McCosker, A. (2005). A vision of masochism in the affective pain of crash. Sexualities. 8(1). 30-48. doi:10.

1177/1363460705049573 y y The role of sexual stories in producing and facilitating forms of transgressive sexuality draws attention to image and discourse in the social construction and experience of sexuality. The film and the cultural anxiety surrounding it has enabled the penetration of masochism into the realm of everyday life.

Masochism and the body within sadomasochistic traditions y Beekman (2001) identifies five discourses or motivations for participating in sadomasochistic practice, where it is understood and experienced as an alternative to normal genital sexuality safer sex and an exploration of the lived body . Masochism is defined as one half o a dual sexual pathology. Freud divided masochism into three distinct forms which he called moral, feminine and erotogenic masochism. Theodore Reik (1941) also describes three essential characteristics in masochism: the significance of phantasy , the factor of suspense, and the demonstrative factor. There is no sadistic or masochistic sexuality without bodies and intensities of pain and pleasure.

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A story of masochistic sexuality y One craves repetition of these practices because the intensity is ephemeral, has no life span it is tied to bodily experience.

Lingering over impact and injury y All the usual pain and trauma of a car accident is transformed through the seductive tones and the sexual act.

Conclusions: Sexualized pain and the unanticipated discomfort of viewing y y Crash realizes the erotic potential of the reversibility of pain. In an erotic encounter, the intensification of bodily zones originates not in the regular and habitual acts and countenance of the body, but in the unanticipated conjuncture.

Finlay, S.J. (2005). If youve got a vagina and an attitude, thats a deadly combination: sex and heterosexuality in basic instinct, body of evidence and disclosure. Sexualities 8(1). 49-74. doi: 10.1177/1363460705049574 Feminism and film noir y Analysis is concerned with women s oppression and agency.

There s feminism and there s fucking feminism and heterosexuality in the new film noir y Heterosexuality is a contested term. Generally throughout the article, it is used to refer to sexual relationships between a man and a woman that are largely monogamous and socially sanctioned.

Disclosure y y y Meredith is depicted as sexual and aggressively ambitious. She is shown to have a clear gameplaying advantage over Tom. The film emphasizes Meredith s success at work in contrast to Tom s loss of power and it is used to excuse his violent reaction to her seduction. The sex scene works to reinforce their differences, until ultimately the only way for Tom to succeed is to assert an aggressive form of masculinity, reinstating the male dominant, female submissive binary of normative heterosexuality. Some researchers have suggested that Meredith is a threat to Tom because she inverts the natural heterosexual order where ideologically, men s function is economic, women s function is biological or because when women do dominate at work, it is also assumed that they dominate sexually. Once aroused by Meredith, Tom is biologically determined to complete the act of sexual intercourse. It is only through incredible strength of character that he is able to resist. Meredith is ultimately reliant on him. Women are shown as incapable of being the fuckers , only the fuckees . Women, while frequently powerful individuals who use their sexuality to attract men to their doom, are seen through misogynistic eyes. Meredith has been characterized as rather insipid, the traditional woman who knows her role within the corporate structure, and in the sense works to continue hegemonic notions of women s proper place.

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Body of evidence y y Women fall into two character stereotypes, basically good (and insipid) or bad (and inspiring). Women are strong because they can manipulate men.

Runganga, A.O., Aggleton, P. (1998). Migration, the family and the transformation of a sexual culture. Sexualities. 1(1). 63-81. doi: 10.1177/136346098001001004 y As part of a study examining the social and contextual factors affecting risk-related activities, the role of migration and related factors in shaping the sexual beliefs, expectations and behaviors of young people was explored.

Historical and contextual concerns y y y y Dominant sexual meanings emphasized the importance of procreation and male sexual pleasure. By splitting households in this way, continuity of sexual socialization was interrupted and the role of the family was modified. Little by little, new meanings for sexual activities were assimilated into existing systems, thus transforming elements of more traditional sexual culture. Whereas previously, sex had been a marital duty, conducted in a prescribed and business like matter, now it became more of a leisure time activity, pursued in accordance with opportunity, desire, financial resources and needs.

Methodology y When interviewed away from their homes, young people appeared more willing to discuss personal issues and concerns.

