57-31-

anir ap? in: karsvar the one on which we

hf

the

middle one of the seven Karshvars and

live.

The names of

the seven are given at

vd. 19.39.
Ys. 57-33:

on the form

cf.

Gr.

232, 906.

Visparad 15
General Remark.
Introd. p. xviii
14.

(1-3)

Notes.
its

On
(cf.

the Visparad and

character,

compare Gr.
it

/fhe Karde here given serves

par.
2),

as an introduction to

the Yasna Ilaptanhaiti

cited at the ritual;

in

connection

with which

was

reetc.

hence the significance of the allusions fravakaeca

Vsp.

15.1.

vyr'zyatqw:
(cf.

so reading with

MS.

authority.

The

verb here

is

passive

Gr.

485

expl.), the subject is

'in

voku vastrya.
e.

ttyatnna
'give'

anuyamnais:
'pay',

order

Life Book) with a surplus'.

see Skt.

to pay off the deficits (i. See 6V. Introd. p. xxviii 44.
da-, da\uldin dd~,
cf.

in the

On ]/V-

PWb. rndm
is

Lat. peenas

dare.

Here anuyamnaiH

a regular instrumental of means, price.

Vsp.
i

15-2.

da

as

t ft

...

yj
...

n&

n&

itto,

cf.

Gr.

i$to: the GAv. endings give an archaic tone. 1010 Note.

the locatives see Gr.

On

fravakagca

anapyufyte: on

992.

Yasht 5(1-9;
General Remarks.
the selection
p. xviii
is It

132) Notes. The Aban Yasht 'Yasht of Waters' from which

cf.

taken,

is

one of the longest of the Yashts,

Gr. Introd.

15.

celebrates the praises of Ardvi Sura Anahita, the Celestial

Stream and Goddess of Waters, describes her descent from the heavens, and her worship, and closes with a description of her appearance. The worship of Ardvi Sura Anahita was widely spread in the East.

She appears as Anahata

Artaxerxes
Plutarch, etc.,

in

the cuneiform inscription of the- Persian king

(4th century B.C.);

her

name

(AvatTts)

is

found

in

Strabo,
"

and she became

familiar in Greece as

Venus Anahita
of
the

Only
here given.

the

opening

sections

and

closing

verse

Yasht

are

42

Notes

to

Yasht

5.

Yt. 5-4-

yeyke:
cf.

for the masc. (instead of fern.)

a/ie Yt. 5.9

form,

see Gr.

903 N.

i.

and

below.
Yt. 5-5

vi.Jas'a'ti:

the

subjunctive

mode

here,

as

also

at

Vs. 57.31 avasa'te,

Ys. 57.25 gtr'wjiqn,

seems to denote the repetition or continuity of the act; the idea seems to be developed from the future force of
the subjunctive.
cf.

vJspffiS aoi karjvqn:

Gr.

228, 402.
5-6-

Yt.

hizvar'na:

its meaning, is not clear. been read and explained as 'with mighty power'. Perhaps the word is to be connected with Jtizti- 'tongue' (q. v.) and |/V- 'move', and to be referred to Ormazd's act of creat-

the reading of this word, as well as

By some,

huzvar'na,

has

ing by a mere word, a

movement

of the tongue.

Yt. 5-7.

as pi), sta oyehi f: better here

srlr-a
...

to omit the punctuation (v)

is

and

insert

it

after l-azu.staoyehi; all that intervenes

parenthetic.
the
participle

a*rva*ti:

these two epithets, iike

ma^tiimna,

refer to

Ardvi Sura the subject of sispata.

Yt. 5.9-

ahe ray a:,

kaomayd:

see note- on par. 4 yeyhc. thus good MS. authority; the form

is

perhaps to be explained
agrees with

as borrowed from such a passage as Yt. 14.5 (see below'j, Ny. 4.9 etc.

In Yt. 14.5, Ny. 4.9,

haomayo

is

properly nom. plur.

it

the subject of yazama'de and alludes to the worshippers or officiating

priests.

From such
(pi.)

hapmayd

seems

formulaic passages with yazamaide (pi.), the form to have been transferred to those like Ny. x.i6

yazSi (sg.) and the present Yt. 5.9, where the plural form haomayo is haoma yd gava be read with certain If. however, not appropriate.

MSS.,
is

it

probably must be explained as haoma, yd (asti) gava, which

to objection.
this

open

yeyhe hStqm:
chapters,
cf.

formula

is

commonly found
It is

at the

end of the Yasna

Ys. 4.26, Ys. 5.6.

a later imitation of

GAv.

Ys. 51.22.

See

GJT.

introd. p. xviii

13 end.

Yt. 5.132-

a u rvaq((t stisv&vJin: a concluding prayer that the warriors

may come

back as successful as did those of King Vishtaspa

Notes to Yasht

14.

43

Yasht 14
General Remark.
to

(1-17) Notes.

whom

this

Yasht

Vrtrahan of the

Verethraghna, or Bahram, the Genius of Victory, dedicated, corresponds in certain respects to Indra Hindu mythology. He may in fact be regarded as the
is

Iranian reflex of the latter.

The

Yasht, of which only the opening

64 paragraphs.

The

is here given, contains some ten incarnations in which Vereihraghna appeared be\

fore Zoroaster are described

his worshippers are

the powers which the divinity bestows upon enumerated; his glorification is enjoined.

Yt. 14-1.

a Aura
for

...

a$&tim:

the regular formulaic

manner

ot addressing

Ormaid;

a briefer form of Ihe same see Vd. 3.23 below.

Yt. 14.2.

cf. 6V. The successive 997. of Verethraghna are probably to be understood as seen appearances by Zoroaster in a vision. Similar visions elsewhere may be cited.

jasat: on

the adjective here

Yt. 14-3-

ahmai:

in construction so. mraof.

Observe that akmai

is

Zoroaster.

vrpra

and amavastomd Verethraghna. vtr'pravasttmo: on the instrumental, see Gr.

Yt. 14.5-

941 end.

ahe raya

ySiK

941 expl. d&taill: 'according to (what are) the

.

..

yasna:

cf.

Gr.

first

laws'.

ha o may 6:

see Yt. 5.9 note.

Yt. 14-7.

yim upah-i sruyt:

ultr*ke:

for the

two accusatives, sec Gr.

Yt. 14.11.

930 N.

2.

the whole picture of the camel (parr.

1-13)

is

graphically

and

accurately drawn.

majyo. va vhahe
in all times;

the use of camel's hair for raiment has been familiar

recall St. Matt, iii.4;

we need only

hence che appropriate-

ness of the preceding galp&uS 'shaggy'.

Yt. 14-12.

yd %$apri$va:

here yo

ya( ho 'when he
Yt. 14.13-

yqtn he difraisuktm: 'which

ahead of him'.

(i.

e.

faaprini) his far-glance descries

is

way
no

The metre

of the line

defective;

but there

is

need of supplying daema.

44

Notes to Yasht 14 and Vendidad

Yt. 14-15.

3.

kit:

this

word

is

metrically

dissyllabic

and stands
lit.

as a gen. sg. form.

(cf.

With the combination

horse) compare par.
(hil,
1 1

hii

var&zahe

'swine-boar'

ufirahe vadaryaoH.

In each case the

is

Eng. studfirst term

u&ra)

is

generic; the second (var&za, vafiaryu)

specific.

Yt. 14.17.

nar$ p a%ca. dasavho:

bloom of youth, a

this

denotes the ideal age in the Avesta,

the

sort of Iranian 'sweet-sixteen', cf. Ys. 9.5; Vd. 14.15.

Vendidad
General Remarks.
42 sections;

3 (23-29) Notes. The 3rd Fargard of the Vendidad comprises

it describes various places and persons that delight or grieve the earth (conceived of as a divinity); it pictures the blessings of agriculture and of grain-raising; and closes with various prescriptions relating The present selection is in praise to the Holy Law and its observance.

of agriculture.

Vd.

3.23.
.see

d a t a r * gacpa nq in

a / <7

it

note on Yt.
934.

1 4. 1

tii*ri/M: for the accusative see 6V.

ya

b& pa^ti:
....

these words are to be construed together,

cf.

Vd.

3.2.

an&ftni
tracts

k* r* naoi-l i : the
irrigation,

changing of desert land into cultivated

rendering
it

by

or

conversely

arable

by draining,

played an important role

in

among

the ancient Iranians.

The

frequent

allusions to the irrigation canals both of Asia

Minor and of the surinterest in

rounding country
this

Xenophon's Anabasis, are not without

Vd.
3.24.
expl.

connection.

dar'ja karjivata:
..

sucla:
this

see 6V.
is

997

word

extra mctrum, and

apparently

is

an expla-

natory gloss.
taf,: 'desiring this (ta{)

upon a*MJ
desires a

(cf.

Gr.

from a good laboring man'. faf depends 931) and refers to the idea implied in karjya.
arganti; the earth

a*n'i.

tutpne: compare the following vatthSus husbandman, the maid desires a husband.
(.-.=

On

the colloca-

tion gen. dat.

abl.)

cf.

Gr.

957, 958, 963, 980.

3.25-

Vd.
ba;vi>

da$inaca:
instr.
(cf.

'with the left

arm and the

right'.

On

the

use of tfavd as

rvf.urvd Ys. 10.8), see Gr.

265, 983 N.,

992 N.

Notes to Vendidad 3 and

6.

45

gaonam
ca&e

bara^ti
is

pu^nm
in

ava.bar a^ti :
the

the husbandman,

the subject in the one other case the husband he gives

her (he) a good color, or blooming appearance.

Vd. 3-27.

aeni byr'ps:

'I

shall

go laden'

'become pregnant', opp.

to

apufra

a&ti in par. 24 above. vt$p& k a r 9 lit is ... yavahc: observe the distinction between bar'titi

and yava
of grain'.

i.

e.

'all

sorts of fruits .shall

they reap,

beside

the

harvest

Vd. 3-29.
hi Slake: the
fication.

pres. here,

like bairyehite

The

line metrically lacks

below, is used with a future signia syllable.

p9r *s mana euc a: observe ca. bad a pwqm: the form &whfind
depends.
[tl

is

gen. abl. and

upon

it

yaefam

indirectly

abya ba*rye*nte]:
tot

this

seems

to

be an interpolation from

5.32.15

dim:

abya bafry&tite 'they shall be carried by these two'. see Gr. 1023 N.

Vendidad
General Remarks.

6 (44-51) Notes.

the worship of the elements played an important part.

In the development of the Zoroastrian religion The purity of the

earth, fire, and water, must not be defiled, especially not by contact with a corpse. Hence arose that peculiar mode of disposing of the dead, which has ever been a characteristic mark of the Parsi religion.

The body
carried to

(tanu), according to the present

place,

prescription,

is

to

be
a

some high
to

fastened (nidar'zay?n),
(azdbis) were

and

left

to the

dogs
to

and

birds

devour.

The bones

afterwards

taken

vault or receiver (uzddna) and preserved in

recalls

some

sort

of a receptacle that

the

antiquarian remains
in Persia.

of the

astodan or 'bone-receptacles' that

have been found

The present selection does not directly mention the Dakhma (datyma), but the word appears elsewhere in the Vendidad. The two-fold treatment of the body (tanti) and the bones (azdlns) may practically be paralleled
in

the modern Dakhmas, or Towers of Silence.

For descriptions of the Towers of Silence

Franiji Karaka's History
p.

in

Bombay, see Dosabhai

;

of the Par sis,

vol.

i.

p.

199 seq.
vol.

Ragozin's Media,
p.

125; Peshotan- and Geiger's Eastern Iranians,

i.

90

seq.

Notes

to

Vendidad

b.

Yd. 6.44.
:

i.e.

the entire

body before denuded of

flesh,

in

contrast

with

the skeleton (nzdtiS par. 49).

Vd. 6.45-

barzi3tae$vaca />"// gatujva-fta]:

i.e.
-co.

'even upon the highest places'

itself explain?.
(cf.

'upon the mountains', us the Phl.Vers. stands at the opening of th sentence

The

first

as

sometimes also

in Skt.

Vsp. 15.2 yasnahccci), the best MSS. omit the second -ca and

read simply gtltujva. dim: here refers to fanuw,

cf.

Gr.
siino,

1023

a.

avazanqn

su-nd: on the form

see Gr.

936

expl.

Vd.

6.46.
like

ayatthaHnyw

etc.:

these

accusatives,

some

others,

are
fall

commonly
under Gr.

explained as

accusatives of material';

they ultimately

933 933. bar3iit9tn frajasq-n:

'they will

go bearing'

'will

go and

carry'.

On

the construction see Gr.

938.

Vd.

6.47.

f raja sal: on the change to singular from plural, see Gr. T ka fie asti cipa: compare Gr. 1020 N ., expl.
Vd.
6.48.
the person has

91

5 (4) expl.

ait ti he pa*ti: 'on this account', i.e. come p3$i>:tinu. duyc sa'ic upaza'nqm. the subject

ip.so

facto

be-

ol upa*6i is evidently 'self. The use of self-castigation to drive out the. demon that has temporarily taken possession of the body is familiar in religious austerities. The

upazana, however, have been interpreted as referring to the killing of so and so many noxious animals (cf. Hdt. 1.140, Vd. z6.!2). The
term later came to have a monetary sense; sins could be compensated for by a payment of loonfey to the priests.
(iziil>i$:

the skeleton,

opposed

to (OKI/IK (cf.

par. 44),

see Ciener^l

Rr-

marks above.
.

apparently a structure, vault or edifice of some sort in which

the bones

were placed and preserved

rightly

in receptacles (cf. asdaatfva, etc.V

The
l

Phi. Vers.

recognizes
Cabarlelli,
7.

this

by

its

allusion to the uitodan

bone-rrceptacles'.
/>'.

See

Asiodtins

and Ar. Funeral

Rites,

and

O. Record 1890 p.

Notes to Vendidad 6 and

19.

AJ.

Vd. 6.50.
:

on the imperative
it

force of the 'injunctive',

cf.

Gr.

445 N.

2.

up ah' I spilmm:

here to be observed that the bones (azdbti) are carefully placed 'out of reach of the voracious animals. Observe the contrast with k?rf<f.karo (par. 46) in the case of tanu.
is

ana*wi.v8r*.iitim:
'

to

be construed with nzdantm.

980 expl. apd yaf vairyaydb: compare Gr. up a ri.na em af: the better reading is upura.nasniaf.
edition.
>

see

now

Geldner's

Vd. 6.51.

yezi tavqn ntazdayasna:

,
.

as an apodosis to the condition supply

#*'-

da*pyqn from nida*Jita below. The idea is that 'according to circumstances' (yezi tavqn yezi noi$) the bones may be placed either
(yezi) in a stone receptacle,

or (yezi) in mortar,
(Jva.sta'riS)

or

may be simply

laid

upon the dead man's mat

upon the ground under

i.

the beating sun.

as&nae$va:
cf.

the Phi. Vers. has sagino 'made of stone'

cit.

e.

in stone urns,

Casartelli loc.

k8.tta*rif: on the rao c&.a iwi.-var'n

as
s.

ace. of goal after mdaipita, see Gr.

987.
azdblit)

this loose

compound

adjective refers to hi (

general neut. pi. case. Ida* pit a: on the singular, cf. Gr.

915

(4) expl.

Vendidad 19
General Remark.

(5-10) Notes.
little

The

present

extract from the I9th

Vendidad

presents something of a parallel to the struggle of Buddha with Mara, or

to the temptation of our Saviour

Angra Mainyu through

slay Zoroaster, but the latter

by Satan. agency of one of his fiends had tried to combats him. Whereupon the Spiritual Enemy
the

himself tempts the master to renounce the good religion and follow him;

he

is

repulsed, however, by Zoroaster.

the whole chapter grammatical decay are so evident that its be later. See Gr. 903.

The material of

is

doubtless old, but signs of

at least

composition

must

Vd.

19.5.

nast'3 daSvd.da t9m; on the case and on the adjective agreement, see Gr. 926, 903 N. 2, 912,

janani pa { rikqm
of the Phi. Vers.
'

fynqfia *te: the passage is not clear; but the sense destroy the love of sorceresses [the worship of idols]'

48

Notes

to

Vendidad

19.

may perhaps best be followed. The dat. yahmai is probably used in a final sense with the subjunctive, though in Yd. 1.18 var*nym yim
caj>ru.gao$jm

yahmai zayata firaetaono

.

it

is

apparently local.

Vd.

19.6.

po u ru$aspuhe pufiro:
mentioned

Pourushaspa,

the father of Zoroaster,

is

often

in the Avesta.

The name
al.),

of Zoroaster's mother, according

to the tradition (Bund. 32.10, et

was Dugheda, though

itself;

it

not to occur in the extant texts of the Avesta

in
vol.

but

it

is

happens found
S.B.E.

an Av. fragment
xxxvii. p. 483.

from

the

lladhokht Nask,

see

West

in

vadajano:
p.

see note by West, Phi. Texts Translated, S.B.E. vols.

p.

xviii,

217; xxiv.

103; xxxvii. p. 212 N.

5.

Vd.

19.7-

he

..

vavuhlm daenqm:
cf.

daenqm,

Or.

here he (dat. gen. sg. 1019 N.

'not

ace. sg.) anticipates

noil

...

vt. M

rvtsyaf:

though
On
the

etc.'

The

here

denotes

concession.
f r

singular

number of
Gr.

subjunctive vi. rvisya/ the verb, cf.

Gr

"

OI 5 (4); and

"3tan*M

(ace. nom.), cf.

937.

Vd.

19.8.

kaua zaya huk?r f t&vh J:

it

the

grammar

here, as in par. 9,

is

corrupt;

is

The

not worth while to try to defend it by any forced explanation. epithet hukzr't&vhd (pi.), and probably also asti vahfttwi (par. 9),

man a dqma anrd:

well be regarded as gloss. the ace. dqma depends upon vanai. location mana .. avro see preceding note, and cf. Gr.

may

For the

col-

911, 903.

Vd.

19.9par. 8 above.

mana zaya
da/xi}
the
..

asti v a his tain: see note on

i.

fradapyn:

e.

Ormazd

made

the weapons;

his

ministers,

Amshaspands, delivered them to Zoroaster. zrvne akarane: on the agreement see Gr. 992 N.

2.

VOCABULARY.

ORDER OF LETTERS
FOR

VOCABULARY.
1

a
a

u
u

'<

VOCABULARY.
(For Explanations and Abbreviations see
p.

36.)

Av.
1

a.

a-,

an-

Cf. afraz&nti-> anapa-. (before vowels): neg. prefix *un-'. a-, an-; Old P. -; Phi. a-, an-] [Skt.

2 a (vbl. prefix

and
,

postpos.), see

under

S.

aiyhimanaa tyke, a*vh&

atpyejah-

6V. 422. (from I a -f *J>yejah-} adj. 'incorruptible*. pi. m. Ys. 26.3 (epithet of Amesha Spentas).
:

see under ~\fz ah-. etc., see under aem,

u*pytjavhd

nom.

[Phl.Vers. has asij-homand ; Nar. has

amftyumant-\

a*nika-:

sb.

m. 'face'.
a

Yt. 14.9.

Cf. also parfvanika-.

[Skt. dnlka-; Phi.

aiida(
a*pi:
i,

(from elsewhere

-f'.

enik (Horn)] a<i v 'elsewhere*. ida)\

-

Ys. 57.33 'both here

and

(i) adv. 'also, too'; (2) vbl. prefix;

(3) prep.

w. ace. 'unto, upon'.

[Skt. apt
;

Ys. 57.33 Yt.

;

1 4.

3.

See also under |/"j/a-.

83,4).

Old P. apiy]

see under a*wi (Gr.

(?

perhaps from a*bi+]fis-, cf. Skt. gav-if, pasu-is}: vbl. adj. 'deVd. 3.24, see note ad loc. Otherwise #*7 must here siring '.

be taken prepositionally,
case ... in

i.

e.

a*bi$ ta$

a'biH ta(

in

this

that
and

case'.

Uncertain.

a*wi, a*bi:

(i) adv.

vbl. prefix 'to unto, P.

over';

(2) prep.

same.

[Skt. abhi;

Old

ably; Phi. a/-;

'
:

New

P. af-,

aw-]

a^wi.tacina- (from a*wi -H

Yt. i 4 .ir.

~\ftac-}

adj.

running upon, attacking '.

Cf. zarany5.-

a*wiJana-

(from a*wi

+ ~\fd&-}
+
v<>}:

sb.

m. 'bridle, halter'.
'halter']

aiwidaita-.

[Cf. Skt.

abhidhamsb. n.

ai-soi.var'na- (from a*wi

'covering*.
'

Vd. 6.51,

in the loose
'

compound raoc&.a*wi.var a na
only with the sunlight
'

ace. pi. n. (he

azdbiS)

clothed

(lit.

having light as covering

').

ij2

a'wijtastar-

aoj-

a*wi$ns tar-

(from a*wi

-\

\fhad-,

cf.

Cr.

754,

i):

sb.

m. 'a rider,

one who bestrides'. a' wi .fast a nom. sg. Ys. 11.2. a*zvi. fdi (an- (from a*;vi \-fditan- from |V'-) *b. m. 'peasant, dweller'.
:

a*wi.;$di]ie dat. sg.

a*wiskufa-

(from a*wl

-\-

Yd. 3.24. huta- from '\fhu-,

cf.

G>.

752,2): pass, ptcpl.

as adj. 'extracted, prepared'.

Ys. 11.3 note.

q. v.);

a*wya fyX I a r-

(from a*wi -f- afystar-, 6V. 52 c, from \fa$s'overseer, guardian'. -- Vs. 57.15. a<tuyti//stra- (from at';vi-\- afystra-, Cr. 520, from j/0/-

sb.

m.

q. v.):

sb. n.

Yt. 5.6. 'overseeing, guardianship'. ai TV yam a- (fiom a'loi -{- (t//ia-, Gr. 520): adj. 'exceeding strong'.

Ys. 26.3.

a*ru'$a-:

adj.

'white'.

Ys. 57.27; Yt. 5.7; Yr. 14.9.

[Cf.

Skt, arufdI
r/

'reddish'; Hhl. 0/vfr]

:

a"rva/>a- (from
a
jt

rvaj>a-^
:

sb.

m.

enemy'.

Ys. 57.26.

rvu?it~ (from l/ar-):

warriors,

adj.

swift, valiant, gallant

(sleed*).

'.sb. m. 'gallant
Ys. 57.27;

gallant

chargers'

-^ Ys. 11.2;
arvand;

Yi. 5.532; Yt. 5. 7.

r [Skt. drvant-;

PM

New

P. arvond}
Yt. 14.13;.

aeta-: demonstr.

pron. ((Jr.

417 dcln.)

'this'.
P.

Yt. 5.132;
e,

Yd. 6.46 seq.

[Skt. ela-

Old

a, la-,- Phi.

!tar\

aetada
aefira-:

(from

sb. n.

Yd. 6.46,4.7. postpos tf): adv. 'then, thereupon'. perhaps 'fire-wood' ( [ id- - Skt. '\fidlt- 'burn', cf. Av. aC'SMii-. It so Compare with Av. uefiropa'ti, hurnidpa'ti- Yt. 13.105,
<u'tt>{ -}-

Skt. sumit-pdni+ 'pupil with fire-wood in his hand*.

Otherwise,

possibly 'instruction' (?) a

-\-

J/V-,
n.

cf.

Skt.

upa

-\-\fi-.

aeprapaili-

(from ai'pra-

~f-/a*Vz-)-;

sb.

'teacher '.-- Ys. 26.7,8.

Ys. 26.7,8.

(Phi. utfpat;

New

P.

he*bad\

aepry

(from acpra~\, sb. m. 'disciple*.

jPhl.V.

has

^wj//

Nar. //>>-]
Gr.

aerri, see under y/-.

(stems
<z-,

i-,

^//ar-,

ana-}: demonstr. pron. 'this',

(bkt. tf/fl/w]

422 dcln.

Ys. 11.5 etc.

-.'

num.
the

adj. (Gr.
j,

t-

$ HI. a- (from

2./V-): sb.

Yi. 5.5. 369) 'one'. [Old P. aiva-; Phi. //', ix'ak\ m. 'wrath, Fury' ( person! tied). Aeshma Dacva,

Demon

of Wrath,

opponent of Sraosha; the Asniod*-us of

Ys. 57.10,25,32.

the Ap'ocrypha -(Tobit iii.8,17).

[Phi. \tton t

atfm;

New

P.

fasm]

aoi, see under

'\faoj-: vb.

avi,

aofyta, see under \Taoj.

cl.

2 'speak,

say

'.

avfya pret. indie, mid. 3 sg. (Cr.

90)

Ys. 11,8, Yd. 3.26,28 (gnomic).

--- anapaYs. 57.

1

t >

aoj auhv ant- (from

aojah-)\ adj. 'strong'.

'adj.

1.

(Skt. cj

-: sb n. 'strength'.

'strong'.

aojo ace. sg. n. (subst.) Yt. 14.12;

nora. sg. m. (adj.

[Skt.
-

Gr.

341) Ys. 57.10.

Gr.

0>j-; Phi.

oj\

(super!, to aojah-,

or i/jra-,

365): adj. 'strongest'.

[Skt. ojift/ia-]

akaranaaharStar
*\/

(from
(from

a-\-k}: adj. 'boundless'.

-f-

karSta- q. v.)t adj.

'unplowed'.

Vd. 19.9 (ee under. 2rf/7/j-). Vd. 3.24.

causat.).
Of.

a,fJf-; vb. 'see',

fatar-.

--^a*wi
[Cf.

'oversee, regard' (form

sb. n.
cf.

a*wya>

Skt. tks-; aksi- 'eye')

'evil,

aja-:

adj.

'evil,
subst.).

harmful'.
jSkt.

calamity'.
P.

Ys. 57. 14 (nom.pl.

r \ avk-, see under avhu-, ahu- (from

(i.e. all

aghd-; 2 ah ~'

New

nk\

j/r nh^\\ sb.

ra.

(i) 'being, life, spirit'; (2)

aco.
sg.

'world'

that

\*}.-ahuw

'spirit' Ys. 26.4 (see note);

vispsm ahfan 'all life' i. e. the world Ys. 57.16; anuke dat. sg. Yt. 5.1; avkSuS gen. sg. (Gr. 981) Vs. 57.25; ahitbya dat. du. Ys. 57.25. Cf. also ah8m.mtr*%f-. [Skt. ASM-; Phi. tf//*]

aura-

(prob.

from
6>.
[Skt.

]/"2 a^-).:

adj.

'evil,

bad'.

Esp. a am mainyu Vthe

Evil Spirit, Ahrimau'.

Ys. 57.17,32; Yd- 19.5,6,8,9.

Vs. 57.25,26.

add

(from

a.,

436): adv.

then, so*.

adha; Old P. ad&\

adaitya.-

unlawful '. Vsp. 15.1. (fro m i a adj. <ta**tya-) atta$ (from ada *- aft: adv. 'thereupon, afterwards'.---Vd. 6.50. a} (from a, Gr. 431): adv. 'then but and', a/m Ys. 57.10. Cf. also
'
:

aeffit.

an -,

see under
,

4.

see under aiw, GF.

(i)
;

422.
(2) vbl.
prefix,

prep w. ace. 'along, upon'; Cf. ana.mana-.

(from J a -f not having rain ').
I

Gr.

733,5.

ana'wi.var'ni i'

rW
:

r vOr'yti-

q- *.): a<*J-

ut of lne f ain'

(lit,

anapi$uta-

(from

a H- apiguta-}
I

Vd. 6.50. adj. 'without interruption

-Vsp. 15.2
Vsp. 15.2

(the Phl.V. at Vs. 19.5 explains as not interrupted

by

failing asleep).

anapy&hda-

(from

+ apyutydn-y.

adj.

'without addition'.

(the Phl.V. at Ys. 19.5 explains the addition to

be the insertion

of some other Av. text in the midst of the

recital).

ana.

mar/,

anav ah abda m naing'.

a- (from 2 ana

-f

|/w<w,-): adj. 'devoted'i

Yt. 5.8.

(fiom

& -\-~tfhabda-

q. v.)- ptcpl. adj.

'never sleep-

Ys. 57.16 (bis).

a nap a- (from i<z-f-io^-): adj. 'without water'. sb. m. 'a desert'. Vd. 3.23. [Phi ansp\ New P. nab 'pure, unmixed' (Horn)]

4
anahiia(from
I

an<3hila

amavant-

-{-

ahita- q. v.); adj. 'undefiled'.

Esp. nonien propr.

f.

Ardfi Surd Anahita ('the high, powerful, undefiled goddess'),

*Avatxi.
Yt. 5.1 seq., see note.

[Old P. anakata-]
'along, after',

anu:

(i) adv., vbl. prefix (Gr.

733).

(2) prep. w. ace.

Gr.

735.
-

[Skt. anu,-

Old

P.
:

*w]
* '

a n u.pd ip 10 a
rt

mna^v</

Yt. 14. 1 5. (from ami- -\- "J///- q. v.) adj. pursuing '. sb. n. (from I a -f- Myanma- q. v.) ptcpl. adj. not wanting '.
:

'a surplus'.

Vsp. 15.1 note.

usa'A-)
:

anus ah-

(from
(Gr.

-f-

adj.

'unwilling'.

anuso ace.

sg.

n.

advl.

934) Ys. 57-18-

any a-:
:

pron. adj. (Gr.

[Skt.

443) 'another, else'. Vd. 3.29. anyd-; Old P. aniya-; Phi. (A>]

adv., prep, 'within,

between'.

>.

[Skt. 0/<fr, Old P. a(n)tar; Phi. andarg; New P. a/wkr] n aenia- (from a -|- w) sb. n. ' the inside '. atitar'.naeniaj. (Gr.
:

731,4) Ys. 57.21.

ap-, sp-:
"\fap-,

sb.

f.

(dcln.

O.

