1

Final Exam

1. Consider the following matrix


(
(
(

=
2 1 0 0 0
1 - 0 1 0 0
2 0 0 2 1
A

(a). State the Rank and nullity of matrix A.



(
(
(

=
2 1 0 0 0
1 - 0 1 0 0
2 0 0 2 1
A Matrix A is already in row reduced form

Because A has three nonzero row, the rank of A is 3. Also, the number of columns of A
is n = 5, which implies that the nullity of A is n - rank = 5 - 3 = 2.


(b). Write a basis for the solution space Ax = 0.

The system of equation corresponding to the reduced row-echelon form is



0 2
0
0 2 2
5 4
5 3
5 2 1
= +
=
= + +
x x
x x
x x x


We choose
2
x and
5
x as free variables to represent the solutions in this parametric form

t x
t x
t x
s x
t s x
=
=
=
=
=
5
4
3
2
1
2
2 2


This means that the solution space of 0 x = A consists of all solution vector x of the form
shown below


Darcel Ford
MAT-22043-SP-2011
Linear Algebra
Professor: Dr. Timothy Lo
March 1, 2011
2

= x
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
2
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
2

2


2 2
5
4
3
2
1
t s
t
t
t
s
t s
x
x
x
x
x


A basis for the solution space of A consist of the vectors


(
(
(
(
(
(

0
0
0
1
2
and
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
2
1
0
2





2. Let basis B = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} be given for R
2
. Find the coordinate matrix for
(

=
5
2
x

We write x as a linear combination of the vectors in B.

) 3 , 2 ( ) 2 , 1 ( ) 5 , 2 (
2 1
+ = = c c x

Equating corresponding components yields the following system of linear equations.


5 3 2
2 2
) 3 , 2 ( ) 2 , 1 ( ) 5 , 2 (
2 1
2 1
2 1
=
= +
+ = =
c c
c c
c c x


The solution of this system is
7
4
1
= c and .
7
9
2
= c

So, ) 3 , 2 (
7
9
) 2 , 1 (
7
4
) 5 , 2 ( + = = x and [ ]
(
(
(

=
7
9
7
4
B
x



3
3. Consider two vectors in R
2
: u = (1, 3) and v =(-2, 1)

) 3 , 1 ( = u and ) 1 , 2 ( = v

v u Find (a)

1 3 2 ) 1 )( 3 ( ) 2 )( 1 ( = + = + = v u

v u and Find (b)

10 ) 3 ( ) 1 (
2 2
= + = u
5 ) 1 ( ) 2 (
2 2
= + = v

(c) What is the angle (in radians) formed by vectors u and v?

The cosine of the angle between u and v is given by

10
2
2 5
1
50
1
5 10
1


cos = = = =

v u
v u

So, 1.429
10
2
cos
1 -

|
|

\
|


(d) Find the projection of vector u onto vector v.


|

\
|
= =
+
+
=


=
5
1
,
5
2
) 1 , 2 (
5
1
) 1 , 2 (
) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 1 )( 3 ( ) 2 )( 1 (
proj
2 2
v
v v,
v u,
u
v





4. Suppose u = (u
1
, u
2
) and v = (v
1
, v
2
) are vectors in R
2
. Explain why the operation
2 1
v u v u = cannot be an inner product.


Since ;
2 1 2 2 1 1
v u v u v u v u + =
2 1
v u cannot be an inner product.








4
5. Consider the basis B = {(3, 2), (1, -4)} for R2. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to
rewrite this basis as an orthonormalized basis.


)} 4 , 1 ( ), 2 , 3 {(
2 1
= B
v v


First, we orthogonalize each vector in B.

) 2 , 3 (
1 1
= = v w


|

\
|
=
|

\
|
=
|

\
|
=
+
+
=


=
13
42
,
13
28

13
10
,
13
15
) 4 , 1 ( ) 2 , 3 (
13
5
) 4 , 1 (
) 2 , 3 (
2 3
) 2 )( 4 ( ) 3 ( 1
) 4 , 1 (
,
,
2 2 1
1 2
1 2
2 2
w
w w
w v
v w


Then, we normalize the vectors.

|
|

\
|
=
+
= =
13
2
,
13
3
) 2 , 3 (
2 3
1
2 2
1
1
1
w
w
u

|
|

\
|
= |

\
|

|

\
|
+ |

\
|
= =
2548
42
,
2548
28
13
42
,
13
28
13
42
13
28
1
2 2
2
2
2
w
w
u

So, the orthonormal basis is
)
`

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
2548
42
,
2548
28
,
13
2
,
13
3
B













5
6. Explain why the function f(x) = e
x
from R to R is not a linear transformation.

f(x) = e
x
is not a linear transformation from R to R because, in general


( )
2 1 2 1
x x x x
e e e +
+


For instance,
( ) 3 2 3 2
e e e +
+





7.