Findings y y y y Multiple parent figures may convey conflicting messages about sexual behavior an risk within the context of sexual socialization. In the absence of consistent parental presence , young people may not only have increased opportunities for sexual activities, but the unsupervised physical space in which to have sex. The high value placed upon being urbanized and modern also promotes the adoption of sexual values and behaviors that are seen as westernized. At discotheques and nightclubs, young men also learn from one another how to arouse women sexually by kissing and smooching, behaviors which were rarely seen in former times, and actions that cause offence to some rural people today. Such experiences have led to the emergence of new sexual meanings. Young men, in particular, adopt urban ways of initiating an seducing, being rewarded for this by peers and young women alike. In young men s eyes, for a girl to wear trousers, a mini skirt, ear-rings, make-up and other accessories, is to signal her availability for sex.

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With women who are seen as being available for sex, relationships are largely of a physical kind only. At the growth-point, young men believe that women look attractive to be noticed by men, and that women who appear to seek male sexual attention are prostitutes. Young men, on the other hand, can wear whatever clothes they like and adopt any form of behavior without being seen negatively. Penetrative vaginal sex is real sex for the majority of the young people interviewed. For many of the sexually active young people interviewed, being in a relationship means having penetrative sex. A degree of force is not uncommon in sexual encounters as girls are expected to offer physical resistance to boy s advances.

Conclusion y y Urban-rural migration has also had a significant effect on the sexual culture and sexual behavior of young people in rural settings. Young women should be encouraged to see themselves as active participants in relationships rather than objects to be conquered by men.

Inglis, T. (2002). Sexual transgression and scapegoats: A case study from modern Ireland. Sexualities. 5(1). 5-24. doi: 10.1177/1363460702005001001 Creating infamous women y y y The idealization of the traditional mother and the stigmatization of those who transgressed from the ideal, ,was perpetuated by church and state, by priests, politicians and judges. Myths can be liberating and help create and sustain collective identity. Myths can themselves become an oppressive regime of truth defining the essence of the people.

Sexually transgressed women as exotic scapegoats y y y Who we are is dependent on defining ourselves in opposition to who they are. An unannounced, repressed fear of women s sexuality which, if not controlled, could undermine if not destroy culture and society. In Ireland, the complex relation between male dominance, the idealization of motherhood and the control of female sexuality, has to be understood in terms of the Catholic Church s monopoly over morality, its obsession with sexual morality, the veneration of Our Lady as the ideal chaste mother and the dominance of males in the Catholic Church and state. Throughout the last half of the 20th century, social relations became more democratic and egalitarian.

Pasko, L. (2002). Naked power: The practice of stripping as a confidence game. Sexualities. 5(1). 49-66. doi: 10.1177/1363460702005001003 y y This study further explores the false intimacy and sexual objectification created by strippers and their customers. Power comes from a sole advantage becoming a sexual ideal and this role does not elicit such power in mainstream social interactions and relations.

Methodology y A desperate financial situation preceded their first exotic dance experience.

The confidence game y y y Only a limited selection of academic research has recognized the con game as a mode of organizing and manipulating social interactions. The risk-taking nature, structure and facades performed by players in a confidence game also characterize ordinary relations in everyday social life. Strippers are experienced emotional managers and excellent scholars of human nature.

The Hawaii study y Strippers perform emotional labor and induce and suppress feelings in order to uphold the desired and appropriate outward countenance.

Qualifying the mark y y y Strippers seek to act authentically, not by pretending to be a sexual object but rather by becoming one. Through their dress, language and movements, they produce real acts of seduction and intimacy; they become sexual provocateurs. The stripper s display creates the effect of different sex objects for the customer. They also represent an image that corresponds to mainstream masculine versions of sexual fantasies.

Conning the mark y y y Strippers quickly decide which role will furnish them the greatest tips to be a sex object, devoid of facial expression or emotion, or to be the intimate partner. Strippers are able to respond appropriately to customers stimuli and are able to understand a customer s desires. The increased amount of interaction, the range of interaction and the intensity of emotion ensures that the interaction reflects counterfeit intimacy, an inauthentic relation.

Cooling out y Appealing to a legal authority or universal rule keeps the customers from feeling abused.

Consequences of the con game y y y y y Strippers experience considerable social and psychological costs that diminish their feelings of power when they leave the stage. The stripper-customer interaction is, for the most part, based on a false intimacy, a depersonalization of the sexual experience. Feelings of estrangement and emotional dissonance, disturbance and strain between what they feel in private sexual acts an their sexual displays for profit. Exhausted from calculated pseudo-sexual activity, stripping actually inhibits women s own exploration of their sexuality and sexual pleasure. Overtly wielding sex for power in daily life has two important consequences for the dancers. First, they discover their power is confined to the club s environment and does not readily translate into daily life. Second, they tend to be embarrassed by their occupation and as a consequence, become socially isolated, particularly from other women.