286) 'water'.
[Skt. ap-;

Yt. 5.3 etc.; Vd. 3-23; Vd. 6.46

seq.;

Vd. 19.5.
cl.

Sp-:

vb.

i, 8,

P. ap-; Phi. ap; New P. 36} 10 'reach, overtake .apaye*itti pres. indie, act.

Old

'

Ys, 57.29; aftntt pass. (Gr.

578) Ys. 57.20.

733, 735.
[Skt.

[Skt. tp-}

a pa: adv.,

vbl. prefix

'away, forth', Gr.

apa; Old

P.

/]
Ap-

apajtara- (from a/a -(-l/^-iar-): sb. m. 'outlet'. Yt. 5.4,5. apanotima-: sn perl. adj. 'highest, supreme '.-Ys. 26.2; Ys.
parently apandtomais

57.4.

formed from apana-

pf. ptcpl.

mid. \^dp- t

ap-

Skt.

supreme'; construed also with abl. Ys. 57.4.

apand-; hence^ 'having reached the most, highest, So Geldner.

ptcpl. adj. 'interrupted'.
Cf.

api^uta-

(from

r*//+y/-):

anapi$uta-.

apupra- (from i <*+/<>): adj. 'childless'. Vd. 3.24. [Skt. aptr'n&y&ka- (from i a -f p3rna a//^-) sb. m. 'youth'. [Phi. aptintaik; New P. /;><?]
-f:

ajntra-] Ys. 26.9.

apy illida- fffm

u*pi

+ ufydaI

q. v.): .adj.
:

'intercalated'.

Cf. anapyti?t<fa-.

afraza*iiti- (from

afsman-:

sb. n.

4-/V ) adj. 'measure, metre'.

'without offspring*.
Cf.

Ys. 11.1,3.

asmanivaqt-.
'
;

[Phi. Vers. has

patman

'

measure

Nar. has pramdya-}

afsmanivaqtama-:
sb.

(from afsman-}'. adj. 'metrical'.

aco. pi. n.

afsmanivqn 'the me-

trical parts'

(O.

292) Ys. 57.8 note.

m. 'strength'.
personified).
-

Ys. 57.3,23; Yt. 14.2,3; Yt. 14.7,9 ('Strength',

[Skt.

dma-]

(from ama-t Gr.

Yt. 14.3.

292

b.

dcln.): adj. 'strong'.

Ys. 57.10;

Vsp. 15.3; Yt. 14.12.

Fem.
(Skt.

arnavafti

nom.

sg. Yt. 5.3.

Superl.

amavastimo

dmavant-; Phi. aw&vand]

amyr't&t-

avattf-

ani9rtat- (from I a+^tnar-, Gr. 842): sb. f. 'immortality, Ameretat'. One of the Amesha Spentas, and always mentioned in connection
with Haurvat&t q.
[Phi.
v.

See Gr, Introd.

p.

xxvi

38. --Ys. 57.24.

amunlat]

am* fa-

163): adj. 'immortal'. Esp. (form *amarta- from -\fmar-, Gr. 32. Ani9$a Spinta* the Amshaspands, Gr. Inlrod. p. xxv
Ys. 26.3; Ys. 57-2 (ace. p].),6,8,i2,23; Vd. 19.9. New P. anit&spaml] [Skt. amfta-; cf. Phi. amSospand;

ay a,

see under aim, Gr.

ayavha-

422. (from ayah- q. v., Gr. (Gr. 980) Ys. 11.7.

(from tfyaA- q.
11.

344): sb. n.
[Skt. Syasd-}
cf.

iron '.

aya vhahc gen.

?g.

ayavhaena-

v.,

Gr.

829): adj.
[Phi. asintn;

'made

of iron'.

subst.

'iron'.

Vd. 6.46.

New

P. &Jiamii\
1
-

ayar-, ayan-

(dcln.

Gr.

311, 337): sb. n. 'day'.

Ys. 57-17, 3
'.

ayar'. bar a- (from ayar-

+ /*-):
Cf.

sb.

m. 'day's journey
P. Shan]

Yt. 5.4.

ayah-:

sb. n.

'metal, iron'.

aya#haena-, ayavha-.

[Skt.

ojw-;

Phi.

ajf/ New

ayqn-,

see under ayar-.

"\far-: vb. cl. 5 'go, allot*.

move, come
\-

(as fortune)'.

\-us.;..fr&

'bestow,
(Gr.

t>a.*ti

'advance, attack'.
[Skt,
adj.

us.fr*r/iaot
<*r-,

569) Ys. n.4.--Cf. also paiii.9r*n-.

r -]

arap-wyaar'dtt-:

(from

i-fr):
[Cf.

'ill-ordered, improper'.
Fern, ardvi,

Vsp. 15.1.

adj.

'high, exalted*.

epithet of Anahita q. v.
48.]

Yt. 5.1.

Skt. iirdhva.-,

Gr.

ar'dra-: adj. 'generous, giving gifts'. Yt. 5.132. ar'za-: sb. m. 'battle'. Ys. 57.12. [Cf. New P. razm

(Horn)]

ar3, 9rs*:
arfan-:
adj.

adv. 'right, truly'.

Cf. arsufyda-,

arM-.
310), arjno

'male, virile'.

argano, ar$anahe (tf-dcln., Gr.

pi.

gen. sg. m. Vd. 3.24; Yt. 14.7,15; arjf/ufm gen.

Yt. 14.12.
[Cf. Skt.
<>):

m. Yt. 5.2,5
abl. pi.

wMd-}
'rightly
'

ar^u^daar/ti (fr.

(from ar$-\Gr.

adj.

spoken*.

byasca

m.

Yt. 5.9? Yt. 14.5-

ar!,

cf.

788): sb.

f.

lava-: dcmonstr.
Yt. 5.7;

pron. stem (Gr.

Ys. 57.33. rectitude, Arshti' (Loyalty). 'that'. Ys. 26.2; Ys. 57.29; 432)

Yt

14.12.
o,

[Old P. ava-i Phi.

w(?) New
;

P.

(au)}

lava:

adv., vbl. prefix 'to,

[Skt.

down

to,
.(in

upon,

in'.

dva; Old P. ava

ava-sta-}\ Phi. J-J

Yt. 14.7 seq.

avapa

(from
-

ava-): adv. 'thus, so'.

irt^rt-):

(from

demonstr. deriv. (Gr.

pi.

441) 'that, such'.

[Phi.

haca

avafiyd sl*r>byd dat. abl.

Yt. 5.132.

havand}

6
(from
1

avavatit--- a$avan-

ava-}: pron. adj. 'such, so great'.

j'Phl.

avava'ti Horn. sg.

f.

Yt

5.3.

avavand]

avafata, see under ywrr-. avaza*te, see under \ivaz-. avah-: sb. n. 'help '.Vs. 57.3;
av&iti,
z>/',

Yt. 5.132.-

[Ski.

<zz/dj>-]

avin
(cf.

see under

I//'-.

0/

o'wi}: (l) adv., vbl. prefix.

(2) prep,

and postpos.
\v.

vv.

ace.,

gen. 'to, unto'.

As

adv. Vd. 3.25.

-As prtp.

ace. Ys. 57.^3,24;

Yt. 5-3i4>*32; w. gen.

I/"'/*-.'

Vd. 6.46,47.
-jSkt.
<tf-]

vb.

as an-:

5 (Gr. 566) Teach, attain v-Cf. <<*//-. sb. m. 'stone'. -asatmtjva (stem as&na-, 6V.
cl.

309)

loc. pi.

Vd. 6.51, sec note.

asaya:

adj.

r [Skt. dsun-; Old P. a//*//-,- I'hL sang; New P. MW j 'shadowless' (epithet of Sraosha's divine horses). -Ys, 57.27,

see noty.

[SkL arhayd-, Gr.

17]

asaha

(from

jAaj-): sb. rn. 'place, space'.-- -Cf. aia'nivasah-.

[Cf.

Skt. ^ja-]
*

sura-:
sb.

sb. in.

bristle '(?),

cf.

I. at.

acnhus

i'Geldner).

Cf. (izi.as-tira-.

ast-:

m. *bone'.
pi

us/a

nom.

pi.

Vd. 19.7;

azdbis, azfcbjs instr. general

pi.

(Gr.
[Cf.

229, 944) Vd. 6,49; asttfm gen.

Skt. astfrdn-, asi/ti-; Phi. ast ;

Vd. 6.46,47.
asta/t]

New

P.

astvant-

(from

ast-,

Gr.

rial' (epithet of

avfa-, gae]>&-}.

291 b) -corporeal, mate857): adj. (dcJn. Gr. Ys. 57.16,24,25; Feni. astva*ti-.

Yt. 5.1; Yt. 14.1; Vd.3.23; Vd. 6.44,47,49[Cf. Skt. asthavdnt*, asthimant-\

a spa-: sb. m. 'horse*.

Fcm.

rt.r/J-'marc'.
st-e

Vn. 11.1,2,- Ys. 57.28; Yt. 14.9.

On
aspo.stuoyah-

aspake aXtrnva

under aStrd-.

[Ski. dsna-;

Old
-t-

P.
:

aspa'-; Phi. <w/;

*

New

t\

M/I]
'.

(from

st]

adj.
pi.
f,

stouter
Yt. 5.7.

than a horse

bfcava

..... aspo.staoyehis
a.1: intensive prefix

nom.
Cf.

w. adjs.

aH.aojaJi-,

asMzu-.
sb.
n. Tight, righteousness, See Gr. Inirod. p. xxv 34.

a fa-

(for

arta-

from Yar-,

Cr.

^163):

Asha, Righteousness'
'the master of R.';

(personified).

a$a{ liQca 'in accordance with Righteousness';

'

ufakt

rali'ttn

o$<iht'

gacfiai

the Household of Faith*.

Cf. also aja vahistu.

Ys. a6.2; Ys. 57.2,4,1.7: Yt. 5,9; Yt. 14.5.

[Skt. fta-;

Old

P.

r/er-,

I'hl.

,////*/>/
]

Ufa-van-, afdott', ugattn - (from <?/-): adj. (dcln. ^.313) eou sacred, holy (of tilings). - Fein, (of persjons),
* '
:

'

right-

afluntf-.

in the Psalms,

This word corresponds to the Biblical use of 'righteous, godly* hs opposite is dr9gvanl-, dnmqf' q. v. See Gr.

aHa

ahunarj

7
;

Introd. p. xxv

34.
pi.

a$avano nom.
Vs.
6.i; etc.

pi.

m. 'pure creatures' Vs. n.i

rid-van- } apnuqni aja- vahiSta (from rt -f r): sb. u. 'Asha Vahishta' (Best RighteousSee under a.fa-. a$m ness), one of the Amesha Spentas.
gen.
[Skt.

vahiZtini

nom.

sg. n.

Ys. 57.24.

(Phi, artavahiSt,

afavahiSt;

New
f.

P. ardibehisi\

at.aojak- (from
ir- (for
<rr/*-

o/-f- <wy ah-\. adj.

'most strong'.
'

V*. 57.15.

from

a/--,

6>.
;

163): sb.

(i) 'piety, virtue'; (/) 'grace,

favor, blessing
its

(3)

'Ashi Vanuhi
-Ys. 26.5;

(incarnation of Piety
57.3.

and

resulting blessings).
[Cf. Phi. art(iiuang]

Ys>.

a$tr&- (from \ r az-,

cf. <^/r. 166): sb. f. 'goad, whip*. Esp, aspakc astro a horse-goad, or whip used in connection with the sraotfo.carana, (q.-v.) in religious castigation. Yd. 6.48, see note.

[Skt. dstra-; Phi.

attr]

b*): adj. -having strong fore-legs' (of camel). (from aZ as.bazaus nom. sg. m. (Gr. t? 26$) \ t. 14.12. ' (from a?a-f asi-} adj. 'righteous, pious, blessed (epithet of Srao:

slm).
-:
v.b. cl. 1

Ys. 57.2 (afim acc.) ; 3,4, 13, 14,25, 26. 33,34.

'drive'.-\-i/pa

|Phl. ahli]
(in religious

'strike, inflict blows'

castigation, see ufifiztuia-}.

|

upSzvit pres. opt. act. 3 sg. Vil. 6.48.

Skt. aj-\

(from
pron.

la + zata-

q. v.).

adj.

'unborn
'1'.^

'.

Ys. 26.6.

[Skt. aj&ta-]
'I

az9m:

isi. per.->.

(dcln. 6V-.
cf.

386)

azzm yd haomo
am, -m (end)

who
P.

[am]

Haoina' Ys. 11.3;

[Skt. afuim
;

Yt. 5.6 etc.

Old

P.

adam ;

Phi.

New

man,

-m

(encl.)j

azdbi$
1/"i

see under </-.

cl.

a//-/ vb.
<?-*/

2 (conjn. 6>.
asti

530
3

seq.)

'be'. -~ahmi Ys. 11.3; Yt. 14-3;

Yd. 19.6;

Ys. 57.14,25;
pi.

Yt. 5.3

Yt. 14.1;

Yd. 6.47

Yd. 19.9; avhifn

Cf. also haiqm.

pret.

Yt. 5.7;

astu imperat. Vsp. 15.2.

[Skt. las-;

Old

P.

ah-;

cf.

Phi. hast;

New

P.

am,

t,

a si]

1/^zak

vb.

cl.

i,

(pass.)

'throw, dart*.
[Skt.

aighimanaya
2 as-]

pres. pass, ptcpl.

(see hvasla-} Ys. 57.28.

la/tu-, see under avhu-. 2 tt/i u -: sb. m. lord '. Cf. ahura.
'

ahuna-

ifrom nhu-,

Gr.

848): sb. m.

the

Ahuna
Introd.

Vairya'.
p. xviii

One
its

of

the sacred formulas or prayers,

and so named from

Gr.

initial

words yap&

ahQ,

va^ryd.

See

13.

Ys. 57.12; Yd, 19.10.

58

akura
(from ahu-, Gr.

afrivacah-

ahura-

85 3)

sb.

m.

(i) 'lord";

(2)

'Lord, Ahura
See Gr. In-

Mazda'

(cf.

tuaidah-}, the
31.

supreme god Ormazd.

Vs. 11.4, et passim.

troduction p. xxiv
[Skt.

dsura-;

Old

P.

aura-;

Phi.

auharinazd,

hormazd;
Yt. 5.132;

New
akuradata(from a -f
seq.

P.
i

hormuzd~\
:

rf3/a-)

adj.

'created

by Ahura'.

Yt. 14.1

ahiird.tkal<[a- (from a -f/

):

adj.

'belonging to the faith of Ahura'.

Gr.
'

-Yt.
a h if
i.

3.1.

m >rycniaf,

(from

aim- -f ymare-,
Gr.

8773):
422.

adj.

world-

destroying'.

Ys. 57.15.
see under aim,

ahmai,

"my a,

Av.
a,

S.

a:

(i) adv., vbl. prefix 'hither, unto, in'; (2) prep,

and end. postpos.

w. ace.,

abl., gen., loc.

(yefkad-a).
[Skt.

'up See also ada/iyu- etc. a; Old P. a; Phi. a; New P.

to, in'.

Ys. 11.7; Ys. 26.10; Ys. 57.33

,7]

</ (from
/:
inlerj.

-,

6"r.

etc.

431): adv. 'then' (lit. 'from Ys. 11.1,6 'but'. [Skt. <?/]
;

that'),

Ys. iz.8; Yt. 14.1

As particle (?) 'indeed' w. voc. 'O'. Ys. 57.25 Vd. 19.9. Vd. 3.23. Si; Phi. <tf; New P. Si] [Skt. Star-: sb. m. (dcln. Gr. 331) 'fut'.fiprasca gen. sg. Vsp. 15.3.
[Phi. <f/Jr;
-

New
Gr.

P.

Sdar,
i,

Mas]
889): adj. 'knee-high'.
[Cf.

(from a

+ zanu-

77 N.

Ys. 57.6

(Phl.Vers. has rand j&ntfK).

Skt.

bhi-jftu-\
i

r avan- (from afar-}:

signation

sb.

in.

(dcln.

Gr.

3I3N.

b) 'priest'.

De-

of the

highest caste in the Avestn.

Yt. 11,6.

Sec also under

rapazstar-, vastrya f<[uyaqt-.

[Cf. Skt.

New P. atorb&n-] Ys. 57.31. 375, 731): adv. 'thrice'. u- (from & -\- a'afyyti-}: adj. 'in this country'. Ys. 26.9. fidu-: sb. m. 'spring, stream'. So rendered if Phl.Vers. be read as jtiy
dtharvan-; Phi. asarvan ;
Gr.

(from a+/>ritya-,

'spring', cf.
is

Av. udavo (Gr.

'life'.
;

19) Yt. 8.29; otherwise Phl.Vers.

read as Jan

Cf. a^u./radana-.

aJtl.fradana- (from ap- see under ap-.

t

adu--\-fr*)\ adj.

increasing the springs'.

Yt. 3.1.

Sfyifte, see under

"\fap-.

afrivacah-

(from J/r7--fv):

(malediction) '.

adj. 'speaking words of benediction According to the Phl.Vers. this word J/r, like

Sfrl

tyyejah-

eg
Sfri-

'/,

may be used
pi.

of cursing as well as of blessing.

zz.i.

vacaaho nom.

m. Ys.

Sfrlabya,

(from \ffrt~ q. v.): sb. f. 'benediction (malediction) '.Cf. P. Sfrin] vacak- (afriti-). [Cf. Skt. &pri-; cf. New
see under asm,

ff/ri-

Gr.

422.
:

amananhaayaptaSyu-:

sb. n. 'eagerness, ardor'. Yt. 14.12. r Yt. 5.132. (from a-\-\ ap-}\ sb. n. 'reward, boon'.

(from &

+ mattah^]

[Phi. aySft; cf.

sb. n. 'age'.

New

P. y&ftan]
[Skt.
f.

Cf. apyr'nSyuka-.
-\-

/-]
See Gr.

tirma'ti (from

r-

ma^ti- q. v.): sb.

'harmony, Concord, Armaiti'

(Genius

of the Earth),
36.

one of the Amesha Spentas.

spai^ta armaitiS Ys. 57.24.

Introd. p. xxvi
[Skt.

ardmati ; Phi. spend-armat ;

365) 'swift'.

New

P. sfend-arniat\

asiifta-, see under &$u-.

asu-:

adj.

(compar. Gr.

Ssiim aec.

sg.

m. Ys 57.11.

Compar. asyavha nom. du. m. Ys. 57.28. sg. m. Ys. 57.13.

1

Superl. astfttm ace.

[Skt. 5su-, dsis(ha-\

Szaf^ti-

(from \fz zan-}

Introd. p. xii
[Cf.

sb.
3.

f.

'understanding, explanation'.

See Gr.

Cf. /tt<i/.za*%ti-, pouru.azahiti-.

Phi.
:

Ys &->

'/

(q-

v -)

zand] vb c*- 3 <seek diligently',

-

e. g.

i$&hatta Yt. 19.53.

Skt. asifa-]

Cf. paity&sti-,

j/"!

//-.

Shit a-: adj. 'defiled'. ah fiiri - (from ahura-,

Cf. anahila- (ahifi-).

[Cf.

Gr.

825

d, 20)

adj. *of

Ahura'.
'

ahuiriH fra$no,

Shu'riS kaeC> Ys. 57.24.

[Cf. Skt. HsUri-}

ahu^rya-

Ahura'.

(from ahura-, Gr. Ys. 26.3 (of

825

d, 20):

adj.

lordly,

belonging to

Amesha

Spentas).

Av.
/-.-

/.

I/V-: vb.

dem. pron. stem, see under aem, Gr. 4.22. cl. a 'go, come'. \-ava 'come down'. \-fra..ava 'attain to, d escr y aeiti pres. indie, act. 3 sg. Yd. 3.24; yft fyjaprifva avaHi 'when he goes to his females' (of male cover'.

ing the female) Yt. 14.12; fravaiti 'he descries'

..

(cf.

Skt. prati

ava

..

'erreichen') Yt. Z4.I3; ye^ti pres. indie, act. 3 pi.

(Gr.
note.
i-.'

65 exmpl.) Ys. 57.23;

[Skt. i-/
n.

ami

pres. subj. act.

sg.

Vd. 3.27

Old

P.

/-]

sb.

'distress, corruption'.
cf.

*/>yej& P.

nom.
sfj]

pi.

Ys. 57.14.

[Skt. tydjas-; Phi. stj;

New

60
ida (from
/'-):

M&
adv. 'here'.

uporo-

Ys. 26.2,6; Vsp. 15.1,2 'now'

(i.

e.

at this point,

ihd2\ so Angl. Sax. her}: Vd. 3.24 ida car&Hi 'just so, the maiden' (lit. here i.e. in this special case); Vd. 3.27,29.
Skt.
fSkf. ihd;

Old

P. id&\

ida I (from
i/ (from
*-)

Ida}: adv. 'here'.

:

idafca Ys. 57.33 (bis),

strengthening particle, Gr.

pron. stern, see under
[Skt.

itna-:
i

derti.

aim
;

397. [Skt. td] Gr. 422.

imd-; Old

P.

ima-

New

P. im*\
c

'\f

rip-:

vb.

cl.

4 'die'.
Ys, 26.6.
][irip-.

r para 'perish*.

trista-,

parajrista-

dead

'

pass, ptcpl. Ys. 26.7,11,

Yd. 6.44,46.49; *rirtjuqm

act* ptcpl. pf.

gen.

pi.

irista-, see under

*rtr)pu/qi,

see under

r
~\

*rifr-.

isat.vastra-: nomen

propr. m. 'Isatvastra'

oldest

son

of Zoroaster,
:

and according to tradition the Ys. 26 5.-i-[Phl. isatvastar-]

]/"i

founder of ihe priestly casle.

desire petere'.

//- (see also

act.

~\

rah-t

*'/-):

vb.

cl.

6 'seek,
(worship).

\-pa*ti

'busy one's self with'

at.pl.

pa'/i$ata pres. imperat..

Ys. 57-13; ifto pass, ptcpl.

nom.

sg.

m. Vsp. 15.2.

[Skt.

.,'/.]
;

y"2//-.- vb.

cl.

send, drive'.

Cf.

atjma-.

[Skt.

2 */-/

Old

P.

/7-j

Av.

-f

lm,

see under aim, Gr.

422.

Av.

u.

ulida- (from
*

"\f-vae-,

pass, ptcpl. w. ///,

6r.

77 N. 3):
[Skt.

adj.

'spoken'.

sub.st.

n.

'word'.

Cf. anapyQ^da-.

ukrhd-]

ujsa-: adj. mighty '.Cf. aoj'tlia- (superl.). ufa-: conj. 'and'. uta ... uta 'both and'
[Skt. w/fl,

[Skt. ugrd-\ Ys. 11.1,3; Yf. 14.2.

Old

P.

^/

Phi. *.

New

P.

f/^tf/ (r) adv., vbl. prefix.- -(2) prep,

on'.

and postpos. w. ace., With ace. Yt. 14.13; w. dat. Vd. 3.25.

dat. 'to,

upon,

[Skt. npa,;

Old

P.

ufia'ri

(cf.

npa")

prep, 'above'.-

upa; New P. 6a, bah] With ace. Vd. 6.50; Yt. 14.7,9 note.

[Skt.

updri / Old P. upariy ; Phi. afar;

-f-.ft): sb. (from see under "\fhac-.

New

P.

bar\

upa*ri.aacwaupatthacaycni,

n.

'upper side, top'.

Cf. uparai&t-.

Vd. 6.50 note.

upara-

(from upay. adj. 'superior

[Cf. Skt.

upara-\

uparatdt-

uzddtia-

61

uparatat-

(from upare-, Gr.

ria u s

Superiority
|/"rt;3-):

Victo842): sb. f. 'superiority', csp. (vanufyti uparatat), Genius of Victory.

'blow, stripe'
Technical expression
as a religious cas-

Ys. 57.33.

fCf. Skt. uparatat-\

sb. n.

upazana-

(from upa-\-

for stroke or stripe inflicted

upon the body,

tigation to

remove

sin.

Vd. 6.48 note.

see under }/~vap-. ityatn no.- see under ~)fu-. *rvajt>a- (from \ftvar-, Gr.

ufvemi,

*rvan-

(dissy

.,
1

'soul

793 N. 2): sb. m. friend '. Cf. a*ivapa-. *ruvan, from j/^z var-, Or. 191. 3 I 4)' sb. m. prob. or that faculty in man which gives freedom of will to
or evil.
Vs. 26.4,7.. 11

'

choose good
[Phi.

note.

rUb&n;

New
t

P.

ruvtln]

nrvaqt-

(prob. from j^i var-

Gr.

191):

adj.

...?,

epithet of camel.

Yt. 14.11
sb.
f.

urvarS-;

[Cf.

Vd. 22.10, Yr. 14.19). Vd. 3.23; Vd. 6.46,47. 'tree, plant'. Skt. urvdru- ; l-'-hl. urvar-]
(cf.

~\f**rvis-: vb.

cl.

4, 6,

10 'turn'.

^vi

'part asunder'.
[Gf.

vi. u rvisya(

act. pres. (scdry.) subjunct.

3 sg. Vd. 19.7.

Skt. vri'J-]

uva~
-it

ua"

(-", Gr.
[Cf.

68 N.

i): adj. du.

'two, both*.

tMpbya Ys. 57.25,29.

Vs. 11.4,

Skt. ubh&-}

3,

uz

753 N. 2): adv., vbl. prefix 'up, forth, out'. (Gr. Cf. also ttzdatyu-. Ys. 57.25.
[Skt.

ud; Old P ud: PM.

uz.,

New

P.

-,

*/-]

ttsah- (from \fvas-)' sb. n. 'will'. \i~us-, see under y^vaa-.

Cf. ahusah-.

u$aslara-

(from u?ah-)\ adj. 'eastern'. Ys. 57.29; u/asfarty haea (Gr.

[Phi. fidsastar]

u^asta're fhi^dwi) loc. sg.

m.

I9b)
f.

..

ujastaras6y8 Vd. 19.5.

Gr.

u$ak-, ufafi- (from Y$vak->

Cf. usastara-.
j

us-): sb.

(dcln.

357) 'dawn'.

Skt. u$&s-.; Phi. o$, /io$

hos-b8m\

u$i-

(perh. from ~\f"$vah-< us- 'enlighten'); sb. n. 'mind'.- u$i ace. sg. n. (not dual) Vsp. 15.1. [Phi. k6$ ; New P. has]
sb.

uZlana-:
ultra-:
u
z, see

^r.
sb.

m. 'vital principle' (of the body). 937) Vd. 19.7Yt. i^

*u$t&n9m (ace.

= nom. sg.

m. 'camel'.

I2.
:

[Cf. Skt. ustra-,- Phi. ustar-

New

P.'te-fiaf]

under

us,

and

cf.

Gr.

753 N.
adj.

2.
'.

uzdahyuuzdana-

(from uz-\- dattyu-):

[Phi. uzd&fuk\
sb.

'outside the countr

- Vs. 26.9.

(from uz

-\~

"\fda-")

m. 'elevation, structure'.

Vd.

6. 50

note.

62

karana-

Av. ^
"\fti-: vb.
cl.

u.

4 be wanting, 'deficits' (i.e.

'

deficient'.
in the audit

uyatnna pres. ptcpl. mid. ace.

of Life Book). Vsp. 15.1.

pi. n.

Cf.

anuyamna-, (una-).

\CL Skt.
Av. P"

/a-j

O>.

&vhan-:

sb. n.

'mouth, face'.

&uhano gen.

abl. sg.

Vd. 3.29 note.

[Skt. dsdn-]

Av.

9.

ir'diva-:

adj. (Gr.

819) 'raised, uplifted*.

Ys. 57.16.

[Cf. Skt. urdltvd-\

Av.

* k.

ka-i

intcrrog. pron. (Gr.

406) 'who, what'. [-'/ indef. pron. (GV. ko nom. sg. m. Yt. 5.8; Yl. 14.1 Vd. 3.23; 408) 'every, any'. kana zaya instr. sg. m. Vd. 19.8; kalintai dat. sg. m. 'Yt. 5.8;
;

kahe gen.
kascifca

sg.

nom.

sg.

45 nora. m. Vd. 19.8. m. Yt. 5.4.

P. ka-; Phi. ke,
(2)

sg.

f.

Vd. 6.47.
P. kih-}

Indef.

[Skt. ha-;

Old

ka;
P.

New

kaofa-:

sb.

m.

(i)

'hill',

'hump'
'

(of camel).

Cf. slvi.kaofa-,
1

[Old P. kaufa*; Phi. kof;

kuJuib
4

New

koh 'mountain

kokab,

hump

kaoyqtn,

see under 2 kavi-.

kafa-:

sb.

m. 'foam, slime'.
[Skt.
sb. n. 'skull,

Yt. 14.13.

kapka-; Phi. kaf;

New

P.

kaf]
Ys.57.io; Ys. 57.31

karwr'da-:

cranium'

(of evil beings).

[Phi. katnar; New P. kamar 'cupola'] (collective). kamar* do.j an- (from k -f- !/!/"") acU- smiting the skull '. jand Phl.Vers. has kam&rzatar. gen. sg. m. (of Sraosha) Ys. 57.33
' :

kayada-:

YI

obscure word denoting an imYs. 57.15. pious person or class of beings; Phl.Vers. has kJstar. k a r - : vb. cl. 5 (Gr. Caus. 'cultivate '.kir'naoni 568) make '. hr jnacl pret. indie, (injunct.) act pres. indie, act. 3 sg. Vd. 3.23
adj. 'heretic (?),

Kayadha'.
'

An

Vd. 6.50;
k)rla-.

kdraye*ti

caus.

pres. indie, act.

Vd. 3.23.