) 5 , 2 ( ) 0 , 1 ( = T
) 3 , 1 ( ) 1 , 0 ( = T

Find ) 7 , 4 ( T

(a) Because ) 7 , 4 ( can be written as

), 1 , 0 ( 7 ) 0 , 1 ( 4 ) 7 , 4 ( = we can use property 4 of theorem 6.1 to write


) 1 , 15 (
) 3 , 1 ( 7 ) 5 , 2 ( 4
) 1 , 0 ( 7 ) 0 , 1 ( 4 ) 7 , 4 (
=
=
= T T T


(b) The system of equation for the transformation is


2
1
3 5
2
v b a
v b a
= +
=


Therefore,

1 3 5
3 2
= +
=
b a
b a


Solution to this system is
11
8
= a and
11
17
= b

So, |

\
|
=
11
17
,
11
8
v



6
8. Consider the linear transformation T: R
3
R
2
defined by x x
(

=
4 2 1
3 1 2
) ( T

(a) Find the kernel of T.

The kernel of T is the set of all x = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) in R
3
such that

T(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = 0

From this equation, we can write the homogeneous system


(

4 2 1
3 1 2
(

=
(
(
(

0
0
3
2
1
x
x
x

0 4 2 1
0 3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
= + +
= + +
x x x
x x x


Writing the augmented matrix of this system in reduced row-echelon form produces

(
(
(
(

0
5
11
1 0
0
5
2
0 1

3 2
3 1
5
11
5
2
x x
x x
=
=


Using the parameter t = x
3
produces the family of solutions


(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

1
5
11
5
2
5
11
5
2
3
2
1
t
t
t
t
x
x
x


Using the parameter t = x
3
produces the family of solutions


So, the kernel of T is represented by


)
`

\
|
= number real a is : 1 ,
5
11
,
5
2
ker(T) t t

(b). State the rank and nullity of T.

Because the row-echelon form of T has two nonzero row, it has a rank of 2. The
nullity is dim(domain) - rank = 3 - 2 = 1.
7

9. Describe the kernel of the linear transform T:P
1
R, defined by dx x p p T

=
1
0
) ( ) (
where P
1
is the set of continuous linear function on [0, 1], and R is the set of real
numbers.
A generic integral transform takes the form , ) ( ) , ( ) ( dx x f x p K p T

with p
being the being the transform parameter. The transform takes a function ) (x f and
produces a new function ). ( p T The function ) , ( x p K is called the kernel of the
transform. The kernel of an integral transform, along with the limits and ,
distinguish a particular integral transform from another.

In the given case: solving the equation ( ) 0 ) ( ) (
1
0
1 0
1
0
= + = =

dx x a a dx x p p T

yields . 0
2
1
0
= +
a
a Let ; 2
1
a a = then, , 0
0
= a a and .
0
a a =

{ } = a ax a T : 2 ) ( ker





10. Isomorphism

(a) If M
m,n
, the space of all m by n matrices, and M
j,k
, the space of all j by k
matrices, are assumed to be isomorphic, what is the strongest requirement
that can be inferred about the values m, n, j and k?

The strongest requirement that can be inferred about the values m, n, j and k?
is that mn = jk, because then M
m,n
and M
j,k
, will have the same dimension; and therefore
are isomorphic.



(b) Explain why R
2
and R
3
are not isomorphic

R
2
and R
3
are not isomorphic because they have different dimensions.







