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Resumen
Este artículo presenta algunas características y aplicaciones del sistema de
escaneo láser. El Airborne Laser Scanning es un sistema relativamente
nuevo que permite la generación de cartografía utilizando escaneo del
terreno, donde es posible diferenciar el modelo digital de superficie del
modelo digital del terreno. Se presenta adicionalmente el funcionamiento
general del sistema, dando sus principales ventajas en la extracción
automática de edificaciones.
KEY WORDS:
Laser Scanning, Reconstruction, Level-of-Detail, LiDAR, Image processing.
Introduction
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reconstruct surfaces with a high level of detail. Since the basic compo-
nents of airborne laser scanning and working principles of airborne laser
scanning are well discussed in many literatures,1
Laser Scanning
Light amplification through stimulated emissions of radiation is known as
LASER. Laser beam is used to determine the range between source and
object.
When the purpose of laser ranging is to reconstruct an object
surface, laser beam can be scanned on the object. This group of
ranging points is called point cloud and this scanning technique is called
laser scanning
If the beam emitting device is fixed on the earth to reconstruct an
object, it is called terrestrial laser scanning.
If the laser device is fixed on an airborne vehicle and earth surface
is scanned, it is called airborne laser scanning.
The main advantage of ALS data is that it does not depend on weather
conditions, therefore output is highly accurate compared to traditional
photogrammetry.
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Measuring Principle
Laser has been used in geospatial sciences for several years. Laser
equipment basically consists on an emitting diode that produces a light
source at a very specific frequency. The signal is sent toward earth
where it is reflected back towards the sensor platform. Then, a receiver
device captures the returning pulse signal. By measuring the time lapse
between the sent and received signals, the distance to surface can
be measured.
D = v. t / 2
VA=D cos αA
Where
c – velocity of light
t – Time lapse
VA-Elevation of point
αA -angle from the nadir
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the branches of tree, while the rest of them are reflected from earth
surface. The reflections coming from the tree branches reach the
receiver first and the reflections from the ground reach it last. These first
and last reflections are called first and last pulses respectively. There are
many possible reflections, but in research only first and last pulses are usually
used. Due multi-reflectivity nature of laser beams, different forestry
applications have been possible.
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Figure 3: First pulse and last pulse
Raw ALS data point cloud is both dense and noisy, therefore
noises in the ALS data have to be filtered out, there are several
methods implemented based upon the nature of noises.
Classification of ALS is the next step in ALS data processing.
Classification is the process of segmenting the point cloud into
different classes like ground, vegetation, building etc.
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Ground point classification:
Ground points are the ALS points lying on the bare earth surface.
These points create a digital terrain model (DTM). There have
been many techniques invented by re- searchers to perform ALS
data ground classification automatically. This process of segregating
ground points from point cloud can be achieved by local slope of
the terrain or statistical methods. Physical objects like buildings,
towers, vehicles need to be removed. Also, points lying on
vegetation are filtered out. Due to the density and accuracy of ALS
data high accuracy contours like 1 foot, 2 feet, 5 feet can be
generated.2
Figure 4: Classification (a) Raw ALS data (b) Ground points ALS data
Vegetation classification
Laser scanning has vast potential for the direct measurement and
2
Schenk T., Digital Photogrammetry, TerraScience, Laurelville, OH 2001
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estimation of several key forest characteristics. The direct
measurements can be canopy height, sub canopy topography, and
the vertical distribution of intercepted surfaces between the
canopy top and the ground. Other forest structural
characteristics such as aboveground bio- mass can also be
modeled or inferred from these direct measurements.
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Miscellaneous object classification
ALS is noise free when compared to the aerial images for building
extraction.
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References
Alharthy Abdullatif and Bethel James S. (2002). Heuristic filtering and 3D feature
extraction from lidar data. In ISPRS Commission III, Symposium 2002 September
9 13, Graz, Austria.
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