Cf. also

[Skt. kar-; Old P. kar-; Phi. kartan; New P. kardan} /car-: vb. cl. 5, 9 'cut'. Cf. akarana-. [Phi. karinitan ; New P. kirnidan\ 1^2 kar ana- (from |/*2 ka r-) sb. m. 'end, boundary \(v!sp<) kar and (sg for pi. Gr. 913 N. i) Yt. 5,4. Cf. also akarana-.
:

[Phi.

kanarak;

New

P. kanara/t, kartln]

karapan

kqsaoya-

3
of wicked unbelievers.

kar a pan-:

sb.

m. 'Karpan',

name of a

class

word of God). According to ZSd Sparam there were five brothers of the Karapan family,* foes of Zoroaster, cf. West, Phi. Texts tr. S.B.E. V. p. 187. See also 2 kavi below. kar a Yt.
tradition renders
(i.e.

The

'deaf

to the

fnqm

gen. pi.

14.4.

|/"<*r/-: vb.

cl.

(i)

'draw',

(2)

'draw
f.

circles, furrows, to

plow'.
Cf. also

karsya gerundive nom.

akarita-, kar$a-.
[Skt.

sg.

(Gr.

716) Vd. 3.24.

P. kaJiiian, ki&an]
sg.

karf-; Phi. katotan;

sb.
f.

New
'

kar$3-

(from

"]f&arjf-):

'circuit'.
'

kar$ay& gen.
]

Ys. 11.2 note.

[Cf. Skt. karf man-

race-course

karfivaitt- (from ^karl-}:

sg.

sb.

m. 'plowman, peasant'.
'plowed'.
Cf.

karfivata

instr.

Vd. 3.24\

karSta-

(from \~karl-}

pass, ptcpl., adj.

akar&a-.

[Skt. *rttd-]

kar$var4

kar$van-

zone, clime'.

311, 337) (from ~\[kars-}\ sb. n. (dcln. Gr. Name of the seven divisions into which, accordkarjlvar*
ace. sg.

ing to the Iranians, the world was divided. Ys. 57-31; visp&is kar$vqn general pi. (Gr.
Yt. 5.5.
I

315, 230, 308)

kavi-:

Cf. also huptd.karfvairi-. [Phi. ketvar; New P. kisvar] m. 'King', title of the Persian monarchs of the Kayanian kavoiS wHiaspahe *of dynasty, Kai Kobad, Kai Khosraw, etc.
sb.
(q.-v.),

King Vishtaspa
i

Kai Gushtasp' Ys. 26.5; Yt. 5.132.

[Cf. Skt. kavi-; Phi. kai;

New

P. kai]

kavi-:

sb.

m. 'Kavi',

name of

a class of wicked infidels or demons.

faith),
cf.

pan.

According to the tradition 'blind' (i. e. to the 62 b) Yt. 14.4. kaoyqm gen. pi. (Gr.
'small,
[Cf.
little'.
((

kar*-

kasu-'

adj.

Skt. kasu-

nomen
adj.

propr.); Phi. kas ; Ne\v P. kih\

kastt.pafna- (from ^+/): kascifca, see under ka-. ka'tdya- (from kayada- q. v.)
'adherent of
K.'.

'small-heeled'.

Yt. 14.17.

adj.

'belonging to the Kayadha'.

sb.

m.

ka'dyehc gen. sg.

pass, ptcpl.,
;

masc. Ys. 57.15

'made'.

(cf.

Ys. 61.3).

ktr'ta-

(from yikar-}:
hufor'la-.

adj.

Cf. dahtnd.kjrta~,

[Skt. kcta-

Old
:

P. karta-; Phi. kart;

New

k)rf$.h>ar- (from kzhrp- +\f'bar-}

adj.

'corpse-eating*.
insir.

P. kardah] Vd. 6.45,46,47.

kyhrp-:

sb.

f.

'form, body'.

kjhrpa

sg.

Yt. 14.2 seq.

[Skt. kfp-; Phi. kerp~\

-: sb. n.

nomen

propr.

'Kansavya',

name of a
is

lake, from the

waters of which the Saviour, Saoshyant,

[Phi. kyansS]]

to arise.

Vd. 19.5.

64
kv*
GV. //-, (from ka- or Vd. 6.44,49. [Ski.

*w -

k*<*P~

406-407):
* va \

interrog.

adv.

where'.

Av

f
The Phl.Vers. renders the words one prays* and implies that the form

t: an uncertain word, Vd. 19.5.

f<ftu fynqpa'tf as 'to
is

whom

a verb.

See note ad
:

loc.

Some
'

render as

nomen

propr.
fyraol-

from Yfraoid-}
superl. ace.
firm,

ptcpl. adj.
sg.
f.

hard, firm '.

Ys. 26.2.

(fravujiw) Phl.Vers. here lias

'.

'-most*

most severe

in

matters of decision

ftraold- (from

\fbrtt3- q. v.,'cf.

r/

692): vb. deriv. 'make hard'.

Cf. \rapwiita-.

CT. fyraoitiaitt-.

fyralu- (from \fihar-\\

[Ski.

sb.

m. 'wisdom'.

krdtu -; Phi. firat : New H. fyrnd} jrrtftwifta- (superl. attached to %ratu~ jrarumuyl-}: Ys. 26.2
t

adj.

'wisest'.--

\l

tyru-: vb. 'hurt, be raw (^-formation from

-

Cf. tyrura-, vfynlmaqt-.

jSkt. kru-\

f
\

^ru-)i vb. 'be terrible'.

(from

'

'tffyru-Y.

adj.

-terrible,

wounding'.

Vs. 57.25.

[Skt. kriird-\

fyrvi- (from ]fhru-}\ adj. 'terrible, wounding'. -Cf. /irtfra~ .d ru~ (from \tfyru--\-Hru-)'- adj. 'of wounding mace'.
gen. sg. m. Ys. 57.32, Nar. has kiftsusaslra-.
-

fyrvi.dru-.
-

fyrvt.draoS

(from }/^vJ-,
[Phi. Sit;

-*.//-):

adj. (i) 'ruling,

princely

'

(2)

shining '.-

Ys. 26.3 (Phi.

here \ttai, Nar. sv*ntin-}\ Yt. 14.17

New
^/'-)
:

P. jfo/}
-sb.

(from

y^5-,

n.

'rule,

power. Kingdom '.

Cf.

next

word, and faapri-, hamv.fy$aj>ra-, hitbjapra-. P. Ji$ap r a-; Phi. /a/rfr/ [Skt. ktatrd-; Old
-

New

P. Zaftar]

va'rya(lit.

'Khshathra Vairya* (from See 'wished-for Kingdom'), one of the Amesha Spentas.
*):

^+
;

sb.n.

nomen

propr.

Gr. Introd.

p.

xxvi

35.

b$apr3tn va'rim Ys. 57.24.

[Phi. sarvulro
-

New
sb.

1'.

(from
(from
rtf/tf)
lj

\$apra-}\
(bis).

in.

$arivar\ 'mistress,

wife,

female'.- Yt. 5.5;

Skt.

Yt. 14.12

l$aprya-

>>ra-):

adj.

'kingly

\-haomd

Ifajryo

(cf.

Ys. 57.19sb.
f.

[Skt.

kfatnya-\

fa pan-:
ace. sg.

'night'.-

-^*

gen. sg. Ys. 57.31;

Ys. 57- '7-

Yt. 14.13; llafnasra ace. pi.

[Skt. kfap-;

Old

P.

fcapan-; Phi. .?^

New

P.

/</

---- gaoma-

65
Cf.

-.,.

/*-' vb;
etc.

cl.

i,

2 'rule,

be majestic, be splendid'.

[Skt.
ci.

-: vb.

ikfi-; Phi. Uyastan ; 'flow'. Cf. itfudra-.

Phi. liistan;
:

New
P.

P. Uylitan\

[Skt.
-

/w/fl'-,-

New

/w//iJ

(from j/^jW-)
(Gr.

sb.

n.

'seraen,
[Skt.

seed'.

Quarto

ace. pi.

f.

n.

232) Yt. 5.2,5.

jfvajf,

ksudrd-; Phi. fasar]

ftjftva- (from

Gr.

366): num. adj. 'sixth'.

F.

YL

14.1.7.

[Mil.

-SaMm; New

//;]
Frequent
'

ra~ (from $>*#-

4-V-): sb. n. 'propitiation'.

in

the

formula yasnalca. vahmdica J^naopruica frasasiiiyaeco,

for the

rasb.

worship, praise,' etc. Ys. 57.6,8. (prob. best from zanu-, snu-,
n.

[Cf.
cf.

Skt. k$notra-\

Gr.

164, 77 N. 3,

88):

'knee'.

See huJ^nnopra-.
sb. n.

808): /l$nao;na- (from \F%&**** cf. 6>. [Phi. /;/;] sg. Yd. 3.23. j/^/w*-: vb. cl. 2 'rejoice, be pleased'.
vaye*te. caus. prcs. indie, act.
[Cf.

'joy .Itfnaomb
*

instr.

Catis.

propitiate,'.

3 sg. (Gr. ^ 685 e) Yd. 3.23.

fygvas: num. (6>.

[Skt.

Skt. ksnu-; Phi. toayitun, sntiy7mtatt (cans.)] Cf. -//z>rf.-. 366) 'six'.

w/

Phi. sas;

New

P.

//]

Av.
-

(*

t f.

(horn
(i.e.

j/^r/-, //-)

sb.

f.

(i) 'being, living: creature'; (2)

cf.

'world'
all

'all that lives',

avhu-\

vispaym ga^payat 'of

the

'world' Ys. 57.15; esp. w. aslvajit- (q. v.) 'material world, living beings, mankind' Ys. 57.24; Yt. 14.1, Yd. 3.23; Vd. 6.44,47,49;
ajfahe gcttyS) (see
[Cf.
tf/ff-)

Ys. 57.15.

Old

P. gaijta; Phi. 'gchan;

adj.

New
.

P. j>ehan, gfhdn, ji/ian]

ustra/ie

gaejbu- (same
sg.

as gaesti- 'hairy''}:
[Cf.

'shaggy

gaepauS gen.

m. Yt. 14 ii.
'

Phi. gis;

New

P, ges, gesu\

gaepv.frddatmkind'

(from gaepa- -f //"-, Gr.

866;:

adj.

'helping

mancow';

gao-, gava-,
(2)

furthering living beings ').--Yt. 5.1. gat*-: sb. m. f. (dcln, Gr. 278) (i) beef. bull,
(lit.
;

'meat' (beef); (3) 'milk'. Ys. n.i,7; gyuf hud&vha gen. sg. Ys. 26.4 note.
[Skt. 'go-; Phi. gv,

Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5,7.

g&v ;
'

New

P.

,i*<fv]

gaona-:

(i) 'color'; (2) 'exuberant appearance'. Phl.Vers. here has sirih fullness, repletion '.

sb.

m.

Vd. 3.25,

[Phi.

gif-H,

gunak ;

New

P. gtinah\ Cf.

gaoma-

(from gao-, g&u-')'. sb. m.

'meat, milk'.

66
gaomavatit-

gaotnavaiit

cafiwar'

(from gaoma-}'.

adj.

consisting of meat,

or milk'.

Yt. 5.8 (zaoprabyo).

gao$a~\fgatn
,

(from "\fguH-): sb.

[Skt. gAJfa-;

in.

'ear'.

Cf. za*ri.gaoa-, zaranyo.gao$a-.

Old
sb.

P. gausa-; Phi.

^W; New
also

P.

^j]
mar* tan-.

jam-

see under "\fjam-.

gay a-

(from

j/*-, yV-):

m.

'life'.

See

under

Ys. 26.5,10 (Gayomart).

[Skt.

gay a-; Phi. y'5;

Yt. 5.2,5.

New

P. jSn]

gar* wo"\fgarw-:

(from
vb.

'ty^tf/'fc'-)

s ^-

'womb'.

[Skt.
cl.
'.

garbha-; Phi. #*/r, B*r] \-tts 9, 10 'seize, grasp'.

'upUff.
Gr.

\-

a 'seize
;

upon

g?rwnqn

pres. subj. act. 3 pi.

(cl. g,

588) Yt. 57.25

u agy rvaye*te pres. indie, mid. 3 sg.

[Skt.

(cl.

10) Ys. 57.29.

y\ga-:

vb.

cl.

\figa-: vb. cl. gau-, see under

grabh-; Old P. garb; Phi. graft an; New P. girt/tan] 2 'go'. [Skt. ga- ; New P. g&dan] Cf. ga^a-. 4 'sing, chant'. [Skt. ga-\
gao-,
'<iv-.

gaiu-

(from l/^i^J): sb. m. (i) 'place'; (2) 'divan'.

gatu$va
P. #///] five

loc.

pi.

Vd. 6.45.
[Skt.

Cf.

also slar'ta.gatu-.
gaj>it','

gala-; Old P.
sb.
f.

Phi.

gap a-

New

(from

j/ 2,^w-):

'hymn, psalm'.

Esp. the

Gathas,

~\fgi-, ji-, ~\[gu$-: vb.

see Gr. Inlrod. p. xvii I3b. [Skt. galha-; Phi. gas] r see under

Ys. 57.8.

2ji-.

cl.

'hear'.

Cf. gao$a-, sasnd.gu^-.

ghup- ; Phi. nyofySitan ; 9 ~\[g9r iv-, see under j/".?Y?;-ft/-.

[Skt.

New

P.

nyo$idan\

"\fgram-:

vb.

'be angry'.

graqta/te pass, ptcpl. gen. sg. (6"r.

711,5)

Yt. 14.15-

Av.
i,

j.
\-vi

tfjiar-:-vb.

cl.

i,

10

'flow,

stream'.

'overflow'.

vijzara-

ye*tttim pres. ptcpl. Yt. 5.132.

[Skt. k far-}

Cf. also

Vsgar-, apajtera-.

Av. p

c.

-ca:

encl.

conj.

'and'

(Lat.
in

-que].

ca ... ca

'both

and' Ys. xi.i;

Ys. 57.17.

As

Skt.

zistaefraca Vd. 6.45.

[Skt.

sometimes apparently 'even', cf. bar'Observe -ca (GAv.) Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5.
-c,

-ca;

Old

P. -ca; Phi.

-/>]

cafwar-: num.

(6"r.

372) 'four'.

Yt. 57.27.

Cf. also tu*rya-.

P.

[Skt.

catvdr-; Phi. r^Jr, t/'^r;

New

cahar, car]

capwar* .sata.

jam num. (Gr.

366) 'forty'.

6/
Yt. 5.4.

ca]>war.sata-

(from

-f-

sc

sb. n.

[New

P. eikil]

Year-:

vb.

cl.

'move, go'.
3 sg.
sb. n.

H/

'go forth,
[Skt.

come
New

'.

'fraear&ti
P.

pres. subj. act.

5.57.24.

car-;

caridan\.

car an a- (from
car&iti-:
sb.
f.

j/~i/for-):

'instrument'.
P.

Cf. srao$o.carana~.

[Skt. kdrcnia-; cf.

'

New

<;<<-]
[Phi. caraittk}
sb.
in.

maiden '.
t

Vd. 3.24.
Gr.

car'tar-

(from
cl.

r \ ikar-

76 N.):
*

'maker'.

Cf. /rafo.-

car'tar-.

[Skt. itdrtar-\

Yzci-:

vb.

dp a-

(from

3 (6V.
-)
:

551)
sb.
f.

atone '.Cf.

>-.

[Skt.

<:/-]

1020 N.,

expi.)

'atonement, penalty'. Vd. 6.47.

'even, indeed';
5.4.'

//<?

j// f//0

(6V.

-<*//: encl. particle (i) emphatic,

(2) generalizing, yatci^

-ciy\

Ys. 57.29; kasdfca Yt.

r
-\

cis-, (kit-):- vb.

cl.

7 (6r.

-/// Old P. Cf. 555) 'announce'.

[Skt.

Av. K
(from yy<7-) jajnvffi, see under
Ys. 57.4.
:

/.

sb.

'

f.

smiting
see

*.-*-Cf. pa*ti.ja*ti-.

[Skt. ^d//-]

"\fjan-.
~\/'J

jajrnust)ina- (from jajmvah-,

~\[jad-:
vb.
cl.

am ~}'-

J?u

perl, adj.

'most prompt'.

[Cf. Skt. garniftfia-]

(w.

4 'ask, pray, demand '.ja*dyehi pres. indie, act. 2 sg. ace., Gr. 930) Ys. 11.2; ja^yantdi pres. ptcpl. act. dat. sg. m. (a-dcln. Gr. 297) Yt. 5.132.

two

[Cf.
-,

Skt. ga<f-;
cl.

Old

P.

jud;

New

gan-:

vb.

2 'strike, smite, slay'.

--

P. zfiyitan (Horn)]
{-

ni

'strike down'.

ja*t}ti pres. indie, act.

3 sg. Ys. 57.10; nijne pres. indie, mid.

3 sg. (Gr.

525) Ys. 57.29; janani pres. subj. act. I sg. (Gr. Cf.-katmr'521) Vd. 19.5; jajnvA pf. ptcpl. act. Ys. 57.10.

[Skt.

jaqtar>

(from "]//-)

han-; Old P. /aw-/ Phi. zatan; New P. zadan\ sb. m. 'smiter' nom. sg. Ys. 57.15.
:

[Skt. tiantdr-;

Old

P. jatar-; Phi.

sa/r]

gam-, jas-: vb. cl. 2, i (inchoat.) 'go, come '.- -|- z/a 'come down', -fa 'come hither', -\-paiti 'come back, come
to',

-\-fra

'go forth'.

-\-vi

'go apart, distribute'.

pa^ti.jasaiti
pres.
indie,
act.
act.

ajamyaf

aor. opt. 3 sg. Ys. 57.3;

3 sg. (inchoat. Gr.

Yt. 14.4 seq.
;

697-8) Ys. 57.12; SJasaf pres. indie,

act.

ava.jasa pres. imperat.

2sg. Yt. 5.132; vt.jasa'ti

pres. subj. act.

3 sg. Yt. 5.4

frajasqn (frajasat) bamttom pres.

68
<uibj. act.

>* ---- tan-(Gr. $ 915-4 cxmpl.') Yd. C.,}7; pa*ti.jasqn pres. subj.

pi.
I

Vt.

5.132; jajuivaha-mataj}

\A.

pirpi. act. as adj.

in

lujnntslttna-.

Skt.

jfw-. giick-; Old

;

1'.

uw-, jam-;

cf.

Phi. (gjmatan,

New
:
'J,

P. a.-uiadari\

\'

j as-

^iuchoai.), see

under

jam-.
[Cf.

\'2ji-: vb.

'live'.

Cf. ga*j>a- t jtra-.

Ski.

2 /'/-].
d".

jlra-

(fr.

|"2y/-): adj. 'lively, quick',

[Skt-yiVJ-/

New

P. s/r7* (Horn)]
(?).

jirft.sara- (fromy'
(

+ j-):

adj.

moving
cl.

the head quickly'

Vt.

14.1^

Tradition has 'intelligent',

New

V. zTrak, see

y^a X

68 N. 2) prcs. ptcf>l. act. gen. pi. "\fjiv-: vb. cl. i 'live'. fvantam (6V. m. Ys.a6.b. Old P.y/r'-/ Phi. ztvasst/ri; New P. ztsiun\ [Skt.yVz--/ ~\fju-, see under "J^/fw-.
Av.
/<?K>
/.

(hu-

ha-, la-): dem.

jSkl.
la-

pron.
1

(dcln.

/-.

Ys. 57.3,1^,29;

Vt. 5.9,
sfi-,

32; Yt. 14.5,

409) 'this Vd. 3-2^,29.

......
.

Ys. IT. 5,

(sa-,
sb.

/dj--)j

taezat

(cf.

Skt.
[Cf.

"[/"///'-):

m. 'sharpness, edge'.
tan:-.

Cf. brdibrti.tae'~a-.

Skt, h'jas-}
|'

7-

<M' r

;/ /

see under

^tak-,
t

sc2 under j/A/o.

hm

a-

(from

|'"/iif-)

Yt. 14.15.
J/

'"/iZf-,

tak-, flow'.
ii
'

Vs. atj. 3 Y*. 57. 11,33 adj. 'bold, sturdy'. [Old P. "taJpnn; (Phi. /tf^.) New P. /<i^.w] ta%c-: vb. cl. i run, rush'. -----r />'<* 'run along,
:
;

fraitica'ti,

hiti

pres.

li t <lic.

act.

Yt. 5.3,4, --Cf.

also

(''/;,

tuiin-J-,

tafyma-,
/o<r-,

/vqcij/a-.

[Skt.
ta

//^..

it

in

-i

r a-

(from

tanu--^- in*}:

/anA-; Phi. tjftaii ; N'o\v P. to^lan\ adj. 'the word incarnate' (i.
Ys. 57.33.
'.
'

e.

per-

sonification of the Manthra).

tanfi-: sb

f.

(dcln.

6V.

271)

body

[Skt. lanA-t land-; Phi.

'\ftffitc-,

/ffwf/",-

Y. 57.26 New P.
(O>.

Vol. 6.44.

/flj

see under \/'tac-.

r \ t>in.-ista-

(from
.

^//oc-,

laqc-}:

super!, adj.

365 N.

2)

'most

sturdy

Vs. 11.7;

Ysi 57.13, Nar. has a-rfkatanta-.

v.".

faraaca

(instr. advi.

Gr.

^87): prep.

ace. 'acrotsS, past'.

Yd. 3.29.

~\ftarj:>-: vb.

cl.

4 'Steal'.
tf/t-

lar'Jyal pres. (bcdry

'

subj. aci. 3 bg. Yi. 11.5.

:

[Skt.

(in trpu-*}
k

Phi. tarfiinitan
j

cf.

New

P.

larjand,

larb
1/V #/*>-: vb.
cl.

lie,

deceit

10 'overcome'.- -tn*rvuy<!Hi preb. ^ubj.

///rz'-,

act. J ng. Yt. 14.4.

[Skt.

//-v-/ Phi.

fanr \ tars- (from prah-, Gr.

[Cf. Skt. tras-;

>

09
:

698 N.)

vb. inehoat.

'

flee

'.

tar Ha

pass.

ptcpl. Vs. 57.18 (bis).

y/ a s-

vb.

cl.

indie,
'

Old P. far*-; Phi. tarsitan; New P. torsidari\ hew, shape 'construct -\- ham ItqnUa^li pres. act. 3 sg. Ys 57.10. Cf. also
'

'.

'.

[Skt. toe?-;

Old

P. ta1p~; Phi.

taltta- (from y/W-)

sb. n.

'cup',-

the sacred chalice into which the

instr.

haoma was poured.-tasta

[Phi. to.#;

*g.

Vd. 19.9.

New

P.

/a//]

fayu-: sb, m, 'thief

Ys.

1.1.3.

[Skt

/<?iw-,

c/. st&ytt

^"xia- 'steal')
Cf. tili.asura-.

tijra-, tili

compels.), cf. Skt. j/V//-.' adj. 'sharp'. [Cf. Skt. tig-ma; Phi. tfs/ New P. /f]
(in

//J/o, see under figra-.

tiii.asur a-

(see /// -f
(sea
l
fr

'

adj.
'

having sharp
sharp-tusked
'.

bristles

'.

Yt. 14.

5.

tizLaqstra
r l fu-: vb. el. Vd.
i

//'z/ -4-

^
'.

adj.

Yt. x 4.

be able

lavqn pres. (scdry.)

Phi. A/i^;;/

subj. act. 3 pi. (Gr.

486)

6.51.

[Skt. /*-,

New

P. /wt/J/i]
adj. 'fourth'.

ii'rya-

(for ^c^l^rya-, cf. --Yt. 14.11; /*>//

ti-fylu'rya-

from fapivar-}-. nam.

(6V.

934) Vd. 3.23.

[Skt. turya-f cf. Phi. caharnm ; New P. cafifirttm] Itut'rya-: adj. 'Turanian'. belonging to ihe land hostile to Iran. t&rim (Gr. 63) Yt. 11.7. [Phi. tilr, (fir an; New P. t&ran}

tiituc-: ^b.

f.

'carpet, cloth (?)'. --tftttt^a

loc.
'j

pi.

Vd. 6.51, see note.

(Cf.
I

New

P. tnf.uk 'curtain, veil

Urn: pron. 2 pers. (del. 6V. 390) thou'. -Ys. n.i,7; Ys. 57.26; Vd. 3.29; Vd. 19.6. [Skt. tvdm: Old P. twtam ; Phi.://;/ New P. /w] ttmah- (cf. Ski, ftjm '}'- slj n towavho i^ea. sg. 'darkness, Hell'.

Y
r

/<?,

982) Y;J. 57. 1 8.-*- [Skt. tqm-as; Phh /tow; see under la- above.
(6?/-.

cf.

New

P.

/<?/r/j

tqprya*

(cf.

Skt.
[Cf.

\ tam-}:
Skt.

adj.

dark'.--Yt 14.13.

fam*as-ctc.; Phi. t6rt tank;

New

P. tur]

AV. 6
\ffianj-:
vb.
cl.

10 'draw, drive, rein'.~-Cf. nipatyar-.

<

fiivaeja-;

sb. ro.

fright
I

'.-

Ys. 57.18.

]fpwa%$-:

vb.

cl.

'work, be active, be stirring,

;

make

haste'.

[Skt. tvakf-

Phi. iiifttlan}
:

pwafyfa-

(from l/^wtf^/-) Ys. 57-13.

adj.

active,

busy\}uHtjfiJ/<f.'n
Phi, tufidk

siiperl.

[Cf. Skt. to&ksas-

'

'

activity

;.

New

P.

fO
~\f"pwar~: vb. 'hasten'.
r

pwar
Cf.

daino.disa-

\ pwars-

pwars-, piv&$a-. [Skt. tvar-] Gr. 698): vb. inchoat. (i) 'cut, create'; (2) 'decide, judge'. \-fra 'cut off. \-pani 'to shoe'
(from 'tfpwar-,

(of horses).

pwir'sato pres. indie,

act.

3du. Ys. 57.2; fr5j>w9r9sd

pret. (injunct.) act. 2 sg.

Ys. 11.7; fa*ti.pwar1ta*hd pass, ptcpl.

nom.

pi.

Ys. 57.27.

Cf. also'/wJr'jfar-.

PW&, p-wqm,
r '>'-

see under turn,

Gr.
163):

390.
'

(from y'pwar-, Gr.

quick './avfp/// ace.

sb.

sg.

n.

advl.

934) Vs. xx. 7. r- (from pwars-, Gr.

decides).

[Skt. t&rtani\

39

exp].):

'judge'

(i.e.

who

Ys. 57.2 note.

frah-:

vb. 'fear, (dcln.

be
(TV.

terrified'.
'

Sec yiars-.
three
*

[Skt.

//w-]
in.

///-: num.

371)

.prdyo nom.
P. .//]

pi.

Ys. xx.i.

'[Skt. tri-; Phi.

New
'

Prityaprigva-

(from /;v-):

num.
1

adj.

third \-prityd
[Skt.
in.

(Gr.
;

997) Yt. 14.9;

Spritim (Gr.'% 375) Ys. 57.31.

tftiya-

Old

P.

r
itiya-]

(from /r/-,

/'.

376

N., 827):. sb.

'a third'.

Ys. xx.;.

[Phi. srisutak]

prqf-:

vb. 'to satisfy'.

prof9d<>
*kt.

pass, ptcpl.

nom.
sb.

sg.

m. (Gr.
'three

77 N. 3)

Ys. 57-14.

[Cf.

//-/-

(irmp-dti).

pryafySti- (from jri-+ya.Jti-, Gr.

haoma) Gr.
891.

68

a):

f.

stalks'

(of

Ys. 57.6 note.

Av. _3

d.

(ta*yhu-,

datiyu- (from
'country,
nation',

"\fJavk-,

da/i-}\

sb.

f.

(dcln.

<7r.

270)

the

largest

division in the four-fold con-

wnana-, (1} vis-, (3) zaqtH-, {ta%yu-.Ys. 57.14; Yt. 5.6; Yd. 3.27. [Cf. Skt. ddsyu; Old P. dahyu-; Phi. dahyte, dih ; New P. dih\ daiyhu.paiti- (from d -f 2 /) sb. m. 'lord of the nation, governor'.
(4)
:

stitution of the Iranian state, viz. (i)

Vd. 19.6.
Yt. 5.1.

[Phi.
</

dahyupat}
-f //):
adj.

da*ig htt.fr Rdan a- (from

'increasing the country*.

daena-

(from |A#-): sb. f. 'conscience, Religion*. The datnS (New P. dtn) is an integral element in the spiritual constitution of man,

by the
the

light

of which he discerns
religion.

right

and
;

wrong;

hence
;

divine insight,
[Phi. din,

Ys. 26.4,6
P. din]

Ys. 57.24 (bis)

Vd. 19.6,7.

dtn;
t

New

daino.disa-

religion'.

(from dalna--\-'\fdisYs. 57.24.

Gr.

866): sb. m. 'teacher of the

daeman

das ti-

dal man- (from daSva-: sb. m.

]/Vj-)

sb. n. 'eye*.

Cf.

smar$nd.daeman-.'\R&N. dei\
'the Daevas', Gr.
sg.
f.

'devil,
41.

Demon'. Esp.
Fzm.daevt-.

plur.

Introd.

p. xxvii

adj. 'devilish'.

31,32,33; Yt. 14.4;

daevay& gen.

Ys. 57:17,18 (bib), 68 N. 3, adj. (Gr.

257) Ys. 57.15.

[Opp. Skt. devd- ('god,

divine'),-

==

Phi. dev

('demon');

New
daevo.d&ta(from
Ys. 57.25
j

P. dev,
-\- i

div ('demon')]
:

dafva-

data-}
(bis).

adj.

'created

by
(loc.
cf.

the

Demons'.

Vd. 19.5

dao$atara-:

adj.

'western, occidental'.
\b.

[Cf. Skr. dosA-

Ys. 57.29 'evening'; Phi. do'Sasiar ;

sg.}.
E>.

New

doH\

ydavh-, dak-:
dahmn-.