Conclusion y y y y y y The stripper-customer interaction is a complicated mixture of manipulation and control of emotions and communication. It is through the stripper s ability to be both subject and object that she is able to counterfeit intimacy and create herself as a sex object. While the confidence game gives them power in their individual interactions with customers, this power does not extend into the outside world. Strippers are cognizant of the consequences of their choice of profession: the victimization, stigmatization and isolation. They become estranged from genuine emotions and feelings of pleasure and sexuality. It respond to patriarchal understandings of female sexuality and femininity and does not challenge mainstream conceptions of masculinity.

Sex, gender and society Sex and personality y y y Men are more aggressive and independent than women Women are more sensitive and perceptive in their relationships with other people. The key masculine quality is the aggressive, adventurous, enterprising, outwardly directed disposition: the tendency to pugnacity and self-assertiveness.

Comment [C1]: What reference is this from?

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The outstanding feminine traits are the actively sympathetic, inwardly directed disposition: the maternal impulse and the tender feelings If they are not molded in biology, then they must emerge very early in the process of cultural learning. This kind of association again suggests that there is a strong component of social learning in the acquisition of masculinity and femininity. Amongst he Arapesh, the ideal adult has a gentle, passive, cherishing nature, and resembles the feminine type in our culture. Among the Mundugumor, the women are as assertive an vigorous as the men. The Tachambli tribe s makes approximated to our stereotype of femininity and the females to our masculinity. A similar aggressiveness on the part of the female exist among the Zuni Indians. The results indicated that the boys are more likely than girls to engage in physical aggression in all six cultures, while girls have a greater tendency to act affectionately and responsibly. Mexican parents treat boys and girls very similarly in all aspects during early childhood. Aggression has become one of the main qualities used in defining and comparing masculine and feminine behavior. From childhood to adult life, there is significant relationship between aggression and body size. The more muscular children tend in some cases to be more aggressively active. Osgood hs shown that adults tend to think of aggressive behavior as very closely related to potency and activity, whereas passive-dependent behavior is associated with impotence and inactivity. At early ages, there is a trend towards greater dependency on the part of girls, and at older ages, girls rate consistently higher on measures of dependency, and lower on measures of physical assertiveness. The greatest consistency occurs for males in the are of aggression, whereas for females, it is in the area of passivity. Excessive aggressiveness in a school-age girl is brought under control by patterns of rewards and punishments emanating from different people. Girls use verbal aggression more than boys: boys use physical aggression more than girls. Rape is similarly defined as an exclusive male offense. These findings hardly support the conventional stereotype of the rapist as a physically violent, aggressive and perverted male, taking his pleasure from a chaste and innocent female.

Kiss and tell In urgent need of the facts y Individually acquired characteristics would become inheritable at the end of maturation.

Comment [C2]: This also.

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Boys not only were more easily tempted than girls but had to develop much greater self-control if they were to become men of substance, capable of advancing social progress. Robie believed educational intervention in sexual matters should begin by adolescence to ensure that young people were warned of the dangers of promiscuous intercourse. Robie stated that the husband must be the seeker and gentle aggressor in the preliminaries. All assumed heterosexuality to be the normal expression of male and female passion. The sex drive was so imperious that it could not be totally suppressed, merely controlled, and Robie concluded that those who occasionally masturbated rarely engaged in extramarital relations. Robie believed that sexual desires were so strong that they would find and outlet somehow. In a survey, over half reported that the feeling of sexual impulses decreased in the presence of nice girls. A minority claimed that the only justification for sexual intercourse was procreation. For Davis, sexuality was a biological necessity felt by both sexes, which could find satisfaction in marriage but also existed and needed satisfaction among those who did not marry. The right to sexual pleasure was physical rather than psychic or emotional. Good first sexual experiences were beneficial, regardless of when they occurred, was a far cry from the panic about illicit sex implied in the surveys of men. They had no control over their sexual impulses. Thirty-one respondents rom a survey had engaged in fellatio with other boys during prepubescence a finding Merill interpreted as indicative of a serious problem.