8
11. Consider the vector
3
P , the set of all cubic polynomials and the vector space
2
P , the
set of all quadratic polynomials. Let { }
3 2
, , , 1
3
x x x B
P
= be a basis for
3
P and
{ }
2
, , 1
2
x x B
P
= be the basis for
2
P . Define the differential operation
2 3
: P P D
x
such
that . ) ( p p D
x
= Determine a matrix A such . ) ( p AP p D
x
= = . Assume
3 2
) ( dx cx bx a x p + + + =


2 3
: P P D
x
is the differential operator defined by ] [ ) ( f
dx
d
f D
x
=

We compute the matrix of
3
P
B in the basis { }
3 2
, , , 1 x x x as follows:


3 2 2 3
3 2 2
3 2
3 2
0 3 0 0 3 ) (
0 0 2 0 2 ) (
0 0 0 1 1 ) (
0 0 0 0 ) 1 (
x x x x x D
x x x x x D
x x x x D
x x x D
x
x
x
x
+ + + = =
+ + + = =
+ + + = =
+ + + =
and


[ ]
(
(
(
(

=
0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
0 2 0 0
0 0 1 0
x
D

Let
3 2
) ( dx cx bx a x p + + + = and so
2
3 2 ) ( dx cx b p D + + =

Hence, relative to the basis { }, , , , 1
3 2
x x x

[ ] d c b a p , , , ] [ = and [ ] 0 , 3 , 2 , d c b p =


p
d
c
b
d
c
b
a
p D
x
=
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
0
3
2
0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
0 2 0 0
0 0 1 0
) (






9
12. Let .
1 0 0
0 1 0
3 0 1
(
(
(

= B Determine the basis and dimension of the eigenspace of B.

The characteristic polynomial of B is


3
) 1 (
1 0 0
0 1 0
3 0 1
=
(
(
(

B I

So, the characteristic equation is 0 ) 1 (
3
=
So, the only eigenvalue is . 1 = To find the eigenvectors of , 1 = we solve the
homogeneous linear system represented by 0 ) ( = x B I



(
(
(

=
01 0 0
0 0 0
3 0 0
B I

This implies that . 0
3
= x Using the parameters
1
x s = and ,
2
x t = we can find that the
eigenvectors of 1 = are of the form

,
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
3
2
1
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

= t s t
s
x
x
x
x s and t not both zero.

Because 1 = has two linearly independent eigenvectors, the dimension of its eigenspace
is 2. A basis for the eigenspace corresponding to 1 = is

{ } ) 0 , 1 , 0 ( ), 0 , 0 , 1 (
1
= B











10
13.
Given
(

=
3 3
5 4
A

(a) Determine the eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of A.

The characteristic polynomial of A is


) 1 )( 2 (
2
) 5 )( 2 ( ) 3 )( 4 (
) 5 )( 2 ( ) 3 )( 4 (
3 2
5 4
2
+ =
=
+ =
+ =
+

A I


So, the characteristic equation is , 0 ) 1 )( 2 ( = + which gives 2
1
= and 1
2
= as
the eigenvalues of A.

To find the corresponding eigenvectors, we use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the
homogeneous linear system represented by 0 x = ) ( A I twice: first for , 2
1
= = and
then for . 1
2
= =

For , 2
1
= the coefficient matrix is

(

=
(

=
5 2
5 2
) 3 ( 2 2
) 5 ( 4 2
2 A I

which row reduces to
(
(

0 0
2
5
1


showing that . 0
2
5
2 1
= x x Letting ,
2
t x = we can conclude that every eigenvector of
is of the form
. 0 ,
1
2
5
2
5
2
1

(
(

=
(
(

=
(

= t t
t
t
x
x
x


For , 1
2
= the coefficient matrix is

11
(

=
(

=
2 2
5 5
) 3 ( 1 2
) 5 ( 4 1
1 A I

which row reduces to
(

0 0
1 1


showing that . 0
2 1
= x x Letting ,
2
t x = we can conclude that every eigenvector of is
of the form
. 0 ,
1
1
2
1

=
(

=
(

= t t
t
t
x
x
x



(b) Show that A is diagonalizable into a similar matrix B by finding P such that
AP P B
1
=


We form the matrix P whose columns are the eigenvectors from part (a)



(
(

=
1 1
1
2
5
P

The matrix P is invertible, and its inverse is ,
3
5
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
(
(
(

P which implies that the

eigenvectors are linearly independent and A is diagonalizable. It follows that



(

=
(
(

(
(
(

= =

1 0
0 2
1 1
1
2
5
3 2
5 4
3
5
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
AP P B


,
1 1
1
2
5
(
(

= P ,
3
5
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
(
(
(

P and
(

=
1 0
0 2
B