'be mighty, be wise'

das-}
n.

(Pischel).

Cf. daukah-,

[Skt. dqs-,

davhahdapt

(from ydavh-, dah-): sb.

[Skt. dqsas-}

'mastery'.

Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5.

dapu$a, dadqsudadvahydar-:

see under |/V<?-. see under dadvah-.

(redupl.
(pf.

from

~\filqs-,

das-)-,

adj.

'biting'.
sb.

Yt. 14.11.

ptcpl.

from

'\fda-,

Gr.

340);

m. 'creator, Maker'.

d<ipu$at abl. sg. (6V.

vb.
cl.

86) Yt. 5.7.

-

i,

10 'hold, keep'.

+ av

pres. indie, act.

2 sg. 'hold back,

'apply'. ddrayehi (cl. 10) keep from' Ys. 11.3; ava ...

dar'ja\

Cf. also drva-. (cl. 10) imperat. mid. 2 pi. Vsp. 15.1. dhar~; Old P. dar- ; Phi. dastan; New P. dastan] Vd. 3.24 (6>. 977 expl.). (from ~\fdraj-)\ adj. 'long, continual'. [Skt. dirgha-(Gr. 48); QhW'.darga-; Phi. der ; New P. dir}

darayadwjw
[Skt.

rdars-: vb.

cl.

'see, look'.

Cf. fradtr*sra-, hvar*.darsya-.

[Skt. dars-]
r \ darS-:

vb.

cl.

5 'be bold,

[Skt.

be hardy'. dhar?-; Old P. darJ-]

adj.

Cf. ttarfi-, dar$ita-.

dar$i- (from
sg.

~\fdar3-}\

'bold,

hardy \dar$yotf (observe/!) gen.

[Cf.

254) Yt. 14.2. dar $it a- (from ydarX-, pass, ptcpl. Gr.
Ys. 57.11.

m. (Gr.

Skt. dadhj-fi-}

712, 786 N. i): adj. 'daring'.

[Skt. dhrtita-; cf.

cl.

ydarz-

(cf.

\fdraj- below): vb.

New V._duruSt (Horn)] 10 'hold, fasten'. \-ni 'fasten

pret. (injunct.) act. 3 pi.

down, secure'.
das a-: num.
adj.

nidarzayyn

Vd. 6.46;

nidar>zaycon.ti pres. subj. act. 3 pi.

Vd. 6.47.

[Skt. dark-]

(6V.

[Skt.

366) 'ten'. Cf. paiica.dasah-. ddia-i Phi. dah> dahum ; New P. dah\

tins ft- (from yds-): sb. n.

paying

'.

daste dat. sg. as infin. (Gr.

254

Dat.) Vsp. 15.1 note.

adj.

'right'.
1

the left

Ja/taka-:

sb.

m.

da$'wa bazvti havdyaca 'with the right arm and Vd. 3.25 note. [Skt. ddftsiw : Phi. ita&n] some kind of a serpent. Esp. azi dahdka 'Azhi
In Vs.

Dahaka, the dragon'.

fiendish creatures.

n.6 duhnkUca

(Gr.

19) denotes

dahntad.

(from \fdauh-, dak-}\ (i) sb. m> 'master

4

(a Dastur);

(2) adj.

pious '.
-

[Cf.

Skt. datnui'
-\-

Phi. dahni\
adj.

kyr'ta

(from

dc

k?r!a^:

'begotten of pious parents'

(see dcilivia-) Ys. 26.9.

-,
,

-[Phi. uah:nan-kart\

see under datyhtt-.

cl.

dn]>~: vb.
-f a'tcv

(Gr.

541 seq.) 'give, put, create, make'.

'

-\~fra

'pluce around'. ---- {* uz 'elevate, preserve'. 'erect' de pos :'. < ~\- vl -f'profer, give'.
i t

(a house).

-^fl'rt'/jfrfV/

pres. indie, act.

.sg

Vt. 5.2; dtiiiiUint pret.

</<//<//

indie, act.

sg.

(6V

3 du. (6V. 553) Ys.

543) Vs. 57. 17;

11.5; Vd.

pret.

indie, act.

\w\-fradafrn
I p]>

Vd. 19.9; nidapGina

]>res.

pres.

subj. act.

553) Vd. 6.44,49; niddfilu.

(Gr.

subj. mid. 3 sg. (6V. 546) Vd. 6.51; dayM aor. opt. act. 2 sg. (Gr. 634) Ys. 57.26; 2-i(ttltJtH pass, ptcpl. Ys. 57.21. Cf. u l ividiina-, itzdiinn-. [Skt. ^7-, <//m-

(0V.

83),

Old

P.

da-; Phi. ^l/o/?,

New

].

d&itya\tta.lU"

(from 2 <&/#-,
pi.

(7r.

85.2): adj.

'lawful, right \~-dattyanqm gen.

sg.

n.

Vsp. 15.1; d&ltlni pacina. ace,

|,

n.

Vt. 5.2.

(from

/Vtf-)

pass, ptcpl. as adj. 'created,

established '.~Cf.

tihnrn.data-,

niatda

rfaSuo*.

da fa- (from

preceding): sb. m. 'law, ordinance'. -Yt. 14.5.

\

d filar-

[Old P. ^d&la-i Phi. .d&t; New P. dad 322) 'maker Creator'. (from \fda*}\ sb. ni. (dcln. 6V. Vd. 3.23 Vd. 6.44 seq.
;

Yt. 14.1

[Skt.

dfatar-; Pbl. daitir ;

sb.
f.

New

P.

d&dSi^
'

ddfi-i- (from Jalar-]:

benefactress .jaidyaqtdi dapril dyapttm 'she that grants a favor to the qne that asks' Yt. 5.132.
'giver,
[Skt.

d&tri-\
:

d Satan- (from

\fda-]

sb.

r>.

(dcJn. 6>.
<;V.

308) 'creature, creation' (col-

lective),

Ys. 57.2. (bis,

308 expl.),i6,i7,3o.
huJah,

[Skt.
-;
sh>.
f.

dliaman-; Thl.
in

tfitm\

'wisdom',

duidtiJi-,

and according
'

to

Plil.Vers.

maidah-.

.[Cf. Skt. dhi-\

~ (from a'fi/iyu-, 6V. g825<l): adj. national'. Vs. 26.1.

bel6nglng to the country,

di

draonah-

73
1023 N.);

di-:

3rd. pers. (Or. 396) 'he, it*.. Vd. 3.29 (<7/-. Vd. 6.45. P. di-\ [Old Cf. daenv.disa-. "\fdis-: vb. cl. 4, xo 'point, show, teach'.
encl. pron.

[Skt.

<//>'-]

"\fdf-,

did-:
(Gr.

vb.

cl.

2,

3 'see, look'.
pf.

\-vi

'look around'.

i<jdidv&
Cf.

68 N. 2 expl.)

act. ptcpl.

nojn. sg. Yt. 14.13.

also dacnian-t ddifrra-.

[Cf. Skt. dhi-, dldhl-; Old. P. di-; Phi. dltan;

New

P. .fidau]

di-

(fr. \fdt-\. sb.

f.

'thought, devotion'.
evil beings),

See under
shout'.

for'3a*di-.
\-

[Skt. <///-]

j/V-;

vb.

el.

'speak (of

P&ti 'vociferate
indie,

in

response

'./r/'Vi

...

adavafa

pret.

mid.

3 sg.

dztjl

Yd. 19.6,8. [Phi. davastan] dttz" {Gr. 753 N. 2): inseparable prefix 'evil, bad'.
Peculiar
[Skt.
-

Cf. dttl-

is

d3u$.sravahP. //J*/ Phi.

(q. v.).

df;

Old

<&a; New
P. dusinan]

P.

^/^j
m.
''foe'.

(from

</<// -f-

w)

adj.
;

'evil-minded'.

sb.

Ys. 57.26.

[Phi.

duStnan

New

see under duf.

du 1. da man

(from duf~\-d]
sg.

adj.

'evil-creating, maleficent^,

duz.damo

nom.

m. (-dcin.,

6^r.

234

b)

Vd, 19.6,8.

ttuid&h- (from diti+d&h- q. v.): nom. sg. in. Ys. 57.25

[Skt. J*4h?-,- Phi.

adj.
;

'evil-thinking, malignant
voc. sg. m. Vd. 19.5,9.

'.duidtd

^/

.///!</,
:

duldfin&k;

New P.
sb.

^^//,
u.

/wirf 'thief']

dulvarsta-

(from
'far'.

rf///

4- z')

adj.

'ill-done'.

'evil

deed'.

Vsp. 15.1.

[Phi.
ciurfff

dilshi'tvarSt\

dura-

adj.

(Gr.

731,4) Ys. 57.14; Yt. 5.3; du*re

Cf.

..

aetahe

'far from
[Skt.

him'

Yt. 14.13.
P.

duracstika-.

dura-; Old
loc.,

duraSnika-

(from dura-,

6>.

V/r-; Phl.y^r; 877 d -f- sftka-}

New
:

P. diir\
'

sb. n.

far-reaching

glance*.

Yt. 14.13.

dtiraoja-: adj. 'holding death afar' (so Phi. tradition). haomd dftr ciefd Phi. Jtiros] nom. sg. m. Ys. 11.3. [Cf. Skt. d&rofd-; ill-famed '.sb. n. dsus.sravah- (from dus \- syavah- Gr. 60): adj.
' t

'

slander ''.dSu'l.sravat hacimnd

~\fdt-)
:

attended by slanders' Ys. 11.1,3*

Cf.

'ddifrra- (from
wiri".

sb.

n.

'eye'.

Ys. 11.4.

vzr-zi.doipra-, spiti

[Phi. doisar]

dqnta,
~\/dqs-,

see under daman-,

das-:

vb. 'bite'.

Cf. dadqsu-,

ifqsfra-.

[Skt. </#/-, das-]

dqstra- (from \r dqs-,

rfs-): sb, n. 'tusk' (of boar).

Cf. tili.dqstra-.
flat

draonak-:

sb. a. 'offering, portion',-- Later the

daiun a small

cake

used, like the

[Cf. >Skt.

Hebrew shew-bread,

in the oblation. --Ys. 11.4,5,7.

drdvitws-; Phi. dar-un;

New

P.

darun\

JA

draonian

{kaeja-

draoman]/'draj-,

(from ~\[dru~
vb.

q. v.)
cl.

sb.

n.

'assault'.

Ys. 57.25.
pres.

(drag-):
sb.

'hold'.

dralimnd

ptcpi.
[Cf.

mid.

(Gr.

177) Ys. 57.31.

Cf. dar'ja-

and ydarz-.

Skt, dark-}

draf$a-:
driju-:

m. 'spear, banner' (attached to spear).

[Skt. drapsd-; Phi. drafs;

Ys. 57-25.

New

P.

diraf!}
f.

adj.

'poor'.

drijaojfcu drivy&sea gen. sg. m.

[Phi. dargtli;

(Gr.

362,2)

Ys. 57.10.-

New

P. darvlS]

drlvy&sca,

y<////-:
dru-:
sb.

vb.

cl.

see under driju-. Cans, I 'rush'.

'make onslaughts'.
[Skt.

dravayal caus.

subj. act.
n.

3 sg. (w. ace.) Ys. 57.25.

(2)

/r-]
Cf. fritter u-.

(i)

'wood',

'mace' (wooden

club).

[Skt. dru-}

"\fdruj-: vb.

cl.

6 'deceive, lie' (esp. hurt by deceit).

Cf. druj-, drvaqt-.

[Skt. drttk-;

Old
f.

P.

&//-////

Phi. drUjttan}
lie

druj-

(from \[druj^\ sb.

sonified.

'fiend,

Falsehood',
druh-; Phi.

and corruption per-

Ys. 57.15.
:

[Ski.

rtV///]

drva- (from J/V<7/'-) adj. 'firm, sound*. Cf. drvatat-. 'soundness'. drvatat- (from drva-, Gr. 842): sb. Gr. drvaqt- (from druj-, 31 expl.) adj. (dcln. 6V.
f.
:

[Skt.

dhnnd-}

Y*. 57.26.

fiendish'.
34).

sb.

m. 'fiend,

(pi.)

291) 'wicked, the wicked' (6V. Introd. p. xxv

Ys. 57-25 (bis), 3 2/ darvami ; [Cf. Skt. druhvan-; Phi,

New
dii.

P.
n.

dva-: num.

(6>.
[Skt.

370) 'two'.

o'i/y*

.ra'A?

ace.

darvand} Vd. 6.48.

dvd-;

I'hl.
:

</,n.

New
*

P. </]

dva e siva-

(from
cl.

yVwV-)
I

sb.

hatred '.Cf. vidvailtoa-.

beings).

'\fdvar-: vb.

'rush'
[

(of

evil

dvartqli pres. indie, act.

Ys. 57.18.

Phi. tfavaristfitt]

dvar-, dvara-:
"\fdvii(cf.

sb.

n.

'door'.

Vd. 3.29.

[Skt. di'fir-,

dvara-; Old P. duvara-;

New

P. dar}

/#/): vb. 'hate, be malicious'.

[Skt.

Cf. dvaiStva-.

dvis-; Phi.

Av.
-

(^

/.

(conn. w. y^/7-, r/7- 'announce'): sb. m. velation, promulgation of the Religion).

'announcement'
adj.

(re-

claiming the religion, promulgator

first

'.

'proEsp. pao*ryo.{kaf$d the

(as subst.)

faithful

i.

e.

the disciples pf Zoroaster

who made

the

first

pro-

pau*rya nqm [kagjapaganda, including also himself (Yt. 13.90). nqm gen. pi. in. Ys. 26.4; KhafriS fkaf^o 'the Ahurian Revelation'
Ys. 57.24.
Cf. also ahnr5.lkal$a-.
[Phi. kcS ;

New

P. */V]

tbae$ah
-

nazdyahYt. 14.4.

jC

(from j//<W-): sb. n. 'hatred, malice'. [Skt. dvcsas-; Phi. l>es]

vb.
cl.

/-

(cf. dvi$-}:

4 'hate'.

jbifyeutfqm pres. ptcpl. act. gen.

pi.

m.

Ys. 57.26.
-

-[Cf. Skt. dvif-; Phi. betitan}

(from ]//*/-): adj. 'hating, malicious'.

Yt. 14.4 (gen. pi.).

Av.

n.

na:

neg. 'n-' (in composition).

[Skt.

Cf. nava.

nd;

Phi. n-;
adj.

New

P. na,

nah-"]

n a try a- (from nar-}:

[Skt.

'manly, human'.
cf.

Cf. P.

ndrya-;

Phi. nerok;
-}-

New

na^ry J. savha- (from

'*

na'rya',

s)

sb.

m. nom. propr.

(Gr.

893)
Ys. 57.3.

Nairyosanha
na): neg.
[Cf. Skt.

messenger of Ahura Mazda;

"not, nor'. Ys. n.6.

later

Neryosang.

Compare VedtcNdj-Ssasa-, name of Agni.

na^nm sauham

naeda
11

(cf.

conj.

em a-:

sb. n. 'side'.

Vd. ig.5(bU).
'
'

Cf. an.tara.nacna-, upafri

P.

nistara.

nabann zdiSta[Cf.

nema-; Phi. nem, nemak; New from nabinavel -j- tuisdiSta-} (

:

mm,
'

ntiiiah-}
'

adj.

next-of-kin

(nearest relatives).
Skt. nabh&ntdlsthai

"\fnain-: vb.

cl.

'bow, bend,
cf.

flee'.

nom. propr. Phi. nabanazdist ] fra ... \-fra 'flee from'.

;

i&mante
(on

pres. indie, mid. Ys. 57.18;

*///,
sb.

^.

nar-, nar a-:

m. (dcln.

franamS'ne pres. subj. mid. 478 N. 2) Ys. 57.18. [Skt. nam-} Gr. 332) 'man'. Ys. 26.6,7,10; Ys. 57. 14,34
;

Yt. 5.4; Yl. 14.17;

[Skt.
1

Vd. 3.27 seq.

Yd. 6.44,49.
nar\ Ys. 11.3.

nar-; Phi. ;w?r-;

New

P.

[Cf. Skt. na vd} //] 366) 'nine '.-[Skt. nava; Phi. ;/<7z/, nuh; New P. nava.yafySti- (from 2 nava -{- y} * sb. m. 'nine stalks' (of Barsom).

nava

(from na

+ va}:

neg. particle 'not'.

nava- num.

(Gr.

Ys. 57.6 note.

j/"ittrtj-: vb.
cl.

[Skt.

4 'perish, be ruined'. Cf. uasit-. \nas-; Phi. nostmian (caus.); New P. tiastdan]
v
)

nastt- (from yiwtfj--): sb^^(i 'corpse', (2) nom. propr., esp. w. druj 'the D ruj Nasu (corpse-fiend); the spirit of corruption, which ruisits in the form of a fly takes possession of the dead body.
'

(nom. as
[Phi.

ace.,

Gr.
;

926)

Vd

19.5.

nasat

New
adj.

P. w/Vj/ cf.

Gk.

vix-?)f]

nazdyah-, nazdiSta-:
nabanazdista-.

compar.,

superl.

'nearer,

nearest'.

Cf.

[Skt. ntdlyas-, nedislha-

Phi. nazdtk, nastiisl ;

New

P.

nazd]

76
nil, see

>J

p^tl

under nar*.
]fnad-}: Ys. 57.10 note.
a.lj.

n&*dy<ih- (from
'-

compar.
sb.
i.

'

weaker .na'dy&uhtm

(Gr.

346)
10

(from nar-, Gr.

837):

f.

'woman,
P.

wife'.

Ys. 26.7,

8,

geo. sg. Ys. IT.

I

Skt. nltri-; Phi.

n&ink ;

New
Cf.

ttSri]

f-:

vb. 'be needy,

be weak'.

nd'dyah.-.

[Skt.

itfidJi,

natk-\

Mi 9

see under in. see under

"\fjttn-.

nijne,

nipaJ^ta r- (from

]f/>a%/'"\

sb.

m. 'driver'

(i.e.

he

who

holds the

reins).

iiifiaiffii

noni. sg. Ys. 11.2.

:

nipa*ti- (from 1//-j

/<//
(cf.

sb.

f.

safe-keeping

'.

Yt. 5.6.

w)

vbl. prefix (Cr.

nis,

rtiiauhar'ti- (from
;/ /
.?

749) 'out, forth'. [Skt. nis] nl -\\fhar-, Gr. 754,3): sb. f.

'

guardian-

ship '.--Yt. 5.6

a

(dat. sg.).

vhasti-

see under \f'had-.

n it tar a- (from rtiJF): rulj. -outer'. Cf. niftara.Mag//ta-. nitfara. n a $ma- (from iv> -f- ) sb. n. 'the outside'.
:

Ys. 57.21

(6V.

731,4). */44*rv0*'//j see under

\fJtitr-.

ni

(nl):

vbl.

prefix

(<.
Old
-

750) -down,
P.
///>.,

in,

unto'.

[Skt. M/;

Phi.

/r/o,-

New

P.

ni*\

nrmufi-.ttiom \fnam-}: sl) Tu 'homage'. Ys. ii.S. [Skt. namas- ; Phi. namaz, mimec ; >few P. nan/di] nd, n& sec under :#///, 6'r. 386.
,

oi/

(cf.

):

adv. 'not'.
n-gd
-

\'s.

ti.f

Ys. 57.17

et passim.

[Skt.

Old
\[

P. na-iy:

New

P.
cf.

/r^]

nmSna^

(GAv. d*m&na-.
sb. n.

dam-

'build',

Skt. damas-,

Gr

'85):

'house, abode'.

The
state,

unit (family) in the Four-fold arrange(i) nmanu*-,

V.s.

ment of the Iranian

(4)

vi/.

yi] vis-,
(bis),

(3) zotifu-,

dahyu-.\s. n.6;

Ys. 26.7;

57.10, 14

2 1,34; Yt. 5.6.

[Old P. tnoniya-; Phi. ;<?/// New P. ///J//J * ttmtliiya* (from nrndud-}: a ^j- belonging to the house' Ys. 26.1 (cf. Ys. 23.1). rank of a householder).

(having the

Av.
i/*rt/:'- (from

<y

/.
C'f.

a^rapa'ti, fvu?pa[f)\'a-. Nc\v P. ^t/J 2/ni'fi: (i) vbl. pr;fix ((7r. $ 735. 750) 'towards, against, back'. With ace. yal Ad pa'ti wher(2) prep, 'to, upon, for, with'.
-

J/V-): SD
;

tord'.

[Skt. pdti-

Phi.

/to7,

/)a/,-

'

ever indeed' Vd. 3 23;

dat.

&me

pa*tl Vd. 6.51;

with ins.tr. &HIO, pttnl Yt. 5.3,---with cf. Vd. 19.6, 7 ,8,9,---with abl. //<*-

st)i-(at pniti

bar'smin (Gr.

966 N.
Ys,.
c.

iiaruipyd pa'ti

'upon Albor/' with. I o account' Vd. 6.48

;

with gen. 2) Ys. 57>2; 57.19,21; uptake paH't 'on ihis

l,

Ys. 57. 1 9.

31

Yt; 5.9 (pa'ti);

Vd. 6.45.

Cf.

also pai'ijasaiti, pn*liltana- etc.

FSkt. pvati;

Old

P. jmtiy
f.

;
'

Phi

^*rf;

New

;tf,<

//]
(cf. />*'-

panl.jani-

(from /

-j-

/a 'V/-)r <b.

smiting '.---Ys. 57.36.

paiti.jr'n- (from
paitiftiina- (from

jiitts-t*

V^-):
gen.
:
:

tyara^}.pa{ti.3r

j n6

sg.

a ^J' 'opposing, combative* m. Yt. 14 15.

sb.
in.

pa'ti-}- \ ~sta-]

'foot, leg'
; 'PJil.

(lit.

'support').

Cf. hupaittttana-.

[Ski. pratisthana:

patiJMttt]

paiti*zattltt- (from y*2 sfl-)

(lit.

pass,

ptcpl, adj.

'welcomed; received'
receiving*

'acknowledged, recognized'),
-\-

Ys. 57.14,33.
i.

pa'tvast'i- ^from p&ti

(mentally).
'
t

\l ah,-,

;,?-?):

sb.

'acquisition,

Vsp. 15 ;3.
r

/ a i mnu- see under \ pal-> pa*pya- (from ipa*ti-}: (i) sb.

possession.

n.

'Idrdship, possession'.

(2)

suffix

of.

Cf. haepaipya-.

pa*rl

(Gr.
\v.

735, 750):
ace. dat. abl.

(f^ adv.

and

vbl. prefix

'from,
..

against'.

around'.--(2) With abl. Ys. 57. 25

'

prep.
(bis);

with d a

t.

pa^ri

Cf. pah-'n'&za-.

[Skt.

var*2&i 'against doing' Vsp. 15.1. pdri; Old P. party; Phi. par; JNew P. A"*]

pa*ri*9k(tr$t*~i
pa,*rika~:
sb.
f.

-see

under

"\fhar-.

'Pairika, Peri',
Yt. 14.4';

a class

oi

female

fairies

bewitching

and seductive.
[Phi.

Vd, 19.5 note.

punk; New
'[/"ga-,

P. pert,

pan]
sb.

pa*ri.ga- (trom

cf.

Slct.

purogfr^*.

m.

'cycle,

period'

(cf.

7tept-o5o).

Cf. following,
'

pa* r i.ga.vac&h(.so

rightly Phi. Vers. ).

(from pa'ri.go --r?-'* cab*-}', adj. speaking timely words' Vs. 57.20 nole (6V. 864 end, -t-).
|/"^<z/-.

<7

*'v

i&kf-afyta-, ^ee under

adj.

parva-:

pa^rvutalpaema.n-: sb.

'before, prior'. u (from pa rva-]: sb.

'

{Skt. pttrvd-, Gr.

i.

48; Old

I'.

/i# ; //^</-]

'priority,
5.
;>,?#*;

mastery
P.

'.- Vs. 57.20.

11.

milk \--Yt. 5.2

/'tiy.tis-;

[Cf.

Skt.

Phi

New
11.

///]

poesah-, pacsaCf.
-

(ffom

|/"//.f-,

q, v.):

sb,

'form, figure, beauty'.

Ys. 26.2, 3;

i'~ispv.pMsa-,

st?hr.
Gr,

[Skt. pesas-, pcsa-\

(from parva-,
Yt. 14.2,
5.

62.
v.

852

expl.):

'first'.

\Vith //imvfc- q.

Ys. 26.4.

[Skt. ptlrvytl--;

Qid

P.

pamviya-\

78
"\fpat-: vb.
cl.

pat-

papra-

ptcpl.

4 'possess' (Lat. -/to/iri\ pa^imno (Gr. 63 'expl.) pres. mid. Ys. 57.20. [Skt. pat-, patyate 'possess']
Vs. 57.28.
Skt. pattrita-\
'.

patar*ta-

(from *paiira- 'wing'): adj. 'winged'.

[Cf.
'

pad-:

sb.

m.

foot

/tfrfc?

ace. pi.

Vsp. 15.1.
Ys. 57.8.

Cf. pad*-.

[Skt.

pad-; Old P. /W-j

366) 'five'.

paqc a:

num. (Gr.
[Skt.

pdnca;

Phi.
:

/awiv
adj.
:

New

P.

//]

panca.dasah-

/ fiaqca.yafySti- (from /
(from

+ </)
-f-

>')

'of fifteen (years) '.Yt. 14.17 note, sb. in. 'five stalks' (the haoma twigs).

Ys. 57.4 note.

\\par-: vb. cl. par a-: (i) adv.

(

9 (Gr.

591)

'fill'.

Cf. piia-.

[Skt.

par-}
(2) prep.

and

vbl. prefix

(Gr.

750) 'forth,
Cf.

away';
P. /ar]

Gr

735) 'before, from'.

under

"\fbar-.

[Skt.

part; Old

P.

para; Phi. par;

New

/r<7

(cf.

731), with abl. 'before, from'; para}-, prep, and postpos. (Gr. w. ace. 'besides'. Ys. 57.18 (w. abl. bis), 25; Yd. 3.27 (with
ace. bir'pwqm}.
[Skt.

paras;

cf.

Gk. rcapog]
(prob. paroha-

p ar dkatar st jma-f-

MS. parCi.kaiarsttma:

Skt.

parakagiven by

tartta- q. v.)

superl. adj. 'fled

from even

at a distance'.
is

Ys. 57. 13.

Here the MS. reading pard.katarsliiMin.

pars-,
[Cf.

the Phl.Vers. pes-kamak-tuui 'foremost in loving'.

par$u-

(if

Skt.

r
~\

pru?-?):

sb. n.

'drop,

stream'.

Cf.

par$va~

nika-(Y).

New

P. parit

'brook, spring']
'
:

parjvanikaface'

(perh.
e. (t.

from -par$u- -p atnika-} adj. having a dripping ( ? ) foaming from madness or rut). Uncertain. Perhaps
is

here a'^nika-

'line of battle', cf. p?t^J>va^mk<i-.

\\..

14.15.

paskat

(from

731,4): (1) adv. 'behind, from behind'; Ys. 57.29 (bis). (2) prep, 'behind'. [Skt. po'fcSf]
fiasco,

Gr.

fiasco: prep. w. ace.

'after'.

Ys. 57.10,16.
P. fiasa; cf. Phi.

[Skt. pasca;

Old

pas;

pascatta
\ pa-:
r

(from pasca}: adv. 'after, afterwards'.

(cf.

New P. pas] Ys. 57. 17 pascaeta ...

'.

yal 'since'
vb.
cl.

Biblical 'after that' Jer. xxxi.19).

\-

2 'keep, protect'. 3 ?g. Yt. 14.12,2 sg. Ys. 57.25;

[Skt.

ni

'keep saf e

-/J'V/'

pres. indie.

act.

nipa'ti Ys. 57.16 (bis);

nipayft

pres.

opt.

act.

pala pass, ptcpl. Ys. 57.34; Yt. 14.12.

p&irivaza-

pa-; Old P. pa-; New P. fiayiJan] r 60 a): adj. 'rushing about'. (how. pa'ri -\-\ vas-, Gr.
sb. n.

Yt. 14.15.

papra-

(from j//a-)
[Skt.

'keeping, protection'.
Phi. pat (Bund.);

Yt. 5.6 dat. sg. innn.

P. pas,

patra-;

cf.

New

pahrah (Horn)]

p&da

fofd.sara-

JQ

pa da-

(from /<*/-): sb. m. 'foot'.

[Skt.

Vd. 6.46.

pada-; Phi. pal;

adj.

New

P. pSi,

pa}

papa-

(from

~\[pa-)\

'protecting*.
z>

Cf. next word.

p&po.vacah-

(fro ni />/<*

(from J//J-):

sb.

8 words protect '. Ys. 57. 20 note. ): adj. 'whose m. 'keeper, protector'. payu pw6r*$tara ace.

du. (clvandva,
[Skt.

Gr.
cf.

879) Ys. 57.2 note.

Phi. panak]

payu-;
Skt.
cl.

-: sb.

m. 'heel'.
[Cf.

Cf. kasu.pa$na-.

parwi-; Phi. paSnak;

5 'advance'.
sb.

New

P.

pajnah}
[Skt. //-, pinv-\

r
"\

pi-, pinv-: vb.

Ys. 11.4.

Cf. anu.poifwa-. (dcln.

p'tar-, patar-, ptar-;

[Skt. pitdr-;

m.

Gr.

322, 235)

'father'.

Old

P. pitar-; Phi. pit;

New

P. pidar,

pid\

1///J-:

vb. 'form, adorn'.

Cf. paSsah-.

[Skt. ///-; Phi. pesitan;

New

P. abestan 'adorn']

\r-pu1ida- (from/fl^ra): num.

adj.

(Gr.

374)

'fifth'.

Yt. 14.15.

[Cf. Skt. pant^tha-^

pu}ra-:
p?rJ>u-:

sb.

m. 'son'.
[Skt.

