Inside any living body there is an internal environment. There are parameters that oscillate.

They vary in time, age, weather, and hunger, but never leave the range. There is no fixed number. Like no fixed number for glucose, bp, etc. There is normality. But not everyone has the same. Variability is normal. We have sensors in the periphery telling the central nervous system. They transducer the energy into electrical. The integrating center is the brain and the spinal cord. Sensors transducer energy. Body is organized very well. There are many (11) body systems. o Composed of organs and other things. For example heart and vessels are cardiovascular. Nervous system have the ability to be conscious of certain things. Have the choice to perceive for example to the glasses on our face. There is habituation of the receptors after a while. The receptors dont transducer all the time. If they do, they are filtered. Protects the brain from overloading with stimuli. Endocrine system cells produce hormones to the blood stream. Skeletal system the most important organs are well protected by bones like the heart. Brain, etc. the brain needs protection from the skull. The thoracic cage protects the lungs and the heart. Integumantary system reacts to aggressors. Muscular system Cardiovascular system blood is included in this system. The vessels and pathways transport. Without blood, no delivery of O2 or getting rid of CO2. Gastrointestinal from mouth to anus. Metbalizes nutrients Repiratory Renal Lymphatic Reproductive Basic cell function o Each cell is alive. o We are aerobic animals. Most of the energy is produced with the presence of O2. o Cells synthesize components. o We have internal environment. The internal environment of the cell is contently exchanging with the extracellular environment around it. Tissues o We dont have the same number of tissues and systems. The same tissues are in many systems. Muscle tissues transducing chemical energy to synaptic energy which causes movement. Chemical to movement to heat. All are vessels are made with smooth muscle. Had the capacity for vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Nervous tissue Nervogrowth factor attracts the right cells to make connections and circuits. Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue Material that connects cells. Giving morphology to the body.

Organs o Contains many different tissues and work together. o In the heart, between cells there is space. When the heart is damaged by ischemia, the muscle tissue dies and other connective tissue repairs it. There is no muscle reproduction but just repair. Ischemia is lack of blood flow. Body systems o Systems are not isolated. Need to work together

HOMEOSTASIS: FOUNDATION OF PHYSIOLOGY Sometimes need help to maintain this. May use medication either for short times or chronically. Body is constantly being disturbed. Fluctuates in a range. In a 24 hour period, hormones are always changing. I.e. in the morning there is a peak of growth hormone because this stabilizes blood glucose levels. By the end of the day it is low. 70% of us are water. As we grow older, we lose water.

Control systems Must detect the change, integrate, and then fix the issue. ECF is around the cells. Blood is ECF ICF is inside the cell and every cell. Survival Volume and concentration of the cell must be maintained. The passage of materials and the cell membrane help this. Roles of organ systems ECF is the surrounding of the cell and systems must maintain this fluid Each system is a part of maintaining the ECF o Liver is key organ for metabolism Fluid Volumes Plasma is inside the vessels Total body water is between 60 70 %. Depends of the amount of adipose tissue present. Control Systems Intrinsic local, in the organ. Develop more force. o Regulation of cardiac muscle contraction. The length of the sarcomere determines the strength of the pulse. If the length is optimal, the strength is optimal Extrinsic o Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS control heart beat. o Volume of the stomach controlled by innervations and glands that determine the contraction.