Ys. xx.i; Vd. 3.25; Vd. 19.6.

Cf. apupra-.

adj.

r putrd-; Old P. pup a-; Phi. pusar, pus; New P. pusar,pur] See next word. 'broad, wide'. [Skt. pfthu-\

p9rpH.frHkapir'na-

Yt. 5.1. (from ): adj. 'wide-expanding'. sb. f. 'a full vessel'. aoi pir9nqm (from \i~par-}: adj. 'full'. 'down to the full (vessel of milk at the sacrifice)' Yt. 5.1,32.

p+/r

ptr's-,

p9$a-

Cf. also aptr'nayuka-. [Skt. pur#d- ; see under ]ffras-. 163, probably from (for p9rta~, Gr.
filled
(i.

Phi.

par;

New

P. pur]

}[ipar-}\ pass, ptcpl. adj.

forfeit'.

e.

with

sin),

condemned,
its

difficult

and

In the exgeneral idea is clear. pressions p*6.ianu-, pz$d.sara-, the inference seems to be to a superfluity of sins which would render the body (or head) for-

uncertain word,

though

feit

when weighed
safely

in the balance

and would prevent the soul

from

crossing

the Chinvat Bridge.

When

a person beas
is

comes

p3$o.tanu-, pt&.sara-,

he

is

practically
etc.

condemned

one
ne-

possessed;

atonement by castigation

(see upazana-^]

cessary in order drive out evil the right side of the scale.

and
'a

to

increase the weight

on

See next word.

f.

p*jd.tanu-

(from bja-

+ tanu-}
etc.'

(i) sb.

body

filled

with sin';

(2) adj.

'having
sg.

i.e.

'damned'.
[Cf.

tanuye dat.

Vd. 6.48.

New

See under p9$a-.pe$6.P. baSotan 'vile wretch ']

is forfeit'
(cf.

pyfo.sdra-

(from

p^a-

+ s&ra-)
m.
'

(i) adj.

'whose head
Ys. 11.3
(cf.

pa$a-}.

(2) sb.

criminal'.

Yt. 14.46).

8o
po*ru(from "\f\par-\.
'

po^ru -- fravaka'full,

adj.

many,

rich',
'

Comparison

.\' u ru-,

frayah-, frvtfta- rcoXug, itXeiwv, TrXEtsios (/* See next word.

fSkt. f>uru~;

365) Vd. 3.23,29.

P.

Old

P.

paru-; Phi.
q. v.)
:

/>; Now

/r]

povnt.aeaityti- (from p*

+ asafyti/w-)
:

adj. 'rich in

understanding'.
Vs. 11.2.

Vs. 57.20.

a- (from /
(from
loc.

-f-

adj.

-'thronged with men'.

(

pwu-,
-f*

Gr.

851):
'

adj.

crowded

'.

po*ruma*ti
I

sg. n. VS. xi. 2.

r u.

a r'da - (from p*
[Phi.

sarda-}

adj.

manifold

'.

YS.

x.6.

PC,

i*

rtf.

p#rsartak] sb. f. spafysti- (from / -|- ->') i'hl.Vcrs. has pul patptnih (cf.
:

full

watch
1*.
'

over'.-- Vs. 57.26,

New
propr.

fasba* 'keeper').

pV'ru $as/>a-

(cf.

asfia-}:

sb.

m.

nomen

Pourushaspa', father of

Zoroaster.

Vd. 19.6 note.

[I'M. fi'ifsusp;

New

P.

purisasp\

Av.

Q)

/.

/ra

a
,

fra:

adv.

and

vbl.

prefix (6>.
P.

750) 'forwards, forth'.

[Skt. //-4;
:

Old

fra;
:

Phi.

//,

/ra, cf.//v7.i;

New

P.

/Vz/j

frai'Sta- (see /><>/-) super!, adj. 'most'. Vd. 3.23. fraolt^a- (from y>v/- -f- 1/Wr-j pass, ptcpl. adj. 'pronounced'.
[Skt. prdkta-}

Cf.

jraofyti- (from

Yvaf
sb.

">

(jr'

7^ s

s1j -

^ 'pronunciation'.
?

Vsp. 15.2.
i

fraorinta, see // ar asyan:

under

j^w-.
'

m. nom. propr.
xi. .7

Franrasyan

later

fr

-s

y ab

).

See Vs.

note.
'\fhurz-.

fray/iar*zi*itqt/t, sec uuder

fradapa-

r (from \ da~]

.sb.

n.

'increase, furtherance*.

Yt. 5.6 (infin.).

Vsp. 15.2. (from y"2.w/-}: sb. f. 'recitation'. 163 from j,'"vtf/--) 'Fravashi' -one of frava$i- (for *fravarti~, Gr. the elements in the spiritual constitution of man, and serving See Ys. 26.1 note; and for the as a sort of guardian angel. worship of tlie Frava^his, see the Fravardin Yasht (Yt. 13).

frani9r*ti-

Ys. 26.1,2 seq.

[Old

r. frrivarli-

nomen

propr.;

Phi.

fravyator (frtkar);

Xew
/ravd'/i,
sec under
r

P. farvar, fro<j(irain\

\
-f-

i;

fravaka-

(from fra-

'\fvat-)

and Gr. ^ 51 N. i. sb. n. 'pronouncing,

:

recital'.

-Vsp. 15.3.

[Cf. Skt. pravdcuHa-\

fradan aa-'

$j

^Aom wood';
sb.

\fvii^-}'.

sb.

m.

(i)

'a sprout, shoot'; (2) 'stick of

(3) 'penis'.-

Of. frara%$ag#a-.

(from fravaJj*a-, Gr. m. 'log'.- Vd. 6.46 note.

\:

829):

adj.

'made of a

log'.

fravi-

(from
ity".

frit-

move'

Skt.

\fpru-\\ sb,

f.

'progress, prosper-

Ys. 57 15 note.
vb. inchoat

~\f//'as",

pyr^s-.

(Gr.
re

698) 'ask, question

-\-

'*

re-

spond

to,

requite,
pi.

pay
i

'.

ptr-'saf prei. indi'j. act.

3 sg.

Vt. 14.1; ofrasani subj. act.

ptcpl. mid. loc.
[Skt. firas-;

sg.

Vd. 3.27; psr^stnanne^u pres.

m. 'among those that beg' Yd, 3.29.

Phi. pGrsildn
;

Old P fras+;
^a//-):

New'

pursidan}

frasastt-

(from

"J/"j<?^//-,

sb.

I.

'glorification'.

V&. 57.6, 8,

[Skt. prasasti-}

frastir'ta-

(from j/O/ar- q. v.) pass, ptcpl. adj fused of bafsoin before being tied up).
:

'stretched, extended'

The

Phl.Vers. renders

by 'bound
9 frastjr ta

in. bundles',
f>a*ti

in

accordance with the Jarer custom.

bar'smtn

f fas par ana-

(from \fspar-,

abl. sg. n. (Gr. 966 N. i) Ys. 57.2. Gr. ^ 507): adj. * stamping forwards'.

Yt. 14.11.

frasruta- (from //"- -f- \~sru-} pas-. [>tcpl. adj. fraga-; adj. 'forward, renovated, prepared' (in
:

'famed*.

1.5.3.

the HibJicai sense).

See next word.

f r a so.ca r* tar -

(from frasa-

+ car tar9

q. v.):
;

adj,

'making ready, pre/ra$Q.car*prqm

paring* (the world,

resurrection

cf.

Ys. 30.9

Yt. 19.11), i.e. ready for the

and

final

restoration,-

Frashokereti.

fra$na-

gen. pi. m. Ys. a6.6, epithet of the Saoshyants. q. v. (from \ffras-, Gr. question -^fiu^ris fra$no 160)- sb. m. 'the Revelation of Ahura' (personiHed) Ys. 57.24.
'

'

[Skt.

prasnd-; Phi. fraSn, pursiitn

sb.
f.

New

P.
'.

purs it]

fraza*ii*i- (from fra-- T \fizan-Y,

[Phi. farzana';

'progeny

-Cf. afrazaiyti-.

New
adj

P. ftirzand]

fra,

see under /^cs.

frdka-

(from fra^c-

q. v.)

f ratio, t-gaepacrease'

(from
(i.e.

Yfr**"^'gaSP&~)'-

'forward, expanding'.- -Cf. pyrtyu.fraka-. a ^j- 'making the world in-

helping mankind). -Ys. 57.2.

fr5dyr*.$ra,- (from /r^-

+ j/V#
Gr.

/-<"-)

adj.

'seea afar'.
'.

Vs. 57.27,

Phi.

Vers. has fraz pelak

fac-conspicuous

\ffrSd-:

vb.

cl.

'increase,

promote'.
763):
'

Cf. <-fr&dana^ fradat.gaepii-.

fradana*

(from
-,

j/Yrtzi/-,

adj.

'increasing'. -Cf. sdn.frd-

vuf)iv6<>,

et al.
;

[Cf.

Phi. fradat, frayul

help

New

P. faryeuf}

82

frayahcompar.

ffuja-

fr&yah-

(see /<?/'#-):
fluity

adj.

'more'.

of good things' Vd. 3.29.

fr&yd vohunqm 'a superSee next word.

in

frayo. hum at a-

(from fr&yah-

-\-

h]

adj. 'rich

good thoughts'.

nH frayo Jittmatd nom. sg. m. Ys. 57.14,34, i. e. the man who has more good (than bad) thoughts, words, deeds (recorded to
his account). credit

The

righteous

man has
is

when

the account at death

balanced.

a surplus (fravu) to his See Gr. Introd.

p. *xxviii

44,

and Vsp. 15.1 note.

[Phi.

frShumat]

fr ay QJiufyta-

(from frayah-

+ kittya?)
-f-

adj.

'rich

in

good words'.

Ys. 57.14, 34.

See under frayd.humata-.

[Phi. frdhufyt]

fr Sy o. h v a r $ t a [Phi.

(from frayah-

Av}

'
:

adj.

rich

in

good deeds

'.

Ys. 57.14, 34.

See under frdyo.humata- above.

]

fr&havar$t

frdravhafra/wi-:

(perhaps from fra--\-]fr&-, ra/t-}:

Yt. 5.8.

adj.

'bestowing

gifts'.

uncertain,

regenerating' (?). haoino frSfmtt Ys. 57.19, probably alludes to the part played by Haoma at the resurrection and regeneration of the world (Fra$dk)r>ti).
adj. 'restoring,

but

Cf. htl fr8$md.d&'ti-.

frSjmo.d&itidown'

(cf.

fragmi-, and Yda-): sb.

f.

'sunset 'first quarter of

'

the night, evening twilight. Ys. 57.10, 16.

fasca hu fra$ind.daittm

after sun-

[Fhl.Vers. merely transcribes hu-fr&i$md-d&td\

fripa"\l~fri-:

(from Y/rt-): adj.

vb.
cl.

beloved '.~Ys. 57-341-

585) 'gladden, love'. See under d/rivacah- above.

g (Gr.
[Skt. prt-; Phi. afritan,

a 'bless, curse'.
P. afriilan]

afrimiau

New
Cf.

fr$r*naot sec imder frqqc- (from fra, Gr.

t

Y
'

ar ~ aDOVe

287): adj. 'forward'.

fr&ka- above.

[Skt. prafic-; Phi. frac,

fry a -

(from Y/ri-}

adj.

dear '.

sb. P.

fnlz; New P. farffz] m. friend '.Vs. 57.34 Vd. 3.25

'
;

(bis).

[Skt. priya-;

New

fart (Horn)]
(art.

flaonayaf$aoni-

(from fjaoni-}: vb. denom. (Gr. 695) 'fatten' ftaonayehe pres. indie, mid. 2 sg. Ys. ii.i.

Xey.).

Yfi u " :
/fufa-

v ^-

Cf. ftaonaya-. (from ]/"//-): sb. (i) 'fatness', (2) 'food, fodder'. 1- 4 'make thrive, increase, raise cattle'. f$uyqs pres. act. See under vdstrya-. ptcpl. nom. sg. m. (Gr. 291) Ys. n.6.

(from

Y/fu ~)'

ac^J-

'thriving, prosperous'
'

/jit fasca

mqfird 'the

World of
Ys. 57.22.

Prosperity

(i.

e.

the Fshusha Munthra Chapter, Ys. 58)

[Phi. flu3-ni&nsar]

ba'rya-

bar'zah-

g^

Av. _j

b.

Cf. karpd.ba?rya-. ba*rya- (from )/%?/-, Gr. 812): .adj. 'bearing'. baS$aza- (from ~]fbijaz- 'heal'): sb. n. 'remedy, balm'. Yt. 14,2,3.

[Skt. bhe?ajd-; Phi. bilaz; cf.

New

P. bizisk}

baSfazya-

(from baZgaza-, Gr.

852): adj. 'healing'.

sb. n.

Ys. 57.19; Yt, 5.1;

Yt. 14.3-

baodah-

(from ][budreceived.

q. v.)

'consciousness'

onjc

of the spiri-

tual faculties; the sense or perception

whereby impressions are

(2)

Ys. 26.4 (see note); Vd. 19.7.

(i)

VbafyZ-:

vb.

cl.

'divide,

share,

present';

'partake, eat'.

bafysahe pres. indie, mid. 2 sg. Ys.

u.i

(cf.

Yt. 6.7).
P. baffidan]

[Skt. bhaks-; Phi. balfiitan, bafean;

New

"\fbattd-: vb.

cl.

i,

10 'bind'.

battdaya$ subj. act.

[Skt.

baydaya( pret. indie, act. 3 sg. Ys. 11.7; 3 sg. (cf. below under ma) Ys. 11.7.

bandh-; Old P. bad-; Phi. bastan;

'bear,
carry'.
\-

"\fbar-: vb.

cl.

ava
\-

New P. bastan} 'bestow upon* (Yt. 5.2);

'

also

'flov'

+ upa
-\-para
act.

a 'bring forth, display*. (intrans. Yt. 5.5). b r i n g forth'. \~ uz 'bring unto, bestow'. 'bear away' (reap a harvest), ava.baraiti pres. indie,
; ; ,

barafti 3 sg. Yt. 5.2, 5 Vd. 3.25 Hbaraili Yt. 14.12; upa Vd. 3.25; uzbaire pres. indie, mid. i sg. Yt. 5.6; bgfryttitte pres. indie, pass. 3 pi. Vd. 3.29; barqt pret. indie, act. 3 sg. Yt. 14.2; bararna subj. act. I pi. Vd. 6.44, 49 para.barqn subj. act. 3 pi.
.

'they

(i.e.

men)

shall reap a harvest'

pres. ptcpl. act. ace. sg.

m. (Gr.

Vd. 3.27; bartttttm frajasqn 938) Vd. 6.46,47; barsmndi pres.

5.4.

ptcpl. mid. dat. sg.

m. 'riding' Yt.

Cf. also ba*rya-,

bir'pwa-.

[Skt. bhar-;

Old

P. bar-; Phi.

bur tan;

New
f.

P.

bar'prl-

(fem. to bar*(ar- m. from ~\[bar-, Gr.

Cf.

787): sb.

hqm.bur dan} 'mother*.

barprya-.
n.

barprya-

(from bar'pri-): sb.

'mother's womb'.

Vd. 19.6

(cf.

zu-}.

ba r* sman- (from used by

' baresma, barsom', the sacred twigs ]fbarz-\. sb. n. the Parsis at their religious ceremonies. The number

of the twigs

The Greeks
times

the ceremony. (cf. Ys. 57.4) varied according to described them as 0d8oi. Brass rods have in later

replaced

the

real

twigs.

Ys. 57. 6

Yt. 5. 9; Yt. 14.5;

bar'smm
[Phi.

for abl. sg. (Gr.

308) Ys. 57.2.

Ys. 57. 19, 21

barsom;
\fbarz-]
:

New

P. barsuni\

barzah-

(from

sb. n.
;

'height'.
Yt. 5.3.

'upon the

highest height' (loc. sg.)

[Cf. Skt.

tar/ias-; Phi. burz;

New

P. 6urz]

84
bar'za(from ^barz-\
:

bar'zd*

l>9r*zaiit-

sb.

(adj.)

f.

'height'.
Ys. 57.19,21

nomen

propr.

Itaraiti

Bareza

(Mount Alborz).
:

'upon Mount Alborz'.

Cf. fva.t>ar!>zis-.
bali* 'pillow, cushion']
;

Cf. for'za-.

barzi$b

(from j/Ywrs-)
-

sb.

n.

'mat, Cushion*.

[Cf. Skt. barhis-; Phi. baliSn;

New

I'
'.

a r 'z iX t a

(sit perl,

f'Skt.

to Arj*Mny/$) adj. highest bar hi si ha-; Phi. &?//]

:

'

- Ys. 57. 19, 2 1

'

V<1. 6.45.

j/Wrz-.-

vb. 'grow,

be nigh, be great'.
verily,
etc.'

-C.ius.
vaf

ex a]
Ini

I'.

Cf. b9t#zaqt-.
'(it
is

bd: strengthening
verily,

particle,

indeed'.

pa^ti

there)

wherever

\M. 3.23.
Ys. 57.10;

baidiUta-,

see under b&da.

baJa

(cf.

Skt. "\fb3dh- 'press'): adv. 'continually'.

Vd-3-27,29.
h>aniP.

Superi. bsfditom (Gr.

731.

i)

Vd. 6.45.
adj.

la my a- (from bcima*- = Skt. bftiima- 'brightness'): ra^ni bamlm ace. sg. n. Ys. 57.31. [Phi.
t'<l$ar- (for bar9 tar-, from
Vs.
1
f.

'bright'.

fxlmtk ;

New
in.

bumf\

~\

r bar-,

Or.

163, 787 N. i):

2/-/ar]

si;-,

'rider'.

1.2.

[Cf.

Skt. bkartar-; Phi.

(2)

bazu-:

sb.

ni.

(i)

'arm',

'foreleg' (of animnls).

sg.

bazava nom.
Cf.

pi.

Yt. 5.7;

basvd loc.
;
<$

instr.

m. Vd. 3.25, 26, 28.

ai.Msu-.

[Skt. bahu-

Phi. />J^//
-f-

New

P.

liizn.

staoyah

(from

j/)

adj.

'stouter than

*Ji, Me] an arm'.

bdzu.-

staoyehi Yt. 5.7.

baztos.aojah- (from bazuarmed'.

+ aojah-,
'

Gf.

867 N.

i):

adj.

'strong-

Ys. 57.33.
(6>.

[Skt. frthti-ojas-}

bitya-: num.
r

adj.

374)

second'.
P.

Yt. 14.7 (6V.

;

997

expl.).

[Skt. cfviliya-;

Old

duvitiya-

cf.

Phi. ditigar}
'.

bnd-:
vb.

vb.

cl.

I,

4 'know, perceive, be awatce

aor.

Cf.

baodah- above.

[Skt.
/'//-.
cl. i

^<W-] 'become, be'.

Old
:

buy&
P.

opt.

2 sg. (^/V.

645) Ys. zi.l

P.

seq.; Yt. 5.9.

[Skt. bkft-;
//fl-/

Phi. baian:

New

/>*A///|

6s r by a>

(from
,^r.

bar-}

adj.

'burdened, laden',

byr'pe

nom.

sg.

f.

245, 67) Yd. 3-27 note.

Ys. 57.30; Yt. I4.l2.--Cf. also

bria-

(from ]/~forz-): adj. 'high, tall'.

tbtr'za- -f dl-

(fiom

q. v.)

adj.

'high-spirited,

valiant'.

far'ztiidim ace. sg.

m. Ys. 57.11.
[l*hl.

On

the vaiiont fot*Mfffm here

,

see note ad loc.

-

burz, bttrzfik
(dcln.

New

P.

burz\
-

(ptcph of \ffxJn:-):
hflidnt-; Phi.

adj.

Gr.

291) 'great, lofty'.1

Ys. 26.3;
[Skt.

Ys. 57. 3 (ucc. sg. f.),4.

MlatiJ ;

New

buhnd\

85
b*r'*i-. side-form of
byr'za- in

compounds.
:

See next word.

lrzyastn\fbri-: vb.

(from bar^zi- -j- ^yiih-} adj. 'high-girt' (with loins girt up for fighting or for helping). Vs. 57.30
cl.

9 (G>. % 591.2) 'cut'.

Cf. broipi'aP. burni<in\

[Skt. 4*rf-; Phi.

bun tan; New

791): sb.
:

brvipra- (from \fbrl-t brolbro.taela- (from

Gr.
i/-

n.

'knife, battle-axe'.

4- tatfa-}

adj.

sharp as a knife '.

Ys. 57.3

sna*J>/{ ... brt>ibrd.taez)ni

'a keen-edged weapon'.

Av.

-6

>w-

ma'/i-

(from "\fman-, Gr.

788): sb.
/rca/]

f.

'mind, thought'.

Cf.

armaHi-.

[Skt. ///a//./ Phi.

ma'<ty&-:

Cf. maidyoi*, ntadiina-. wdtihya-; cf. Phi. /ntySn; New P. mtvan\ 877 -|- pa?ti$tan(i-'] ma'dyoi.p a i Li sla na- (from maidya-. Gr. adj 4 half a foot (or leg) high '. pryatystls maidydi.paiti^tdnqsca cc. pi. m. Vs. 57.0. Phl.Vers. has <rawrf" miyano patistdno.
adj.

'middle

(medius).-- Yi. 5.4.

[Skt.

ma'tiinina-, see under

J/'wj'w-.

mainivasah-

(for jnaJtiyv-asah-,

from mainyu-

-+-

asah-,

Gr.

68): adj.

'darting through the heavenly space' (epithet of horses, arrow). The Phl.Vers. has pavan maindg divak'eh through the domain
'

of the

spirit'

(K. \V. West).

adj.

Ys. 57.27.

wa''nyava -

(from mu*nyu-}\
pi.

'spiritual,
1.

heavenly'.

inahiyavancim

yazatanam gen.

YI. 14-

mainyu-

..

mahiyu .. sp^td (from |/"///a-, CV. 814): sb. m. 'spirit'. avro nom. du. Ormazd and Aliriman Ys. 57.17. See also
'

Ys. 57.32; Yt. 14.1; Vd. ig.S seq.

[Cf. Skt.

luanyu- ; Phi. mainUg;

New

P.
.

ma'rya-

(from | i mar-']: adj. 'deadly, murderous criminal'. ma*nm ace. sg. m. (6V 2.3,9)
[Phi,

nnno\ sb. m. 'murderer,

^5

11.7.

mar]
:

maeja-

(from
-

|/" w/s-)

sb.

m. 'cloud'.
cf.

Ys. 57.28 (abl. du.),

;

see note.

[Skt.

mdghd-;

Phi. miznah, tNfj (Vd.)

New
adj,

(superl. to ma*<tya-,

Gr.

63 N. 3

expl.):

#] 'midmost'.

P.

Ys. 11.7 'in the middle third of the 63 N. 3] [Skt. madJiyama-, Gr.
:

arth'.

prep. w. instf. abl. gen. (Gr.

735) 'with'.

Ys. 11.4,5;

Ys 26.6;
-

Ys. 57.25.

[Skk.JMtfA Gr.
-f:

dzniyfi-) (from ma( Zend commentary). gaj>&

140] adj. 'with the explanation* (i.e.

..

ma/aza*%tts

ace. pi.

f.

Ys. 57.8.

86

nia^.pafti.frasa

maz'with

m af.pa* ti.frasa-

(from

ma

-\-paiti -{-/rasa'.

'question'):

adj.

answers to the questions

Ys. 57.8,

compare perhaps such

catechetical chapters as Ys. 19.16-21; Ys. 21.1-5.

[Cf. Phi. pafi Ss 'inquisition,

punishment';

New

P. badafrah\

~\fm a

n- :

vb.

cl.

think '.

Caus.

'make believe'.

mqnayin ahe ya]>a

as'
in

pret. (injunct.) act.

3 pi. Vd. 3.25 'let

them think thereof

63

974 gen.) = 'just as' (used regularly mafrumna pres. mid. ptcpl. nom. sg. f. (Gr.
(Gr.
[Skt.

comparisons);
expl.) Yt. 5.7.

man-; Old
Gr.
sb. n.

P.

man-;

Phi. mainitan]

man a, see under azun, ma n ah- (from ~\fman^]'.

Good Mind'
Cf. also

386.

(personified,

'thought, spirit, mind'. Gr. Introd. p. xxv

in

vohu mano 'the

34) Ys. 57.24;
expl.) Yt. 5.7.

manavha mainimna 'thinking

amanavha.
\Svi\..

mind' (Gr. 941 mdnas- ; Phi. "man;

New

P.

man}

manahya-

Ys. 57.25. (from uianaA-): adj. 'spiritual'. Cf. amtr'tat-, am$a-, 677). ~\fitnar-: vb. cl. 4 'die' (see also Gr. ma*rya-, mar'tan-.
[Skt.

yzwar-:

vb.

cl.

mar-; Old P. mar-; Phi. murtan; New P. murdan\ x, 3 (i) 'have in mind, remember'; (2) 'recite'.

Cf.

mar 9 tan-

140); Phi. hdlmtirtan; New P. Sumurdan} (from jAi Mar-): sb. m. 'mortal, man'. Esp. gay a mar'tan 'Gaya Maretan* (lit. 'living-man'), the first man, Adam.
Ys. 26.5, 10.
[Phi.
cl.

fram)rti~. [Skt. smar- (Gr.

gayomart;
1

New
(Gr.

P.

gayomard}
555, $&-).

Vt ark-,
niarfvf:

i/i?r*nc-: vb.

7 'destroy

m9rn.cavuha

pres. imperal. mid. 2 sg. (Gr.

[Cf.

563) Vd. 19.6.

Skt.

marc- ; Phi. tnarancttritan}

sb.

f.

'paunch, gut'.

mar$uy&

gen. sg. (Gr.

'

62,1) Ys. xi.i.

').

mas-

Nar. here has dusfddarSya (cf. Eng. (side-form of maz- q. v.): adj. 'great*.
[Phi.

greedy-gut
Cf. maaah-,

masita-.

mas;

New

P. tniK\
sg.,

mas ah-

(from mas-}:
[Cf. Phi.

sb. n.

'greatness, size'. -Yt. 5.3 ace.

Gr.

934.

masih]

masita- (from man-}: adj. 'great'. Yt. 5.3. masti- (for *mad-ti, Gk. p.a9-, cf. mazddh-']\ sb.

f.

'wisdom'.

Ys. 57.20.
Yt. 14.4.

majya-

(from ~\[mar-, Gr.

j

163 expl.):

sb. in.

'mortal, man'.

Skt. martya-;

Old

P.

martiya-; Phi. mart&m;

vajl -]
'

New

P.

mardtlm]

majfyd.vavha- (from majya- + ]f 2 man' (i. e. camel's hair).

adj-

'

serving as clothing for

'great*.

Yt. 14.11

note.
adj.

maz-

(from ~\fmaz- 'be great' == Skt. '\fmah-']:

/wa*-.

See also

[Skt.

mdh-]

mazaqt

mqm

87

Skt. Vwah-}: adj. 'great*. from "\fmaz- 'be great' [Skt. mahdnt-] sg. m. (Gr. 295) Vsp. 15.3. mazifta- (superl. to maz-, mazant- q. v.): adj. 'greatest, jieYtoiog'. Ys. 26.2; Yt. 14.12 (bis); Vd. 3.23 'with the greatest joy'.

maza^t-

(orig. ptcpl.

maza nom.

[Skt. mahiftha- ; cf.

Old

P. maplsta-}
:

mazdadata*
Ys.

(from

mazdah-

-\-

"\fda-)
(bis).

adj.

'created

by Mazda'.

1 1.8 (bis); Yt.

14.2

aaharmazdat] mazdayasna (from mazdah -\-yasna-): adj. sb. m. Mazdayasnian, worshipper of Mazda'. Ys. 57.13; Vsp. 15.1; Vd. 6.46,51.
'

[Cf. Phi.

[Phi.

masdayasn]
i.

mazda*ti-

(from "\fmazdd-

e.

madh-

-f-

dhi-,

cf.

mazdah-'}'.

sb.

f.

're-

membering'.

mazdah-

Vsp. 15.2 (dat. sg.). Gk. jia9-): sb. f. (m.) dcln. Gr. (from ~]f*madh'

256 'Mazda,

Wisdom'. Phi. tradition derives it as maz- -\-da- niagna Scientia*. Ahura Mazda 'Ormazd' ('Lord of Wisdom') Ys. 11.4 et passim. azsm yd ahuro mazd<& I who [am] Ahura Mazda Yt. 5.6.
'

'

[Skt.

mSdhds-; Old
ormuzd~\

P.

aura-mazda-;
<

Phi.

auharmazd;

New

P.

mazdo.fr aofyta-

(from mazdah~-\-fr >]\ adj. 'pronounced

by Mazda'.

-Vd.

19.9-

mahrkafit

Death'.

(from "\fmark-, msr'tic-, Gr. Ys. 57.25.

|iif)'.

100 N.

i): sb.

m. 'desolation,
Vd. 19.6;

a: adv. and conj. 'not,

With
P.

opt. Ys. ix.2; with imj>erat.

with subjunct. 'in order that not, lest' Ys. 11.7.

[Skt.

ma; Old

ma; New

P.

mah]

tnazainya-:

Epithet of a class of demons, 'the Divs of MazanderSn', a province south of Caspian Sea. Ys. 57.17,32. ' mazdayasna- (from mazdayasna-, Gr. Mazdayasnian adj. 60)
adj.
' :

'Mazanian'.

(belonging to the worshippers of Mazda).

ace. sg.
f.

daSnqm mdzdayasnlm
maeja-.

(Gr.

\fmiz-:

vb.

cl.

'make
mi A- ;

362) Vd. 19.6. water, drop rain'.

Phi. mlzitan;

Cf.

[Skt.

New

P.
adj.

nnzldan\
(sb.

muraka-

(perh.

from Av. mura- 'dumb'):

pi.

m.)

'dumb,

idiots'.

m&rakaca nom.

Ys. xx.6, see note.

m 9r*
me,

n,

see under ]fmark-, marc-.

see under azam, Gr.

386.
sb.

mqpra-

(from "\fman-)

Holy Word'.
[Skt.

m. 'word, spell'. Esp. mqpra spaqta Ys. 57.20,22; Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5.
386.

'the

mdntra-; Phi. mansar}

Gr.

mqm,

see under az?m,

88
\fntri/~'.

mrij

y&ua517) -speak, say. call'.Vt. 14.1

;

vb.

cl.

(pdgm. 6V.
3 sg.
Yt. 5 i;

mdic.

act.

mrao^ Yd, 3.23; Vd. 6.45.

pret.

[Skt.

^rw-j

Av. ro

y.

ya-:

rel.

pron
f'jyti

(6V.

30.9)

'who, which'.
l

(i) pron. of

reference,

fi:v.'i/---'S;'ara

ya

cide' Ys. 57.2.

(js.

pw9rsaW ihe (2) equivalent

1 1.
1
,

keeper and judge

to conjunct,
1
-f

who
i

de-

x/

///w,

yat hj) Vi.

Yt. 14

(3 }

demonstr.. yd as c o n n e c t v e
,
'

or resembling Gk.

OrmD/d'
(tovj

Yr. 5.6;

article, azarn yv ahuru nuizdw i who [am] vaz^mna yiin Vokuin srao^in 'carrying the
;

Y^. 57.29; avfous yv att-vato 'the material world' \\. 57.25; fra,i<a$ibyo yJ) 'rlnpusam the Fravusliis of See Gr, Hart ii. Syntax of Pronouns, the dead.' Ys. 26.6.

good Sraosha'

[Skr. ya~,

Old

P.

hya~
sis

Phi. f;

New

P.

/
j

yaojl,

vavl*:
Cf.

a-ivl.

gc:n.

s^.

prefix

(6V.

750 N.)
el. 3

right,

proper'.

ne\t word.

[Skt.

y^j
750
act.

|/"ja

qzda

-({torn
-

y a os -\-J5-, Gr.
pres.
f.

N., 692); vb.

'purify, cleanse
y(i<^^id(ii'>y:>

'.

yiirj-'foiitjifi

indie,
Vt. 5.8.

3 sg. Yt

5,

1,5;

pass,

ptcpl.

dat. abl.

yntl^ti-:
f

sb.

m. 'twig, stalk'.
(Skt. yasfi-]

Cf. prya^li-, patia^ya^sfi-,

hupta

~\fyat~

\b.

cl.

TO

(i)

'stretch,

strive

(2)

'reach,

come'.

-.

fra

'stretch forwards, speed'

3 pi.

friiyulayci/i-ii

j)re. indie, act.

Ys. 57.29.
:

[Skt, yat-}

yap a

(from ya-]

ret.

ndv. and conj. (i) -as, like';

Ys. 57.10;
'

(2) *that.

so that'.

Ys. 11.3, 7;

Vt. 5.3;

Yt. 14.13;

Yd. 3.25,

Yd

19.6;
5.1^.'-.

yada

yapa paijt.jusan ,. yapa Lhat they jnay return ... as' Yt. [Skt. yat ha; Old P. yapS\ Cf. next word. ya-} rel. adv. -when'. [Skt. yat/u] (from
.

y a do it

(from yada

-\- //)

adv. 'in order that'.

adv., conj.
'nfter
.
.

Vd. 6.45.

j/a/ (from ya~, Gr.

... ya$
1

731,1):
'since'
...
(lit.

'that, since,

when
ya-fcif

'.

/>asca?ia

that')
.

Ys.

5717;
;

y
.

i1

tc*t

whether

or

(sivt
fortli
'

3--rJ Ys, 57.29

[Sk-t.
:

yat

/ratatafa
1

'when she
\fyain-, yas-f-

llows

Vt. 5.4.
6<)&)

yut

(i.e.

*ytn-s,

Gr.

vb.

'hold,

reach,

grant
Gr.

450) apa 'repel '.afa.yasai (i. e. yasa[h~]i, likt ini>ia[hji.. apu.yasam suhj. mid. l sg. Vd. iq.q. .>uhj. act 2 sg. Vd. 19.8;
[Skt. yarn-, yac/t-]

vava-:

sb.

m. 'grain, corn'
[.SUt.

(field

products, opp. ktar'nti-"].- -Yd. 3.23, 27

;'</?//

note.

ydva-;

Phi. yc/v,

New

1\ yr/j

'j/ji/tff-'

yasna-

vb, inchoal., see under "\fyam- above. r (from \ yaz-): bb m. (i) 'worship' (consisting of sacrifice, praise,

thanksgiving, offerings); (2) 'Yasna' (Gr. Inlfod. p. xvii 13). Sec also haptavh&iti-. Ys. 57.3 (bis), 6, S, 13,20; Vsp 15.2 (bis);
k

Yt. 5.9,13?: Yt. 14.5.- Cf. mazdayasna*.

!-Skt.

yajnd-t' Phi. yasn, yajisn;

-\-

New
'

P.
'

izasn}
)
;

y a s n o. k 9 r > ti - (from yasnakerejti',

prob.

"]f?

karcf.

cut

st>.

f.

i.e.

section, of the

Yasna.

Visparad Kardts*

YasnoThe
,

Plil.Vers.

would rather imply. } r i kar- 'make' i.e. performance of the sacrifice, and refers it to the, concluding formula Yenhe
Hatam.
-Ys.

57.22.
praise,
pi.

^yaz

-.

vb.

'worship' (with sacrifice, yazamaide pres. indie, mid. i

indie,

cl. t

thanksgiving, oblation).
et

Ys. 26.1

pret.

mid. 3
Yt. 5.9;

sg.

Ys. 57.2 (bis), 19: yazai

subj.

passim; yazata mid. I sg.

3 sg. Yt. 5.8;

Vs. 57.3;

Yt. 14.5;

yaz&te

subj.

mid.
5.1
;

yazae$a pres. opt. mid. 2 sg. (Gr. 487) Yt. prea. ptcpl. mid. ace. (dat.) sg. Yt. 5.132.
[.Skt.

yaz)mn3m>

fii

yaj ; Phi. yasfaw]

cf.

yazata-

(from

'\f yaz-,

Gr.

786 N.
vctzd ;

2): adj. sb.

m. 'divinity, Angel'.

Ys. 57*3,33; Yt. 14,1.

[Skt. yujuta;

Phi.
',

New

P.

wtirt,

ym<i&n\
yapiuqtn

yaltt-i

sb. m.

'

sorcerer,
pi.

Yatu

a class of evil

male magicians.

gen.

Yt. 14.4.
q. v.)
:

[Skt. yattf-; Phi. y&t&k.; sb.

,

New

P. j&dti]
;

yana-

(from ]fya/fi-

m. 'favor, reward '.--Yt. 14.3

P.

Vd. 19.6.

[Cf. Ski.

yana-

Old

yana-

Phi. yau]
'.

ydnavaift-

(from yaita~\\ vast<uno Yt. 14.3.

adj.

'abounding in favors
\fyam*, Gr.
'.

Superl.

yana -

|/yj-

(prob. j^-fonnation from

-f-

698): vb.
.

cl.

i-

'seek*.
act.

apa>

'seek to'withhold
[Cf.

apa

yas&iti

subj.

3 sg.

Vs

11.5

New

P. ySsidan}

yasta-

see under

"\fyah-,

y&trha-f
i

\fydh-. vb. cK 2, 10 'gird'.

yasta.- pass, ptcpl.

cf,

&jr*yasfa-.

~\fvuj-: vb. cL

'yoke, bind, gird'.

,

Cf. ynJitar-, yufjda-,

[Skt. yuj-

Phi. ayi?jitan\

yyud-:
r

vb.

cl.

4 'fight'.
yut/k-}
i

yuidye'ti pres. indie, act. 3 sg. Ys. 57.17.

[vSkt.
]/

yus-:

vb.

cl.

'Shake, stir'.3

f-

a 'boil
;

up, b

u b

bit

'.

yaoz9titi

pres. indie, act.

pU

Yt. 5.4

yaaza*ti- pres. indie, act. 3 sg.

Yt. 5.4-

yfifytar- (from \fyuj-):

Ys. xi. 2.

sb.

m. 'one

who

harnesses'.

ytifya

nom.

sg.

-[Phi. tyfytor]

yutyda

r&-

a- (from ~^yuj-, Gr. 77 N. 3) adj. 'girded, ready for battle'. varazahe ... yu^dahe of a boar ready to fight' Yt. 14.15. yunqm, see under yvan below.
:

yc*nti, see under

J/V-.
:

yeyhada

(from _y-)
vispe

rel.

adv. (abl.

f.

adv.,

Gr.

nmana

...

yeyhada

'all the

houses

...

329, 731) 'where'. where' Ys. 57.34.

y eight hatqm,

see Yt. 5.9 note.

ytsnya-

(from yasna-,
Yt. 5.1.

Gr.

852

expl.)

adj.

'worthy of worship'.
[Skt.

[Skt. yajAiya-]

yezi (from

y&vhqm,
yvan-,

Vd. 6.46,47, 51. ya-)\ conj. 'if. see under ya- t Gr. 399. y&n-: sb. m. (dcln. Gr. 314 N.
Ys. 57.13.
[Skt.

yadi ; Old P. yadiy]

i)

'youth,

young man'.

yuvan- (Gr.

68

b); Phi. yu-v&n,

javSn;

New

P. javftii]

raivaqt-

rao^lnaraocah-

raeva nom. sg. m. (Gr. radiant, splendid '. Skt. rivdnt-; Phi. rayomand] 295) Yt. 14.12. [Cf. ruc ~} ad J- 'shining*. Ys. 57.27 (of white steeds). (from
'

(from rdi-): adj.

Cf. also Ava.rtM>i/na-.

[l*li\.

roSan;

New

P.

rdfan]
pi.

(from "\fruc-}: ra0c&.ai-wLvar'na Vd. 6.51,

[Cf.

sb. n. 'light,

day'. raocfc ace. See a*wi.var'na-.

;

in loose cpcl.

Skt. rods-;

Old

P. raucah-

Phi. roj ;

New

P. roz]

raoda-

(from ~\f\rud^)\ sb. m. 'form, face'.

[Skt. roha-; cf. Phi. rJi//

Cf. huraoda-.

New

P. rui]

raoia-: sb. m. 'fox*. Vd. 6.50. ratu-: sb. m. (i) 'master, Ratu',

a spiritual chief or head presiding

over a class of things or beings, or over a division of time; (2) 'division of a day' (named from its presiding genius).
Ys. 57.2
(bis).

[Phi.

rat,

ratil ;

New

P.

ra<i.Ci. Skt. //-]

sb.

rap a-: sb. m. 'wagon, chariot'. Cf. rafiaestS-, [Skt. rdtha-} 877, 881): rapae$ta-> ra}ag3tar- (from rafa- -f- |Aj/a-, Cr. 249, 330) 'warrior', a man belonging (dcln. Gr.
second

m.
the

to

class; see spravan-, vastrya f$uyant. ;<//<?//# nom. sg. Ys. ix.6; gen. sg. Ys. 57-33[Skt. ratteffhii-; Phi. a ratiltar ; New P. aratrtd&r]

rapwya-

(from ratu-, Gr.

Vsp. 15.1
[Cf.

8526^1.): adj. 'well-ordered, proper'. rapwim paSina ace. sg. n. Yt. 5.2.
r/z'/>a-J

SkU
cl.

y>J-, rah-:

vb.

a 'grant, bestow '.- Cf. frUrawha-.

[Skt.

jArJ-]

rdi

vac-

gI
'

r&i-, ran- (from V>J-): sb> *' ( dcln- Gr 3 2 ?') 'radiance, splendor'. ahe raya bar'navhaca for his radiance and his glory instr.
' '

\fruc-:
"J/~i

Yt. 5-9; Yt. 14.5. sg. (formulaic) Ys. 57-3; vb. cl. 10 'shine, be bright '.
[Skt. rue-; Phi. af-rofyian;

[Skt. rat-; Phi. rat]

New
P.

P.

af-rdfytan]

rud-:

vb.

cl.

[Skt.

'grow*. r>&-; Phi. rostan;

Cf. huraoda-.

New

Av.
(from

4>

v.

yitw-):
[Cf.

sb.

m. 'lake'.

Cf.

Skt. v&ri-; Phi.

*

wr-]
channel'.
'wished-for,
1.5.4.

lva*rya2va*rya-

(from va'ri-}: sb. m. (from 1/~2zw-):

adj.

desirable'. Esp. ahuna 35). vairya (see ahuna'-), l^a^ra vafrya (Gr. Introd. p. xxvi Ys. 57. 22, 24; Vd. 19.10. (Skt. vdrya-]
see under
z>tf.

vat* by a

i.e. tta&bya,

vagja-

(from j/V//- 'dart, strike*

=
*

Skt.

l/wy-):

sb.

m.

'stroke'

(of

weapon).

Cf. hva.vaija-.
|/"i

[Skt. vtga-]

vu8]>8, see below under

vaidy&ca

w</-. adj.

vattfya- (from y"iwV/-): ()

instr.

knowing

'.

(2) sb. n.

'knowledge'.

sg.

(Gr.

941) Ys. 57.23.

Yt. 14.13.

vaonar*>

see under "\fvan-.

(ety.?,
cf.

vajdana-

v^-):

sb.

m. 'mouth, head*.

[Phi. vajtan]

vav/iu-, vohu- (from *vn-su from "\fvan-, Geldner) adj. 'good' (orig. something won, praiseworthy). vavhu? nom. sg. m. Ys. xi.8; voh&m srao&m ace. sg. m. Ys. 57.29 vavhSul a*wi.$oipne gen. sg. m. Vd. 3.24 note; vohu har*nd ace. sg. n, Yt. 14.2; vohu
:

vdstrya aec.

pi.

n.
f.

Vsp. 15.1

vavuhlm
pi.
f.

ace. sg.

vohumqm gen. pi. n. Vd. 3.29. Ys. 57.3; Vd. 19.6,7; vattuhtJ fravafayo ace.
; ;

Ys. 26.1.

[Skt. vdsu-;

Old P. vahu-

365), Yt. 5.9. Comparat. vauho ace. sg. n. (Gr. Phi. veh; New P. bah] (in nom. propr.)

~\[vak- t see under

"\f

7wr ~2 'say, sneak*.

\-'fra

\~vac-, vak-: vb.

vaoce
pf.

cl.

'pronounce
Gr.

'.

/r<?-

indie, mid.
fut.

(pass.) 3

sg.

(cf.

606) Vsp. 15.3;

672)
Vsp. 15.3;

frava%gye*te

mid.

(pass.) 3

sg.

(Gr.

ofraofyta- pass, ptcpl. (cf. mazd&.fr*}.

[Skt. vac-]

vac-, vac- (from YVOC-): sb. masc. (Gr. 220 N. i, dcln. word, prayer'. vacqm gen.pl. Vsp. 15.3; vaca
(bis);

285) 'speech,
instr. sg.

Yt. 5.9

Vd. 19.8,9.

[Skt. vac-; Phi. vttj ;

New

P.

l>8j,

b&z, avis]

C^2

vacah-

var-

vacah-

(from

\fvac-}: sb. n.

'word

Cf.

vacastaXt!-, Jivacah-.

v* designates sb. f. 'strophe', (from vacah- -f- ~\ftas-} both the single strophe and the characteristic strophe-type of a Gatha. Sec remark on introduction to Y.s. 35 (GeJdner's edi:

tion).

Cf. next word.

[Phi. van/as/]

fa cas taJtivayt-

(from
of

#)

adj.

'containing
cf.

a special strophe'.
vb.

Ys. 57.8 ace. sg. n.

(a

side-form

~\fvaz-,

Skt.

vmih-A 'bride', J/Va//-):

(i) 'to lead', (2)

'marry', (3) 'cover, copulate' verb inferable from ladayatta, htaetvadapa- (?

cf.

(of animals).
i>adi-eyaiiii-,

),

vaJa'ryu- (? 2 vadar-, ii, see uexl word

(from

c^&ta),

cf.

Geldaer, Drei Yasht

p. 69.

assumed ivajar-

from

j/^i

ftf*/-

q. v.):

adj.

'male,

rutting' (epithet of camel eager for the female).(written for vada*ryn$}

sg.

nstro vaila*ri$

nom

sg.

rn.

Yt. 14.12;

'jada*ryaos gen.
Yt. 17. 13).

m. Yt. 14 II

(cf.
'

also

uMr&vlw vafairyavj
'

Dar-

mesteter renders

burden-bearing
ex

v a da j ana-:

sb.

m. nom. propr. 'Vadaghana',

;

wicked ruler favored

xxiv.iOj.

by Ahriman --Yd. 196.

~\fvan-: vb. cl. x vauat
(Gr.
'

cf. \Vest,
IJ'hl.

Pahlavi Texts,

S.ti.F.. xviii.2J7,

ixinghan]
subj. act, 2 sg. 2 sg.

win, strive
e.

(i.

for, conquer'.- vanaui vana [kj i Gr. 450) subj. act.

pf. indie, act.

Vd. 19.9

YU. 19.8, vtionar*

va natd (ranaqt )

614)

pi.

Vs.

26.4^.6;

pres. ptcpl. act.

gen. sg. m. Ys. 57.33; vanu*ntitn pres. ptcpl. act.

sg. in.

ace. sg.

f. Ys. 57.33; vanano pres. ptcpl. mid. nom. 507) Ys. 57.15; z az'<!>n>a> pf. ptcpl. act. nora. sg. m.
:

(Gr.

(d:

611)

Ys. 57.12.
-

[Skt.
cf.

van-; Phi. vJni/an]

Whitney, Skt.
(Jr.

(from Vvati-,

M57g):

sb.

f.

'victory'.

ace. pi. Ys. 57.33.

toaytu- (from ^van^):

cf.

(from vat/afti-): adj. 'endowed with victory '.- Ys. 57.33. sb. m. 'spouse' fryai vaqtave (used of a wife, Eug. 'spouse* m. f.) dat. sg. Yd. 3.25.

]fva/-:

vb,

cl.

Cf. also

4 'pray, invoke'. vakma-.

]/'z//c|.

nfyetni prex indie, act.

sg. Ys. 26.1.

vayti- (perhaps from

v. ):

sb.

m. (dcln. Gr. ^ 256 N.) 'bird*.

|Cf.

vavativya abl. du. Ys. 57.28, ste note.

Skt. vi-]

vayo> see under lY l var ~- vl> cl.

-

zvi-.

5 (Gr. $ 567) 'cover, enclose, protect'.

4-

4- a' w/
P. var-]

'be-

dcck

'.

hqm 'defend'.

[Ski.

wr-; Old

2 var

vakiSta-

93
j-/>

if 2 var-. vb.

cl.

9 (pdgin. Gr.
a

584) 'choose, wish, believe'.

(w. instr.).
[Skt. var-;

'profess
3 pi. (G-r.

religion'
586

fraor'nta pret. indie, mid.

expl.) Ys. 57.24.

Old

P. var-}
Vt. 14.15.

varaza-:
var* tin--,

sb. rn.

'boar'.

hu varazahe

(i,

e.

genus and species)

P. gurSz]

[Skr.

varakd-; Phi. vartb;

New

see fi^n>iA>ar*na-.
sb.

var's-, var'sa-:

m. 'k&u'.haepaipyata varlsa

Instr.

sg.

Vd. 6.46.

[Phi. var s, gars; New P. (gurs)\ var*$yamna-t see under \fvarz

var'zavar Si a-

(from jfiws-): Vbl. sb.

n.

'the doing'.

var'zai dat. infin. (GV.

720,5)

Vsp. 15.1.
:

(from J/*W2-) pass, prcpl. (T) adj. 'done'. Ys. 57.4. Cf. also duZvartta-, hvarha-.
sb.

(2) sb, n.

'deed*.

varf/ia-:

m.
cl.

'

snake

'

(?)

Vs. n.6; see note.

\-

"^z/tfrr-.- vb.
y*hi,

4 'do, work*.
e*tl

a*wi *cul

ti

vat

i 1 1 '.

u^un.vsr'z-

pres. indie, act. 2, 3 sg.

Vd. 3.25, 26, 28, V9r*zyatqm

(Gr<
n.

pres. imperat. mid. (pass-.)

note;

3 sg; varSta pass, ptcpl. ace, pi.

pi. n.

485

expl.) Vsp. 15.1

Ys. 57.4;

var 9 vamr.a

fut.

mid. (pass.) ptcpl. ace.

Cf. also kvttrjlta-.

(Gr.

165, 185-6, 673) Ys. 57.4.

[Phi. varzffan;

New

P.

varzuian\

vavanv,
|/"ftf^-: vb.

see under
ci.

yW-.
Cf.

2 'will, wish'.
sb.

auusak-, vasah-.

[Skt.

z'^/-j

vasah-

(from

y^j-):
[Cf. Skt.

m. 'will, wish'.
r
:

See next word.

rdsa-; Old P. vaXua-; Phi. tun;

-f

New

P. /ya?|

vasd.fySapra- (from vasahYs. 57-24.

f^)

adj

ruling at will,

independent'.

j/W/-

(prob. orig. vb.

cl.

>--nor.

to ~\[vac-, crystallized as

new

root, Gr.
sg.
\-

i i

1/W2-:

vb.

cl.

'speak, say'.ava$at>j. pret indie, mid. 3 'carry, draw (trans.), drive' (intrans.).
'.

156,482): Vd. 19.7.

a 'drive

hi the

vuzy^ti

pres.
;

indie,

subj. mid. 3 sg.

sg.,
pi.

Ys. 57.31
;

Ys. 37.27,- avazitftt vazyntnv, *mna pres. ptcpl. mid. nom.

act.

pi.

Yt. 14.2 seq.

Phi.

Ys. 57.29.

Cf. fia'rivaza.
P. va*Wati\

[Skt. vah- t

vA&tan;
[Skt.

New

]f\vah
t

vb. vb.

cl.
cl.

-dwell'.
'

vas-}

YZVO/I-: 1/3 vah-

clothe

its-,
efc.

us- (Gr.
[Skt. 2W.F-,

'. Cf. wujyd.tMvha-, vastra-. fSkt. vas-} Cf. 698): vb. cl. -i, 6 'gleam, burn'. .<*//-,

/^j-,

uch-}

v a hit la- (superl. to vavhu-,

Gr.

365):
f.

adj.

'most excellent, best'.

:

fravasim vahislqm
tf/a-)

ace. sg.

Vs. 26.2

asjui

vuhisltm

(see

Ys. 57-24;

wana

zayn asti vatiifoni Vd. 19.9 note.

[Skt. vdstftfa-; Phi. vaAiti;

New

P. bahi$t\

QA

vahma
(from

vi (vi)
'

vahma-

praj'er, invocation'. \fvaf-, Gr. page 273): sb. m. Chiefly in the formula, yasnaica vahmdica fy$naopraica frasasta'

yaeca
Ys.
if

for

worship,
adta

prayer,
instr.

propitiation,
sg.

and

glorification

'.

57-6,8

vahma

Yt. 5.132.

ah my a- (from
conj. 'or'.

vahma-}-. adj.

va:

Emph.

particle 'indeed'.

or' -Yd. 11.1,5,- ^r d.

[Skt.

'worthy to receive prayer'. Yt. 5.1. Ys. 57.31 va va 'either ., 3* 2 3 et passim; srira vd 'fair indeed' Yt. 5.7.
.
.

vd; Old P. va]

adj.

v airy a- (from v&ra-):

'relating to rain'.

water* gen. sg. f. (Gr. vajtibyo, see under vac-, Gr.

980
285.

expl.)

apo ya Vd. 6.50.

va*ryay& 'rain

vHt a- (from ]/W- 'blow'):

]fvar- (denom.
fr.

sb.

m. 'wind'.

Ys. 57.28, see note; Yt. 14.2.

[Skt. vata-; Phi. vat;

New
i

P. bad}
1-

vara-]'.

vb.

cl.

'to rain'.

aiwi 'rain

upon'.

Cf. atiaiwi.vSr'nti-.

vara-:

sb.

m.

'rain'.

[Phi. varitan; New P. bartdan] Cf. also va'rya-. varae*hya abl. du. Ys. 57.28 note.

[Cf.

Skt. var-; Phi. varan,j/'e'ar-,

New
cf.

P. baran]
:

var'ntl-,
'

or var'titi- (from

karnti- from y/^r-)

6>.

sb.

f.

rain

'

Cf.

anaiivi.vartqti-.

var 3 prajnivastra-

(from vjr*prajna- q. v., and cf. torious'. Ys. 57.21,22; Vsp. 15.3.
sb. n.

825 d):
Vd. 3.23.

adj.

'vic-

(from favaA-):

'grass,

pasture'.

Cf. also

vastrya-. [Phi. vastar j (iro\\\ vastra-, Gr. 852 expl.): adj. 'relating to husbandry*. vastryasb. m. 'husbandman, farmer' (man of the peasant class;
l

see apravan-, rapaestar-^.

vastryo f$uyqs

lhe thrifty husband1

man' Ys.
Vsp. 15.1.
I

1.6;

voku vastrya 'the good deeds of husbandry

[Phi. vastrydS]

vi

see under vi below.

(perh. from ~\fvi-}\ sb.
pi.
in.

zvi-

(dcln.

Gr.

256 N.) 'bird'.z/a;^

[Skt. vi-; Phi.
vat]

nora.

Vd. 6.45
cl.

seq.
'.

Cf. also vuya-.

\f\vid-:

vb.
act.
act.
act.

'

know
(Gr.

Caus.

-f-

us

'

ad dress \-vaepa (GAv.)

pf.

pf.

3 sg. (Gr.

621) Yt. 5.9;

vifo&vhd 'knowing'

ptcpl.

nom.

pi.

349) Ys. 57.27; tttva^dayaf caus. pret. indie.

[Skt. vld-\

3sg. Vd. 19.5.

cl.

V^vid-,
'

viiid-: vb.
act.

7 (Gr.

3 sg. (Gr.

viq</a pret. indio. 565) 'find, obtain'. 565) Vd. 19.6; v'mddi (i.e. vi-n-J-a[h]-i, Gr.

S^S, 450) subj. act. 2 sg. Vd. 19.6. 1 [Skt, via -, vittd-; Phi. vanditan]
adv., vbl. prefix 'apart, against'. r vl (\ lar-), Phi. vc, [Skt. vi; Old P.

vi

(vi):

SIP;

New

P. .$7/]

vt-

viXtSspa-

95
vye'nti pres. indie, act. 3 pi.

Yvi~:

vb.

cl.

go

after, drive,
[Skt. vt-]

pursue'.
*

Ys. 57.29.

vtlrumant- (from yftru-}: adj. vide a: sb. m. 'mortar, pottery'.

bones are to be placed
or in bags).
[Phi.
)

bruising'.

Ys. 57.10.
(i.

vicicaefva k>c. pi. Yd. 6.51

e.

the

in stone ossuaries, or in terra-cotta vases,

gac ;
:

New

P. gac\

ttidaeva- (from

vl

+ datva"\fdl-.

adj.

'against the

Demons',

epithet of

Zoroastrian divinities or sacred things.

Ys. 5.1 (an&hitqm).

vidi<tv&, see under

vidvaH3tva~
vtdSta-,

(from vi 4- dvatftva-

q. v.)

adj.

'destroying malice*.

Vsp. 15.3see under

~\fdfi~.

vittatu- (from vi
Death.

+ 1/VJ-):

sb.

m.

'Vidhatu'

(dissolution),

demon

of

vidataof abl. sg. Ys. 57.25.

[Phi. vihQf\

vidv&vho,

see under ~\fvid-.

vtsata
pret.

'come to, become'. cl. 6 ~\[vts-: vb. Ys. 57.22. [Skt. vis-.}
vis- (from YVIS-)\
-

indie,

mid.

3 sg.

sb. f. (dcln. Gr. 279) 'village, clan'. Designation of the second division in the constitution of the Iranian state
;

see nmana, (vis), zaqtu-, dafyyM.

vJsag abl. sg. Ys. 57.14; vtsake

5.6.

gen. sg. (a-dcln., Gr.

(Skt. vis-,-

283 N.) Yt.

(Gr.

Old

P. vt}-; Phi. vis]

vis pa-

(cf.

vts-,

vis ~}'

pron. adj.
sg.

443)

'all,

every'.

Masc.

vispo tHoidyo

nom.

Yt. 5.4; vispsm

ahum
pi.

ace. sg. Ys. 57.16;

vispe daeva (karano, a*rvanta)

nom.

Ys. 57.18, Yt. 5.4,132;

vispJ

ace. pi. Ys. 57.29;

vispsii!

instr.

general

pi.

Ys. 57.17,

Yt. 5.5;

vispaPbyd

dat.

abl.
pi.

pi.

Ys. 57.12;

vispanqm

narqm
Fern.

(daevanqm,

ar$nqm) gen.

Ys. 26.8 etc., Ys. 57.32, Yt. 5.2.

ace. pi. Ys. 57.2,4,34.

Neat,

vispa

dqmqn (nmdna)

vispqm zqm ace. sg. Ys. 57.15; visps ace. pi. Ys. 26.10, Ys. 57.33, Yt, 5.2, Vd. 3.27; vtspabyd dat. pi. Ys. 26.6; vispanqm gen. pi.
Yt. 5.2.
[Skt. visva-;

Old

P. visa-; Phi. visp]

'

vispo.paesa- (from v

\-paesah-}'. adj.

all-adorning, manifold
f.

'.

vtspd.-

paeslm mastitn 'universal knowledge' ace. sg.

[Cf. Skt. visvdpesas- ; cf.

Ys. 57.20.

Phi. harvisp-ptstt]

visya- (from vts-}: adj. 'belonging to the Visya (hierarch of the village).
'

village'.

sb.
*

m. nom. propr. of the Visya '.

'

adj. propr.

visyffi

frava$ay&.
Skt. vityk-;

[Cf.

Old

P. vipiya-}

vlUaspa-

(cf.

aspa-): sb. m. 'Vishtaspa* (Gushtasp), the Iranian king,

patron

of Zoroaster.

(Not to be

confounded with Vishtaspa

the

father

of

Darius.) --kaml*

;vv/. ./'/#

oi

Yishtasp' gen. sg. \t. 5.132.

j"PM.
-

vi Hasp;

New
sb.

P.
n.

^Hitotp;
(i>

cf.

Old

P.
'

zvY'c/r/oj

(from
[Cf.

|/"is>r-):
Ski.

'defense',

(a)

fiend

'.

Yt. 14.3.

TT//V*-]
-f-

vir'prajna
(a)

(from t'.V/'vv*

1/"/^

//'):

sb. in. (i)

'

'

victory

''Vs.

57.3

etc.');

Verethraglma (genius of Victory, later ['arahrSn, Bahrain] -Ys. 57.3,33; Yt. 14.1 ,2 eq. See next word.
;

virprajan-

317) 'victorious'. (from vtr'pra- -f- Yja't-} adj. (dcln. ^/-. --Ys. a6.io(abl. sg.), Vs. 57.2, 5,9 (ace.),, 3,4,22 (nom.)? V*p. 15 2
3 (nom.);

(clat.),

Vd.

19.5(110111.).

Cf.

also vai^prajni-.

[Cf.

Skt. I'l-trahdn-}

vj

'/>ra

van

(from vjr'fira-,

Cr.
xg.

vjr'pravastinio nom.

855): adj. 'defensive'. m. ^6>. 365 N. 3^ Yt. 14.3.

Superl.

vtr'zi- (from
in

^/"c^re-):

adj.

compounds.

'working, effective'. See next word.

Form

regularly used

v*r j z /. do // r ^ -

(from wr'ziVs. 26 3, ste note.

+ lidipra-)
c

'
:

adj

of beneficent glance
%

'.

Skt. vrasc-) z'vhrtta- (probably from J/ZVY//-- tear Yd. 6.50 ace. sg., cf. 6>. Q35

'

sb.

m. 'wolf.

^//r^j [Skt. vfku-; Phi. ^///^; New See next word. 38) adj. 'broad, wide '. (from \~\var-, 6V. [Cf. Skt. ?/r-, vdrtyqi- (compar.)j VO*/-M. k^sa- (cf.v0*ru-): sb. m. nom. propr. Vourukasha', a mythical

voru-

sea.

Yt. 5.3,4.

C'f.

below under

zravnti-.

vohu-,

see under vvvhu-.

vohu-

HiHiiiih-

ffrom

^H-w

):

sb.

n.

'Good Thought'.
of
the
cattle;

One
later

of the
called

Amesha
P.alunan.
[Phi.

Spentas,
</>.

guardian
P.

genius

lutrod. p. xxv

33

Ys. 57.24.'

vohuman ; New

bahman\
//-

voijna-

(prob. from |A'yVs. 57.14.

Skt.

'dart, strike')-

sb.

f.

'plague'.

(from '(/Vm-, 6V.

-

792): sb.
-f
---

f.

'herd'.

(from vqfovS-

//")

adj.

'herd-increasing'.

Yt. 5-i-

vy a Ionian-

('prob.

from jAivrc-

Skt.
.

^_ytff-

'encompass, assemble*)'
</>. (ace. of goal;

sb. n.

'council,

assembly

- Vs. 57.12

933

example).

set:

above under

saeta

97

Av.

sagta, see below under \

rsl*
:

pret.
n.

indie.

saokas

(from ~]fsu-

q. v.)

sb.

'weal,
sg.

welfare,
Yt. 14 3.

saving health'

(in

religious sense).

saoka
adj.

instr.

a ok avail t- (from
superl.

saoka-)'.
sg.

'abounding in weal'.
v.):

saokavasttnio

nom.

saojyatit-

act. (fut. ptcpl.

m. Yt. 14.3. from "\fsu- q.

sb.

m. 'Saoshyant, Saviour'.

Designation of the prophets or apostles of the faith, espein a goodly company at cially those holy men who will appear the millenium and will make the world prepared for the final
(l)

restoration.

(2) In particular,

their leader,

the Saoshyant.
(tf-dcln.)

saojyaiitqm

gen.

pi.

Y,s.a6.6;

saoyaiita

abl.

sg.

Ys. 26.10; sao/yqs nom. sg. Vd. 19.5.

[Phi. sao$yds\

~\fsavh-, sah-: vb. 'speak, say, announce' (of formal speaking). Old P. /<M-] \$\.\., sef.t- ; frasasti-, na*ryo.savha-. savha- (from ^savh-) sb. m. 'word'. nafr'im snvhzm nom. propr.
:

Cf.

q. v.

Ys. 57.3.

[Skt. sqsa-]

sat a-: num. (6V.

"\fsad-: vb.
cl.

374) 'hundred'.

duye sane ace. du.

;

n.

Vd. 6.48.
F. sad\

Cf. also cap-Mar'. sata-.

9,
-

[Skt. totta-

Phi. sat;
act.

New
3
sg.

10 'appear'.- suiiaj pret. indie,

fSkt. *ud-;

(Gr.

591)

Yt. 14.7,9.

Old

P.

pad-;

cf.

New

P.

pc-send (Horn)]

sanaf, safa-:

see under
sb.

"J/

saa-,

m. 'hoof.

saf&oho nom.

pi.

Ys. 57.27.
P.

[Skt. saftha-; Phi.

sumb ;

NTe\v

sum, sumb\
Phi. J^A/

sarah-: sb. m. 'head .See j?ra-. sar'da-; sb. m. 'kind, sort'. Cf.
[Cf.

[Skt. s'/ras-;

New

P. sar]

pcrujar>d'a-.
P.

Skt.

sdrdhas-;

Old

parda- ;

Phi. sarZtak;

New

P.

sardah, tartak]

y$ah-,
s&far-.i

see urieler
sb.

|^tonl-.
evil

m. 'tormentor, oppressor'. Designation of a class of saprqm gen. pi. Yt. 14.4. beings, men or demons.
[Phl.Vers. has sdstaran
;

Nar. has anyaytlnain}

s&rasdsta-

sb. m. (cf. sara-):

1

(pass,

-See jird.sara-, p9$o.sara-. [Phi. sar-var 'helmet'; -New P. .c5/-] * commanded '. Cf. zavano.sasta-. adj. pic pi. from ~\fsa ft-)
'.:

'head

[Skt. tesfa-]

sastar-

^from

\fsah-Y. sb. m. 'ruler',

sasfa

nom.

^g.

Yt. 14.13.

[Skt. sastdr-; Phi. ^7j/J;-j

sasna-

(from sah-y. sb.

[Cf.

f.

'commandment,

doctrine'.

Cf.

Skt. s3sana-]

98
sasnd.gus
YS<I/I(cf.

sasna.gits

star 9 (a.galu-

(from sasnavb.

'

-j-

"\fgMif)

adj.

ments'.
J/ja//-):

sasnd.gte$qiH gen. pi.

cl.

hearkening unto the commandm. Ys. 26.4.

teach';
Ms-,
(2)

(i) 'direct,

'command,

rule*.

Cf. sasta-, sastar-, sasna-.

[Skt.

A'/-]

sis pat a, see under

J/~2

jr/ff-.

yjf-:

vb.

cl.

2,

'lie

down,

recline*.

j^/tf

pret.

indie,
sg.

mid.

3 sg.

Vd. 3.24; sayamnJ

[Skt. sz-]

(cl. i)

pres. ptcpl. mid.

nom.

m. Vd. 3.25.

"\fsuc-: vb.

cl.

'burn, gleam'.

Cf. siika-.

[Skt. sue-; Phi. sultan;

New
sg.

P. sufytan]

surunvayi"\fsu-:
vb.

(from "\fsru-, Gr. s u runvata tradition'.

cl.

'heard, following oral m. Ys. 57.3; Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5. 4 'swell, increase, prosper, save' (esp. of good beings
expl.)'! adj. instr.

821

or holy things).

Cf. saoka-, syviSta-,

etc.

[Skt. sii-; Phi.

afzUtan;

New

P.

afztidan]
sb.

sukasuno,

(from J/"W-): adj. 'bright, gleaming'; Cf. duraS.suka-.

see under span-.
q. v.)
:

m. 'glance, sight'.

stir a- (from "\fsathet

ot"

adj.

'mighty, valiant, helpful'

(to save).

Epi-

good

divinities.

Ys. 26.1,10; Ys. 57.11.; Yt. 5.1,4,7,9

(Anahita); sure voc. sg.

f. Yt. 5.9,132. sura-; Old P. fftra-vdhara- nomen propr.] [Skt.

siviUta- (from
save).

~\fsu- q. v.)

superl. adj.

'most mighty'
[Skt.

(to

help and

swislahe Vsp. 15.2 (Mazda).

"\fstar-}: sb.
n.

stair is (from

'bedding, carpet'.
cf.

Cf.

[Cf.

Skt. stard-;
stui-,

New

P. bi-star]
adj.
.

staoyah-

(from

stvi-):

compar.

'stouter,

thicker

'.

Fern.

sta0ye'ii-.~Cf. asp(>.st, bazu.st

[Skt.

"\fstar-: vb.

cl.

s/Mviyas-] g 'stretch, spread, extend'.

--V fro

star'nuta pret. indie, mid. 3 sg. (Gr.

sljr'ta- pass, ptcpl. (see
[Skt. star-; Phi.
s.

ex tend '. fra.591 expl.) Ys. 57.6; fra'

v.)

Ys. 57.2.

Cf. star'ta.gatu-, sta'riX-.

vastartati, vistartan;

New

P.

gustardan]
styr*-

star- (from \rstar-}\

sb.

byo dat. abl.

haca avaf&yo m. (dcln. Gr. 329) 'star'. pi. 'from yonder stars' Yt. 5.132.
star,

[Skt. star-; Phi.

st&rak;

New

1'.

sitarah]

star '(a- (from

\fstar-]

pass, ptcpl. adj. 'spread, stretch

'.Cf.

star'ta.-

star* t a. gat K- (from

iia

st<trta-

+ g*)\
'a

adj.

'having a divan spread'.

lying

star'ta.gatuS

sayamno

man

upon a spread divan'

Vd. 3.25.

slS

spit-

AQ

"\fsta-: vb.

cl.

3 'stand*.

hiStahe pres. indie, mid. 2 sg. Vd. 3.29; hiStaltc

Cf. pa*tiift&na- t

pres. indie, mid. 3 sg. Yt. 14.13.

[Skt. sthS-i

Old

P. sta-}

"\j~stu-:

vb.

cl. 2, i (Gr. 529) 'praise, laud*. -\-apa 'reno.uncel staomi pres. indie, act. I sg. Ys. 26.1; staz-af pres. (scdry.) 529.3) Yt. 5.8; apa.stavSne pres. subj. mid. subj. act. 3 sg. (Gr.
I

sg.

Vd. 19.7; apa.stavavuha

vb.

pres. imperat. mid.

;

2 sg. Vd. 19.6.

[Skt. stu-; Phi. stutan,

stayttan

New

P. situdan\
Cf.

"\fsta- (a side-form of \fsta~):

slvi.kaofa-, staoyah-*

'stand, stand firm, be stout'.

[Skt. sthu-]

stut-, stvi- (from

J/>/#-)

adj.

'firm, stout'.

Gf. stvi.kaofa-, staoyah-.

[Cf. Skt. sthurd-, stdviyas-]

stuna-

(from ~\fstu-

q. v.):

sb.

f.

'column,

pillar'. P. sulun\

Cf. hazavro.stuna-.

[Skt. sthtiyti-; Phi. stun;

New

st9r 9p"want- (from ^star-, Gr.

-

stjr*pwata snai]>i$a

instr.

821): adj. 'leveling, striking down'. sg. n. Ys. 57.10.

Ys. 57.21.

stihrpagsa-

(from star- -\-p]: adj. 'star-adorned'.

[Phi. star-pestt] stui-

stvi.kaofa-(hom
snaipil- (from
"\fsnap~: vb.
cl.

): adj.

'stout-humped'
6V.
'

(of camel).

Yt. 14.12. Ys. 57.10,

"|/"jw <//-):

sb. n. (dcln.

359)

weapon'.
-r

16,22,29,31.
i

[Phi, .<///,
'.

jwa/ (Horn)]
Cf. sna^a-, sna^piS-.

'smite, pierce
sb.

[Skt.

jaM-]

snapa-

(from

"J/".wtf/-):

down' Ys.

57.32.
6"r.

m. 'smiting*. snapdl dat. [Phi. ,r0>W, j<z/ (llorn)J

786): adj. 'white'.

sg.

'for smiting

spastita- (from
spafySti- (from
sb.
'

j/"j/z/-,

Yt. 14.13.

[Skt. svetita-; Phi. spet ;

~\ffpa^s-,

New

P. sipctt]
q. v.,

an J-formation from \fspas'.

Gr.

158):

f,

observation, watchfulness
~)
:

span-

(from

Ysa
[Skt.
cl.

sb

c^ cln -

^''

ace. sg.

Vd. 6.50;

stinu

nom.

(ace.) pi.

4 N. I b) 'dog'. spaium Vd. 6.45,46,47.

"\fspar-: vb.

svdu-; Phi. sak, sag; New P. sag] 6 'go, tread, stamp, spring'. Cf. frasparana-.
;

[Skt. sphar-, sphur-

Phi. spurtan (Bund.);

New

P. sipardan\

y**as-:

vb.

cl.

4 'watch, observe'.
'

Cf. po^ru.spaJ^ti-.

[Skt. spas-, pas-]

"\fispa-: vb.
3 sg.

cl.

throw

'.

a*/>i

toss'.

a*pi.spaye*ti

pres, indie.

Yt,i 4 .i3.
cl.

"]f2spa-: vb.
"\fspit-: vb.

3 'deck, adorn'.

'

\-fra

decorate

'.

/r<7 ... sispata

pret. indie, mid. Yt. 5.7.

cl.

'be bright, shining, white'.

j'w'/-]

Cf. spaetita-, spiti-.

[Skt.

IOO
spltawa-, spit&maYs. 26.5
,-

spi la

ma
spii-,

srava't-

(cf.

cf.

Gr.

849):

patrouvm.,

sb.

m.

'descendcnt of Spitama'. Esp.

Vs. 57-8; Yi. 5.1
;

Spitama Zarathushtra.
;

Vt. 14.1

Vd. 3.23; Vd. 6.45; Vd. 19.7.

Cf. spiiSma-, spiti.-

[Phi. tp:t<U'tffn]

spiti- (from

"\fspit-):

adj.

'white,

clear,

bright

'.

doipra-

[Cf. Skt. svity-dr-\

spiti-

spiti.doifrra- (from

+ d)\
adj.

adj.

'clear-eyed'.

Yt. 14.17

(of

young man).
spfiita- (from
']/su-

[Phi. sf>St-dosr\
q. v.|:

'wholesome, beneficent, holy'.

rendered
for

A
by
'

cardinal
'

\\ord

in

the

A vesta-, and
'

in

Phi. Vers.
'

= reverend,

af&uv.ik

increasing, bounteous

[cf.

meaning Eng.

from Lat. aug-eo 'to increase'). a compd. or superl. mahat-, guru-. Ys. 26.1,3,10 (Fravashis)

august Nar. generally has

;

Ys. 26.3, Ys. 57.2,6,8, 12,23, Vd. 19.9 (AmeshaSpentas); Ys. 57.24 (Spenta Armaiti) Ys. 57.17, Vd. 19.9 (Holy Spirit of Ormazd)
;

Ys. 57.27 (horses of Sraosha).

[Cf.

Skt. svantd-; Phi. *spami ;

New
adj.

P.

-isfund, ixfemt]

spanista-

(superl. to sp^ila-,

Gr.

365):

'holiest,

most bene-

ficent'.

Epithet of Ahura Mazda.

Skt. smdsrti-

Yt. 14.1

(voc. sg.).

[Phi. spa exist]

smarSna-

(?

cf.

'beard'): sb. m. 'hair'.

-f-

See next word.

smar$n6.daet/msraesla(superl. to

(from smar$no

dafm an-}:
adj.

'having" hairy eyes'.

Yt. 14.12 (shaggy

brows of Bactrian camel).

sric|.

noun

v.):

'fairest,

most

excellent'.

Ys. 26.2.

[Skt. srestha-\
sb.

srao$a-

(from |/^>v/-):
as divinity,

m. 'hearing, obedience*.

Sraosha
New

(see IntroJ. to Ys. 57.1).

Esp. personified Ys. 57.2,3,4,

13,14,25,26,32,33; Vsp.
[Phi. sroS;

15.1 (personified devotion).

P. $ero$\
-f

sr a e$d. ca ran a- (from sravja* causing obedience ').

1

far ana-

sort of

nection

\vith

the

uspa/te

sb. f. 'whip, rod' (lit. whip or scourge used in cona&ra (q. vj for inflicting stripe* in
q. v.)
:

religious llagellation or .self-castigation.

Vd. 6.48

(instr.

sg.).

sr aogo.pa ta - (from sr -\- \ffa- q. v.j: adj. 'protected by under Sraosha's keeping '.---Ys. 57.34 (ace. pi.).
s

Sraosha,

rusk a-

(from

~\[~srasc-

q. v.):

sb.

m. 'drop, hail'.

See next word.

ifs r u s c

[Ph!. sriSk; New P. siriSk 'drop'] : vb. 'fall in drops, or as hail'.- xrasci>i(i2 k a r*pift pn.s. ptcpl. nom. pi. fern, 'victuals trickling from the mouth' Vd. 3.29.

sravah-

(from

\/sru-')\

sb.

n.

'word'.

srarJi
,

ace. pi.

Ys. 57.4.

Cf.

also iiy-uLs)\wah-.

'Skt.

sr&vas-

Phi. srav (Horn);

~\fsri-i

vb.

cl.

(i) 'lean, rest'; (z\

'betake oneself.

srayand pres.
sri-\

ptcpl. mid.

nom.

sg.

m. (Gr.

507) Yd. 3.29. -[SUl.

[.Skt.

sri-:

sb.

f.

'beauty, fairness'.
sri-}:
adj.
'fair,

Of. srtra-, sracSta-.

j>/-j

srira- (from
]fsru-: vb.
(see
cl.

beautiful '.--Ys. 57.19;

Yt. 5.7 (bis);

Yt. 14.

2, 7, 9, 17.

[Skt. srlrd-}

5 'hear'.

Caus. 'recite'.

--KA'fl
New

(cans.)

'chant'.frastrtila

frasr&vayat
s.
/.).

pret. indie, act. 3 Sg. Ys. 57.8,

Yd. 19.10;
P. srftdan\

[Skt. Jru-

Phi. srutan;

sra-:

sb.

n.

'horn'.

Cf. srt&-, srvacna-.

[Phi.

jrw^,-

New

P.

suru]

sruye,

see under snrd-.

sriifffna- (from sru-, Gr. 829): adj. 'made of harn'.<-~srzadna nom. pi. m. Ys. 57.27 (hoofs of horn). [Phi. srfdin]

srv a-

(cf.

sru-}:

sb.

f.

'horn'.

sruye ace. du. Yt. 14.7.

Cf. also

za-

ranyd.srva-.- [Phi. J^^, sruv /

New

P.

Av.

/.

/ad/a-

(fr. J/",ft:-):

:sb.

'land, property, possession'.

Cf. jfaetd.fradana-.

faStd.frHdanagS-:
ad),

(from $a?ta- -{-ft'"}: adj. 'increasing property, furthering the land'. Yt. 5.1.
sg.
f.

'happy, joyful'./* nom.

cl.

(Gr.

250) Yd. 3.24.

I/"//'-;

vb.

2 'dwell, occupy, possess'. 158 N. i] [Skt. kst-, Gr.

i
'

Cf. ahoLgditan-, $acta-.

j/"/

rt -

vb.

cl.

move,
v.)

stir

'.

--

f-

afpi

'interrupt

'.

attapi.$uta- pass.

ptcpJ.

(<[.

Ysp. 15.2.

Cf. also /ragusaf, gyaopna-.

[Skt. cyit-;
r

Old

P. siyu~;

|/"/y.f- (from

$u->
stir

inchoat.,
'.

6V.

New P. Sudan] 697): inchoat. vb.

cl.

6 (Gr.

697)

start,
pret.

---\- fra
3 sg.

'come forth, proceed'.

Yt. 5.7.

fra$usat

indie,

act.

Av. ro

/
Ys. 57.4
;

jyao^na-

(from ~\/ fu-, Gr. 162): sb. n. 'deed, action'. Vsp. 15 i, Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5. [Skt. cyaufnd'}

Av. /
ssfl'ri-: adj.

.-.

'yellow, golden*.
[Skr. hdri' ;

Cf.

za*ri.gao$a-,
;

*doi]>ra~.

Phi. zar, sarin

adj.

New

P.

zar-]
Yt. 14.9 (of a horse).

(from

+):

'golden-eared'.

[Cf. Phi.

zanngoS]

102

w'ri.doifra

zaya-

zaenahizaotar-

adj. 'golden-eyed' (epithet of Haoma, (from c -f d} because of -its yellow flowers). Ys. 57.19. Ys. 57.16. (from \fzi-]: sb. n. 'vigilance, watchfulness'.
:

[PhLVers. has zSnavandih] (from ]fizu-): sb. m. 'invoker, priest'. Title of the Zoroastrian priest, later Zot.-aoi zaotar*m ace. sg. 'to the officiating priest' Yt. 5.132. [Ski. ho tar- ; Phi. zot]

2zaotar-: uncertain, drover '(?).

zaotartn ace.

sg. Ys.

n.l.

Perhaps 'keeper,

Nar. has gfhttSram 'keeper, retainer'; Phl.Vers.

cf.

transcribes as zot (possibly z&t,

West

&

Haug, Arda Viraf

Glossary p. 150). The reference in zao&ram is at all events to a man of the third class, since bajfarym and hSgdrsm refer
respectively to the warrior

and

priestly classes.

zaopra-

(from '\fizn-']: sb. f. 'offering, oblation, libation' (esp. conYs. 57.3 Yt. 5.8, 9 Yt. 14.5. secrated water).
;

[Skt. hotrd-; Phi. zohr ;

New
:

P. zor\
'

zao]>ro.bara-

from

zaopra-

-f-

~\fbar- )

adj.

offering

libations

'.

Yt. 5.132.

YI zan-:

vb.

cl. i,

-j- its

Gr.

'beget, bear'; (2) 'be born' (tntrans. and mid.). zana'te pres. subj, mid. 3 sg. (on 5, cf. N. 2) Ys. 1 1.6; zay&nte (cl. 4) pres. subj. mid. 3 pi. 478

(i)

'be born'.

Ys. xi. 6;
azata-,

us.zay&ite

pres. subj. mid,

3 sg. Vd. 19.5.

Cf. also

zaiitii-.
i

[Skt.

Jan-; Phi. zatan;

'

New

P. zddan\
r e

~\[zzan~: vb.
act.

cl.

'know'.
-\-

\-paiti

ecogniz e,

ceive, wel(scdry.) subj.

come',
3
pi.

a.v a

'

per ceive '.-^ava.zanqn

;

pres.

Vd. 6.45

pafti.zaitfd

pass, ptcpl. (adj.)

nom.

sg.

m,

Ys. 57.14,34.

Cf. also aza*nti- t huza^tu-.

zan.tn- (from \fizan-}:

P. danistau] the third (Lat. gens} division in the four-fold constitution of the Iranian state, largest za^taot abl. sg. viz. (i) nmana-, (2) vis-, (3) zantu-, (4) dahyu-.
[Skt. Jan-, jtta-; cf.
sb.
;

Phi. danistan

New

m.

'tribe,

town'

'from that town' Ys. 57.14; zaitt3u3 gen.

[Skt, jantu-; Phi. zand}

sg.

Yt. 5.6.

zaqtuma-

tribe'.

to (from za^tu-}: adj. 'belonging Ys. 26.1.

sb.
f.

or

presiding over the

Vd. 3.24, 26,28;

zam-,z'm-:
zqm
sg.

(dcln. Gr.

318) 'earth'.

z& nom.

sg.
;

Vd. 3.23,25,26,28 z'mci paHi instr. Yt. 5.3; zme p&ti dat. sg. Vcl. 6.51; z*mo gen. sg. Ys. 11.7. Phi. zamik ; New P. zatm] [Skt. jam-, jm-;
ace. sg. Ys. 57.23,33,
r
zi-}\

zaya-

(from \

sb.

m.

n.

'weapon, missile '.Vd. 19.8,9.

Cf. also

zayuDma-.

[Phi. zai]

zayana

zazvGwha

zaya.na- (from J/V-, cf.Av.zya/n-,

to

zitn-,
'.

zzaya 'hiems'):
Yt. 5.5 (see

adj.

'relating
expl.).

winter';
[Cf.

sb.

m.

'winter

Gr.

932

Skt. hayana-]

z ay 5

tun a-

(superl. corresp.

to

noun zaya-

q. v.)

adj.

'best-armed'.

Yt. 14.1.

"\fzar-: vb. 'grow old, waste away*. [Skt. i jar-; cf. Phi. z&r ;

Cf. zrvan-*

New
'

P.

s5r (Horn)]

zarapuJtra-

(cf.

uStra-}: sb. m.

Gk. ZtopodaTpvjg.
Yt. 14.1;

Zarathushtra, Zoroaster', The founder of the Avestan religion and proYs. xi.8; Ys. 26.5; Ys. 57.8; Yt. 5.1,7,9;

nom. propr.

phet of ancient Iran.

Vd. 3.23; Yd. 6.45; Vd. 19.5 seq.

[Phi. zartuJt, zaratuhatt ;

New

P. zardust etc.]

xarapuStri-

'

(from 2): adj. from Zoroaster'.

Zarathushtrian, belonging to or descended zarapu$troi$ gen. sg. m. 'son of Z.' Ys. 26.5;

zarafiuZtri sra-vab ace. pi. n.

'words of

Z.'

(Gr.
Z.'

252) Ys. 57.4;

Vsp. 15.1.

zarapuStrayo voc>

pi.

m. 'ye followers of
sb.

[Phi. zartuSt&n}

zarapuStrdttmathe

(superl. to zarafiuStra-):

m.
;

'

Zarathushtrotema ',
adj.

chief high-priest,

Dastur

Dasturan

'belonging to

the Zarathushtrotema'.
[Phi. zarat&3tuni\

Ys. 26.1

(frava$ayo).

zaranya-

sb. m. 'gold'. za*ri-}: adj. 'golden'; m. Ys. 57.27 (horses' hoofs shod with gold).
(cf.

zaranya

iustr. sg.

[Skt. hiranya- ; Phi. zarin ;

New
:

P.

zaritt]

zaranyd.aiwiflana-

(from

-f a*widana-'}

adj.

'with golden bridle,

Yt. 14.7.

or caparison',

Yt. 14.9.
'
:

zaranyo.srva- (from z + swa-} zar a zda i ti (from zard- -J- ][da-}

zard-:

adj. sb.
f.

golden-horned

'.

'laying to heart,

heart's
sg.).

de-

votion, propagation (of the Gospel)'. Vsp. 15.2 (dat. See preceding word. sb. n. (cf. Ys. 31.12) 'heart'.
[Skt.

hfd-; Phi. dil;

'

New

P. dil (cf. Horn)]

zarXfva-: sb. m. stone zarjtvagna- (from zarZtva-,

'.
<

Cf. zarstvaina-.

Gr.

829): adj.

'made of stone';
'.

sb.

m.

zavana-

Vd. 6.46, see note. (from ~\[\zu-}\ sb. m. 'call,

stone
'.

invocat or

Cf. zavandjasta-,

[Skt.

hdvana-}

zavanu. s&sta-

when
zasta-:
sb.

(from z -{- sasta-): adj. invoked'. Ys. 5.9.

'commanded

at

call,

at

call

m. 'hand*.
see under

[Skt. hdsta-;

zastaya loc. sg. Ys. 57.31; zasty ace. pi. Vsp. 15.1. Old P. dasta- ; Phi. dast ; New P. dast]
zd-.

zazv&vha

1Q4
|/~jz

ZS

ZVrt-

<z-.-

vb.

el.

3 'get, obtain, win'.

zazv&vUa
'born'.

pf.

ptcpl.

act.

noni.

pi.

'victorious' Yt. 5.132.

zdla- (from \r l

zan-, pass, ptcpl.)

adj.

Cf.

azatft-.

[Skt. jatd-f Phi.

r/l

zdna'tf,

zanu-:

sb.

see under |Ai //;/-. m. 'knee'. -Cf. afySnu-.

[Skt.

janu-;

Phi. zdnuk, jantik

f.

New

P.

2<7/?;7]

zd-ni- (from

|/'i

sau-): sb.

'birth'. -Cf. huzamil-,

and hu:aini-

Yt. 5.87.

sfivar- (from \
[I

[Skt. jamt-\ rz

zu-)\

f>b.

n.
;

'

fleetness.
P. 3<>r]

vigor

'.

Ys. 11.2; Ys. 57.26.

'hi.

.:<>/,

zav&t'
s^/-.

New

zavi/i, see under

y~s/'-: vb.

A
|^

Cf. zaenah-, zwy</-.~[SkU ^/-] 'impel, drive'. zni.a, see under jAjv;-, //'-sf.- particle

poslpos. 'for. indeed, verily'.

[Skt.
/'-i

Yt. 14.12;

Vd. 3.24.

zufa;

uncertain
V
t.

word.

Yt. 5.7,

cf.

also frazufrni Yt. 5.126,

baro.zufrm

19.43, possibly also ///<*, ZPhL.Gl. p. 30. 2. Perhaps a special garment or adornment, possibly 'bracelet' serving also as arm-

protector in the case of an archer.

Sura
r \ iztl-: vb.

in

Justi's

Geschuhte dcs alien Persiens

See representation of Ardvi and Dieup. 94

;

lafoy's Persian archers

cl.
i

from Susa

in

the

Louvre.

(2) 'cry out, chide, curse' (euphea iqti pres. indie, act. 3 sg., pi. Ys. 11.1, 2,3 za-vi$i aor. indie, mid. pass, i sg. (6V. 664) Yd. 19.6 (Phi. Ver.s. also has thy ancestors worshipped me, do thou also wor(i) 'call,
ziwa'ti,

invoke';

mistic).

'

ship

me
i

'

).

See

r
~\

zbd- below.
cf.

[Skt.

/iff-,

hva- ;

Phi. azbayiSti 'invocation, prayer' (Horn)]

Cf. lavar-.
ztid 'cpjick'J

~\f2zfi-- vb.

cl.

'speed, hasten, drive'.

cf.

[Skt. yz?-/

Phi. ziit;

New

P.

z'tntl, z-'/jte etc., see under zain-.

zq/>a- (from \f

zan-)\

sb.

m. 'birth'.

Yt.

5.2 'Ardvi Sura purifies the

wombs

for child-bearing'.

zqm,

see under zant-.

cl.

\fzl>3-: vb.

'.call,

invoke'.
above.

zbaycmi pres. indie,

act.

sg.

Ys. 26.1.

See

J/"i

zri-

[Skt.

hvd-,
cl.

]fzya-,

'/-.'

\b.

lift-; Phi. azbayiSn 'invocation, prayer' (Morn)] 9 (Or. $ 588) 'take away, deprive forcibly'.-

zin5.(,

pres. (scdry.) subj. act.

3 sg.

Ys. 11.5 (\\ith

two

ace.).

[Skt. jyd-, ji- (jinaltj;

Old

P. at-; cf. Phi. zinftar

(ZPhl.GI.);

New

P.

ii

zrayiih
r

----- Jitiotttattnvha-

IO5
Ksp. the
Yt. 5.3;

ray ah-

(from

zri-^\

sb.

n.

'sea,

expanse of ocean'.

Sea

Vouru kasha.
loc.

uoi zruyS ace. sg. 'to the sea'

zrayai

sg.

(Gr.
Skt.

3*1, 357 N. 2) Yt. 5.4.

[Cf.

]ray as-; Old

(Horn)j

P.

tfraya/t-

Phi. darySk

New

P.

</.//ytf

"\fzri-: vb.

zrvan-

Cf. zraya/i-. [Skt. _/>/] 'go, stretch, expand'. sb. n. 'time'. Esp. with akarana- (q. v.) (from |/ l jsar- q. v.) Boundless Time, Eternity'. In later Zoroastrianism Ormazd and
cl.

'

Ahriman are conceived

(Gr.

of

as

sprung from Zarvan.

Vd. 19.9

992 N. 2

cxpl.)

[Phi. zar-vnn;

New

P. sari/Sit]

^
iff gar- (side-form

Av.

ill)

of \ rjiar~ q. v.):

vb.

cl.

'flow,

run, stream'.
3 sg. Yt. 5.4.

+/ra

'

flow forth*.

fralgaraiti

pit:s. indie, act.

ha-, ha-, ta-: dem.

Ys. 57- iS;
///f

pron. (dcln.
sg.
f.

6>.

nom,
cf.

Yt. 5.5.

409) *this".---^J uom. sg. m. See also '-. [Skt. sa-. s3-, ta-]
inscp. prefix 'together,
3 [Skt. sa ]

2.

ha* (from ham, Aw,

one'.
(from hant-

Gk. &-7tXcGg,

I.at. sttnel}
*

Cf. hakyr'l,
q. v.,

hazawa-

haipya-

C7r.

ace. 6g. advl. (Gr.

[Skt. satya-;

% 812): adj. 'real, true. very'. 934) 'essentially' Vs. ii.l.

P. hasiya-\

katyim

Old

ha"rva-

Cf. karvaldt-. (from [/^r-, Gr. 819): adj. 'whole, entire'. New P. Atfr] [Skt. sdrva-; Old P. harttva-,- 1'hl. /m^ har-vlsp;

ka*rv4t&t-

(from ha"rv4-

Gr.

842): sb.

f.

'wholeness, perfection,
.

ha*rvat&s Haurvatat (Salvation). Cf. 6V. Introd. p. xxvi tf nom. sg. (r/V. See amyrHat- above. 281) Ys. 57. 24.
[Skt. sarvdiat-; Phi. tyrdat;

New

P.

prefer/]

haSna-

(from |/A/-):

sb.

f.

'band, host, horde' (always in bad sense,

ravaging army). hainSbyd dau abl. pi. (Gr. [Skt. sin*-; Old P */*-/ Phi. M/|

247

expi.) Ys. 57.25.

hacva-, haoya-:

adj.

'left,

left

side

'.

-hoy&m

ace. sg. u. (Gr.

63

N. 2 expl.) Ys. 11.4.

[Skt. savyd-;'Ph\. hot}

'

haom-i-

(from -Ys.

"J^f

>6-)

sb.

m.

haoma-plant, juice,

Haoma'

(divinity).

i r. i, 3,

4, 7,

8; Ys. 57-195

Vd

I 9-9-

[Skt. sonta-; Phi.

/ww/ New
cf.

P. /5Jw]

do man av ha- (from

minded".

htt

-\-

manah-,

6V.

60 N.

c):

adj.

'well-

Yt. 5,8 (dat. sg

m.).

[Skt. sazemanasd-]

0(3

haomayo

hapta

Jtaomayo,

see below, under adjective haomi-.

haomavatit-

(from haoma-}'. adj. 'consisting of

'

haoma
'

'.

haomava^ti-

f byo zaopra >yo dat. abl.

f.

pi.

haoma
adj.

oblations

Yt. 5.8.

[Skt.

soma vant- ;
cf.

cf.

Phi. hdmdrnand~\

haomi-

(from haoma-,

also Ys. 7.3):

'provided with haoma'.

haomayo

Yt. 5.9, see note.

haoy&, see under hava-. haozapwa- (from huzaqfuhaozqfiwa

instr.

q. v.):

sb. n.

'gracious knowledge, reverence*.

[Phi. h&zanditi]

sg.

Ys. 57.23.
:

hak)rt

(from

ha -f j/"ar-)
//"

adv.
]

(</>.

375, 730)

'once'.

Cf.

hator't-jan-.

[Skt. sakft

hakzr* .jan-

(from

+ ~]fjan-y.
:

adj. 'killing at

one stroke'.

Yt. 14.15

(epithet of a boar).

havuhar 9 na|/"//

ac

- :

sb. n. 'jaw-bone' (cf. paHis-kar^na-, (from ]/"i bar-} ^iaw'^.hatrtt/iar'ne ace. du. Ys. 11.4,5. vb. cl. i accompany, attend, follow '. ---\- upa 'attend '.
'

upavhacayeni caus. pres. subj. act. I sg. 'attach myself to' Yt. 5.8; hacimno pres. ptcpl. pass. nom. sg. m. attended by evil reports
'

'

Ys. 11.1,3.

[Skt.

sac-]
vv.

haca-

(from Y/iac-}:
(2) prefix,

(i) prep.
cf.

instr. abl.

'with, together with, from';

abl. Ys. 26.10; Ys.

haca.mana-.

With

57.12,14;

Yt. 5.3.7,9,132; Yt. 14.5; Vd. 19.6.

[Skt. saca;

Old
-\- "J/~

P. haca; Phi. aj ;

New

P. a&, z-\
'.

hac a.mana-

(from haca

man-}

'
:

adj.

attentive in thought

Yt. 5.8.

hapra: hapra.nivaiti- (from hapra-^-^van-^):

adv. 'together, complete'.

See next word.

sb.
f.

[Skt. satra\

'complete conquest'.

Ys. 57.26.

~\[had-:

vb. cL

x,

'sit,

seat oneself. ----\- ni

'descend

to'.

/;/'-

Savhasti pres. indie, act. 3 sg. (Gr.

754.3) Ys. 57.30.

Cf. also

[Skt. sad-;

Old

P.

hada-:
h a

(i) adv.

'always';
cf.
-\-

(2) prep. w. abl. instr.

had-; Phi. ni-Sastan; New P. ni-$astan} 'with'. Ys. 57.17.

P.
:

[Skt. sahd,
11

sdda; Old

hada]
sb. n.
'

ja

m analoc.

(from
sg.

ham

~\[gam-, jam-}

meeting
P.

'.

hatijamane

Ys. ix. 2 (the race-course, or battle).

Skt.

[Cf.

sqgamd-;
"\fiah-,

Phi.

hanjaman
ptcpl.):

New

anjuman]
living

ttant-,

hat- (from
creature'.
haipya-.

pres.
pi.

adj.

'being,

being,
Cf. also

hatqm gen.
366) 'seven'.

m. (Gr,

18 N. 3) Yt. 5.9.

[Skt. sdnt-, sat-]

hapta: num.

(6V.

karSvqn yais hapta 'the seven

haft;

vars' Yt. 5.5.

[Skt. saptd; Phi.

New

P. haft}

haptawhSiti

hava-

Q7

hapta.vha.iti- (from hapta

tens';
13).

+ haHi-

'

q. v.)

adj.

comprising seven chap(see

sb.

m. 'Yasna Haptanhaiti'

Gr.

Introd. p. xviii
'

Ys. 57.22; Vsp. 15.2.

//

[Phi. haft-hat}

hapta. ya^ti- (from

h

+ yaffil-}

sb.

m.

'

seven stalks

(of barsom).

ap t o.

Ys. 57.6 (ace. pi.), see note. k a r $v a *r I , see under next word.

hapto.kargvan-

(from h-\-k}\ adj. 'consisting of seven Karshvars

haptd.kargvairfm ace. sg. fem.
[Phi.

or zones'.

(Gr.

855

expl.)

Ys. 57.23.

haft-kelvaro}
vbl.

\harn,

kqm, kay:
together
[Skt.
'.

adv.,

prefix (Gr.

750, 753 N. 2)

'with,

Cf. hama-, hani3r9pa- t hqm.tasti>

haqjamana-.
P.

sdm; Old
'.

P.

ham;

Phi.

ham; New
...

ham}
'

hamhama2

sb.

f.

'

summer

Cf. hqmln-.

[Cf. Skt. sdtnS-

year, season

'

(from hani): adj. 'same, entire'. hamahe m. f. Ys. 57.31. Cf. also, harno.faapra-.
[Skt.

hamay&

gen. sg.

samd-; Old

P.

hama-; Phi. hamak;

*

New

P.

hamah]
Yt. 5.5.

hamapa-

(from hama-, Gr.

(from

844, 942): adv. 'continually'.

-\-

hamo./i^apra-

hama-

^/)
sb.

adj.

all-powerful,

monarch '.
Ys. 57.26.

Yt. 14.13.

ham)rpa~\fh

(from
[Cf.

ham
*

-{-

J/W-)
'.

m. 'adversary, foe*.

Skt. sdmrti- 'conflict']

ar -:

vb.

cl.

guard

\-ni

'keep guard over, preserve'.

ni 3ha"rvaiti
Cf.

pres. indie, act. 3 sg.

also ha u rva-,
sb.
f.

haraiti-

(cf.

hard.-}:

(Gr. 754.2) Ys. 57.16. har 3 tar-, hartyra-, hiHara-. nom. propr. 'Haraiti', name of a mountain,

Haraiti

Bareza,

Mount Alborz.

haraipyd gen.

sg.

(Gr.

259)

Ys. 57.19,21.
f. nomen propr. 'Hara', Mount Alborz in Mazanderan, south of Caspian Sea. Cf. haraHl-. har'tar- (from }[har-}\ sb. m. 'guardian, keeper'. har'ta nom. sg.

hara-:

sb.

Ys. 57.15.

harpra-

(from ~\[har-}
6

sb. n.

'guarding'.
let

har3prai

dat. sg.

(infin.)

Yt. 5.6.

"\fharz-: vb.
(

cl.

'send forth,
).

go'.

\-pairi

'strain, filter*

haoma

juice

\-fra

'emit seed',

frawhar'ziiitqm pres,
in rut' Yt. 14.12; zaof.

ptcpl. act. gen. pi.

m. 'of males that are

Pr&byo pairiavharttibyo pass, ptcpl.

Yt. 5.8.
[Skt. sarj;

dat. abl. pi.

(Gr.

754.3)

Phi. hiStan
:

New

P. hiilan]

hava-

(side-form of hva-, h>a- q. v.) poss. adj. pron. (Gr, 440 N. i) 'own', Lat. suus. haoyQ gen. sg. f. (Gr. 440 N. I, 62.2) Ys. 11.1; havapbya pada^bya instr. du, Vd. 6.46. [Skt sva-}

08
sb.
n.

haiatira

htika'rya-

liazauri-: num.

(6V.

374)

'

thousand
,

'.

Yt. 5.4.
P.

See also

next word.

[Skt. scihdsra-; Phi. haziir

:

New

h,izar\

kazaurd.s tfina[Skt.

(from

Vs. 57-21

fi -f stuna-} adj. 'with a thousand columns'. 'a house of a thousand columns'.

sMfru-sfAapa-;

Phi. bazar stun;

cf.

New

P.

haidr

suttin,

name

for Fersepolis]

ha, see under ha-, la-, haiti-: sb f. 'section, chapter, Ha'.

[Cf.
pcrh..

Cf.

haptaahaiti-.

Skt.

.tf//-

(jAra//-); ;= Phi. hat ;

Mew

P.

//<7j

*<f

////- (prob. from I/"///*/-, G>. and gen. pi.).

f

777): ^b.

f.

'female '.Yt. 5.2

(ace.

//

<~i

tn

see under hail!-.

ha van a- (from \fi

AU-): sb.

>\as pounded).jCf. Skt.

in. 'mortar, havana' Vd. 19.9 (instr. sg.).

(in

which (he haoina

savana-; Phi. hdvan;

adj.
left
'.

htivdya- (from

hueva-, haoya-}:
[Cf.

see npte.

Skt. suvya,

Gr.

P. h&van] hav^ya 6otvo Vd. 3.25,26, 60 N. d]

New

"\fAt-: vb. 'bind, span'.--Cf. hita-, hac,,d-, ha fin-.

[Skt. si-\

kit a-

(ficnn I'V//'-):

-:

sb.

m.

m. 'team, span of horses'. Vs. 57.26 (dat. pi.). nomen propr. 'river, Indus'. ///^</z^ loc. gen. (Gr.
sb.
T 933 N

z6 5
-

Ys. 57-29, see note.

fSkt. simlhu-;

Old

P. hi(n)tiu-; Phi.

(from \l'har- redupl,):

(with acr.).

adj.

htnHukan; New I. A/W] 'keeping guard over'. Ys. 57. 17

hista'ne, see under yV<7~. hizu-, /'tizva-: sb. m. (6V.

V.>s.

220 N.

i)

'tongue'.
skill

///// ///svo
1

gen. abl.

ii..j,5;

///>i/<?

dav/tavhe 'with

'

oflongui

Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5.

[Skt. jihva- ; Phi.

t/zvan, huzviin,

zaran;
ad

New
ioc.

P.

zai'-an\

hi zv&r'na: uncertain word.

Yt. 5.6,

see note

Similarly

also

now
AM":

Darniejjteter.
I.e.

kltn, hlS, sec under

prelix *well,

good'.

Cf. hukfr'ta-, hutastu-, httmata- etc.

P.
//,

[Skt. su;

Old

uv ;

Phi.

htt\
\-

"\l~\hu-: vb.
1

cl.

rac

5 'press out' (esp. extract haoina juicr). t'. *>iwi$hut?tn (q. v.) dtiravehi 'wilholdest
Ys. 11.3

a^wi 'exex-

me when
also

tracted'
Jiuurura-.*
\

(see

note

on Phl.Vers.).
vl>. cl.

Cf.

fiaoma-,

[Skt. .vw-/ Phi. hiinitan\

////-):

2 /in-

(probably crig. conn, with }fi

9 (GV.

583, 591)

generate, produce*.

[Skt. SH-,

jv?-|

huka'rya-:

sb.

n.

nomen

propr. 'Hukairya',
htigar\

name

of a

mountain. ---

Yt. 5.3.

[Phi. /tukar,

huktr'ta

-- 2 ha'

hukir'ta-

(from hu

+ kyrta- q. v.):

adj.

well-made'.- Vd. 19.8,

9,

see

note.

[Skt, suklta- ; Phi.

hukr*pta-

Skt. "\fkalp-}: adj. 'well-Formed, of per(from ~\fkarpfect shape'. fravajttn hukjr3pt)tnqm superl. ace. sg. f. Ys. 26.2.
rSkt. stiklpta-}

Mart]

h ufyfap ra- (from hu -f- $*>) Vd. 19.9 (nom.

adj.
pi.

having goodly power, rightly ruling '.

m.,

Amesha
:

Spenias).
'

[Skt. suhsatra-}
'

huli$naopra-

(from hu -f 2 fygnaopra-}

sb. n.

good knee

htf!$naopre h>ipani$l&ne 'upon his firm knees and

ace. du.
his

(dvandva cpd.,

882, i). (Gr. Gr. 879)

sure

feet' Yt. 14.13.

See hu-

(from hu

-j-

///-)
;

*
:

adj.

well-shapen *.
*

Yt. 14.7,9.

[Skt. stitaf{a-

Phi. hutalt}
adj.

hudah-

(from hu

-\-

dSh-

q. v.):

beneficent, benevolent'.

d&vho gen.

sg. Ys. 26.4, see note;

hud&vho nom.
'sure foot'

pi.

m. Vd. 19.9

(Amesha

Spentas).

[Cf.

Skt. sudas-; Phi. hudak]

sb. n.
(ffr.

hupaitittana-

(from /w

+ pa*ti$tdna-):
<i-v.):

882,1).

Yt. 14.13, sec httJ^nuopra- above.

hu pat a-

(from hu-

-f-

1//^-

adj.
f.

'well-kept, protected'.
Yt. 14.12.
:

faaflrtif

hupatvt9m& superl. nom. pi. hum at a- (from hu -\- mata-, pass, ptcpl.
sb.
n.
'

j/"/rf//- q. v.)

adj.

'well-thought';

huraorfa-

frayd.humata-. [Cf. Skt. sumati-; Phi. humat, hantat] adj. 'fair of form, (from hu -f raoda- q. v.)
'.
:

good thought

Cf.

beautiful'.
;

Ys. 57.2,5,9,25,26 (Sraosha);

(Strength); Vd. 3.24 (maiden).

Y.s.

57.3 (Nairyo-Sanha)
[Phi. Aarost]

Yt. 14.7,9

kuyailta- (from
parative

////

-\-yastu-,

pass, ptcpl. ~\fyaz-,

instr. sg.

Gr.

166): adj. 'well-

offered*.

huyaSla yurna

m. Yt. 5.9;
Gr.

huyaStara- com348, and Gr.

'.

nom.

sg.

f.

Yt. 5.9.
v.,
'

huHhafah-,

an

(from ~\[h>ap- q.
'

pf. ptcpl.

95,

correction), pf. ptcpl. adj.

soundly sleeping
as often
\v.

Ys. 57/17
ptcpl.).

'who

has not slept since

(from hu

(sc.
:

asli,

pf.

huzaqtuadj. \/~2 c-) p wa -. [Cf. Phi. hilsamilh] huzamit- (from hu 4- z&ini- q. v., cf.
easy childbirth
1
//
'.

'well-minded, wise'.
Skt. hdri-,

Cf. haozq-

f.

harit-): adj.

'having

Yt. 5.2 (ucc. pi.).

ti

(in

hff frag/nit.dijiti-}. q. v.)

:

see under hvar-.

sb.

ft

it-

(from \f2 hugen. sg.

m. 'swine'.

hu

(dissyllabic) kyhrpa
(lit.

varazahe

'in the

shape of a wild boar'

'boar-pig') Yt. 14.15.

Cf. also

vanna-.
(in

.f*Z~

sukar<i- 'swine'); Phi. fyik f

New

P. lpik (Horn)]

HO
<(a

hutya

fi-aj-

(from
sb.

//// -f-

ttfya-,

pass,

ptcpl.

\fvac-

q. v.)

adj.

'well-spoken';

n.

'good word'.

Cf. frayo.hufyta-.

fCf.

Skt. sukld-; 1'hl. hft^t}

he, hi in

hl$: pron. encl. 3d pers. (Gr. him (ardvim stirqtn) ace. s^.
gen.
sg.

395,
f.

1016

seq.) 'he,
lie

it

etc.'

Yt. 5.1;

kaniyrtfom dat.
'his
'

'his
ttpa

skull'

5.57.10;
dat.

he
sg.
f.

duraesukam
'he

glance

Yt. 14.13;

he

baraiti

bestows

upon her'

Vd. 3.25; ka he
...

astl cipa (Gr.

cf.

iiha.stavane

nidarzaym (perh. daenqm (dat.

for

Gr.

1020 N.) Vd. 6.47; aetada hi ... 1019 N.) Vd. 6.46; <?/'/

ace. sg.
'let

f.

proleptic,

Gr.

1019 N.)
ht
;

Vd. 19.7; uzdilntm hs ktr'naot

repository

one make a raised place or

Gr. Gr.

them'

(i.e.

azdb'is,
azdb'is,

1019)

nidapitu
Jiil

'deposit

them'

(sc.

1.6.50; 1019) Vd. 6.JI

(i.e.

vupe karano)
(I'rakrit)
sS,

ace. pi.

m. Vt. 5.4.

[Skt.

sim encl.]

hdyum, sec under haeva-, hqm, see under ham.

hnoya-.

hqmin

(from 2 ham-, Gr. sb. m. 'summer'.

316, ^35): a-lj. 'relating to summer'; hq/ninstnca zayait^inca ace. sg. 'both summer

and winter' (Gr.

hq
in. l>9

932

expl.) Yt. 5.5.

[Skt.

ham-in-}

r 3P

(from ~\l~bar-, Gr. harvest'. Vd. 3.27 (ace.

-

wa

792]: sb. f. sg.), see nofe.

'collection,

burden,

[Cf.

Phi.

AamtaralniS]
'
:

h q m. v a r *

(from ham -f- ^\fvar-, Gr. 788) sb. f. defense, courage '. a Cf. hqm.var*tivatil-. Esp. na*re hqm.var ti$ 'Manly Courage'.
1 1'-

hqm.var* t iv u)it age'.

(from hqm.var'ti-}: adj. 'endowed with vato gen. sg. m. Ys. 57.33 (Sraosha).
:

manly cour'own, self,

hva-, ha-

(cf.

hava-}
s.

poss. pron. adj. (Gr.

440 N.

i)

Lat. s u u

See hava- above.

Cf. ka.stairi3-,
itva-\

pipya-.

[Skt. svd-i

Old

P.

hal

(from hva-, foa-}: prefix in cpds. 'self, own'.

[Cf. Skt.

Cf.

svay-am; Old
:

P. avffi*]

hracpaijtya- (from h'aS- + pa*pya-} adj. 'own, personal'. var'sa by his own hair Vd. 6. 46. [Cf. Skt. svapatyd-; cf. OKI P. uv&ipaSiya-] hva c ah* (from hu + vacah-, Gr. 68 b) adj. 'whose word
'
' :

kaepaipyaca

is

gracious'.

hvac& nom.
[Skt.
~\fh>

m. (Gr. 339) Ys. 57.20. suvacas-, Gr, 17]

sg.
cl. i
'

aj -

ha qj -

vb.

encompass, embrace '.

sg.

('

pa*ri

'surround'.

pairifhrafitern

ayavhahe pass, ptcpl. ace.

though encompassed

round with iron' Ys. 11.7, see note.

[Skt. svaj-, svaftj-\

brad

kvarSta-

\\\

~\[kad-,

bad-:

vb.

cl.

(trans.)

'make

desirable, sweeten'; (intrans.)

'be liked, desired, relished'.

[Skt. svad-,

See under

Jvasta-.

svad-; Phi. foastan 'wish';

*

New

P.

hvastan\
central

kanirapa-:

sb.

n.

nomen

propr.

Hvaniratha ', name of the

Karshvare, the zone on which

[Phi. hvaniras\

men

live.

Ys. 57.31.

yh>ap-:

vb. 'sleep, slumber'.

[Skt.

See hushafah692): vb.

cl.

pf. ptcpl.,

cf.

next word.

svap-

Phi. tyuaftan, Jiuftan;

I,

New
10

P. fyiftan, fyusptdan]

"\/~h>abda- (from

^kap-, Gr.
cf.

'fall,

asleep'.

\>ava

'drop asleep',
~\fl

an-avavhabdamna-

pres. ptcpl. mid.

bar-:

vb.

cl. I

'eat, drink,
t

consume'.
fyurtan;

Cf. kar>pa-t ka$ar-, ktr'ft.-

kar-.

[Phi. fyvartan

"\fzhfar-: vb. 'shine, be bright'.

P. fyurdan] root inferable from hvar-, kar'nah-.

New

~\[$kar-:
h,

vb.
j/"i

'consume,
kar-*

injure,

wound'.
?

Prob. originally the same as

'

See kara-,
:

(also

akar'ta-

unconsumed

'

).

ar- (from

~\fkar-}

sb. n. (dcln.

Gr.

gen. sg. in hft fr&smo.do.Hi- q. dar'sya-. [Skt. svar-; Phi. kvar, fyur ;

333) 'sun'. hit (dissyllabic) as v. Ys. 57.10,16. Cf. also hvar'.-

bar a-

(from ^"3 bar-

q. v.)

sb.

m. 'wound'.
P.
f.

New P. far} Ys. 57.10.

nom.
pi.

[Phi. far; cf. h>ar ypa- (from ]/"i bar-}:

New
sb.
n.

forah}
'food'.
h>ar } pffi
Cf.
n.
f.

(Gr.

232) 'food, victuals' Vd. 3.29.

[Cf.

also h>ar*po.ba*rya-.

Phi. fyvarisn}

bar'pd.bair ya(gen. pi.

(from
f.).

h>

+ ba^rya^]
-f-

adj.

'fruit-bearing'.

Vd. 3.23

hvar'.dar' syathe
sun,

(from hvar-

"\fdars-,

Gr.

'

716):
sya

adj.

beheld by

exposed

to

the

sunlight'.-

ace. pi. n. (Ag

azd&tt) Vd. 6.51.

h>ar*navuhaiitsuper!,

nom.

(from har'nah-}: adj. sg. m. Yt. 14.3.

:

'glorious'.

hartnavuhasttmo

hrar'nah-

sb. n. 'glory'. Esp. kavaem foar'nd 'the (from j/~2 ha r-) Kingly Glory ', a divine light or halo supposed to be possessed 3 by kings. bar no ace. sg. Yt. 14.2 hrar'navha instr. sg. (Gr.
;

941) Ys. 57-3; Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.2,5.

[Phi. fourth;

New
sb.

P.
f.

fair rah, farra/i]

bar*nti-

(from y"i bar-}:

'food' (esp. food other than grain). karntl$ ace. pi. 'all kinds of fruits' (pi.) Vd. 3.27;

Vd. 3.29.

hvarlfta- (from
deed'.

////

4- varsta-

q. v.)

adj.

Ys. 57.4; Vsp. 15.1.

Cf. also

'well-done'; sb. n. ray 5. hvarst a-.

'good

[Phi. havarSt]

112

hvasta*

ha$arm.

hvasla-

(from hu \-asia-, pass, ptcpl. ["2

//-):

sb.

(sc. /A/-)

'a

good

arrow-shot'
gen.
clu.)

(ef.

Yt. 10.21).

hvastayto

afuhimanay& (probably
Yi. 5.4
(dat. sg.

Ys. 57.28
-\-

hvaspa-

(from
4

hu

a*pa--};

adj.

'well-horsed'.
a

m.)

for a

man mounted on
Old
P.

good horse
\-paili

'.

fSkt. svasva-;

uvaspa- ; Phi.
'

//w-dt.r/"j

y/eah-:

vb.

cl.

to 'press together'.
indie,
-j-

crush'.

/*"/; /vavha*

yc*ti pri-s.

act.
/'")
:

3 sg.
sl>.

Vs. 57. 10.

,6ar'si3 nidatyita 'own cushion'. !iis own cushion (Gr. 897)
<fc'<5
'

la.ar*ziX

(from
'

//?v/-

n.

ace. sg.

deposit (the dead) upon

Vd. 6.51.

hvar

-Ys. 57.21, adj. 'self-shining'. t'Jifna- (Irom /iz/a- -f raojfpia-} Phl.Vers. has min hcnafimun rdsuno 'shining of itself
:

[Cf.

Skt. sv&socis-}
'

hva.v

<;

fj a

(from kva-

-|-

vatya-

q. v.)

adj.

striking of itself

'.

Ys. 57.3

(with snaifof).

btl.sta'ris (from Awisee note.

+ stofri$
had-

sb. n.

'own

bed, carpet'.

Vd. 6.51,

h-asta- (from \

1inni- t

q. v.):

pass, ptcpl. adj. -liked, desired, soli-

Uncertain. cited '(?). yd titqm basiqin ndi bafjjdhe Ys. ix.i. Phl.Vers. explains a.- 'giving the cow lo good people as a treasure' (Ipi&jtuk) ; Nar. has laksmya. Prob. therefor*?, 'who doest

not present

me when
It
-\

me
ka$ari

for
[Cf.

thyself.
Slvt.

desired (i. e. to worthy men), but fattenest can hardly mean 'cooked'.
'

si alia

for
sb.

kar'tar-

from |

A'frr-,

Gr.

164,

and

m. 'drinker'.

h>5$3rtHi ace. sg.

Ys. 11.3, allusion

compensatory a): is to one

of the priestly class

who keeps

the

haoma from being drunk.