Nationalismandthe AsiaPacific:Focus SouthEastAsia S th E t A i

EmeritusProfessorCarlThayer Presentationto Presentation to CentreforDefence andStrategicStudies , March7,2012

LearningObjectives
Nationsandnationalism Westernimperialismand Western imperialism and colonialism Nationalismandnational identity Nationalismandregional cohesion h i

1.NationsandNationalism 1. Nations and Nationalism

1. Debateoverhowtodefinethenationand 1 Debate over how to define the nation and nationalism 2. Emergenceofnationsasterritorialunits 2 E f i i i l i 3. Developmentofnationalism 4. Isnationalismtheproductofspecific p p Europeanhistoricaldevelopmentsthat spreadgloballyorwasitindigenously constructed?

NationsandNationalism Nations and Nationalism

Nation group identity and emotional Nation groupidentityandemotional feelingstowardsterritory,historicalties, ethnicity,language ethnicity language Nation extendsbeyondtribalandclan groups Imaginedcommunity acommunitythatis sociallyconstructedbyitsmemberswho i ll db i b h imaginethemselvesaspartofalargergroup whomtheyhavenotinteractedwithormet h h h i d ih

NationsandNationalism Nations and Nationalism

Nation territory bounded by other nations Nation territoryboundedbyothernations Nation politicalauthoritybasedonpopular sovereignty(peopleoverdivinemonarchs) sovereignty (people over divine monarchs) Europeannationalismproductof Enlightenment American&FrenchRevolutions IndustrialRevolution printinginlocal languages

NationalisminSouthEastAsia Nationalism in South East Asia

Reaction to Western imperialism and ReactiontoWesternimperialismand colonialism Ideology adopted by organised political Ideologyadoptedbyorganisedpolitical movementsinAsiaduringthelate19th and early20 early 20th centuries Ideologytounitethepeopleinacolonyto seekindependencefromforeigndomination ki d d f f i d i i

NationalisminSouthEastAsia Nationalism in South East Asia

Nationalism was not a uniform development Nationalismwasnotauniformdevelopment Drewonindigenoussourcesofbelief
R li i Religious,culturalvalues lt l l

Drewonforeigninfluences
Westernliberalism Radicalideologies
Socialism,Marxism,Fascism

2.WesternImperialismand Colonialism l l
Philippines India China

SpanishColonialism,1565 1898 Spanish Colonialism, 15651898

No precolonial central Nopre colonialcentral authority SpreadofCatholicism p andpowerofclergy g Largelandedestatesled toalienationoffarmer 1863freecompulsory educationinSpanish Mixedsocialstrata

FilipinoNationalism Filipino Nationalism

Ilustrados Filipino Filipino Spanishspeaking educatedelite ImpactFrenchRevolution p g PropagandaMovement 188995 JoseRizal,LaLigua Filipina Promotedlocalpriests overSpanishFriars

Jose Rizal executed1896

Revolution1896 98 Revolution 189698

Katipunan (Children of (Childrenof theNation)secret society Ledanticolonialrevolt bytenantsofChurch ownedland SpanishAmericanWar RepublicofPhilippines proclaimed(June1898)

British Colonialism and India d I di

IndianNationalism Indian Nationalism

IndianNationalCongress1885 Satyagraha movement
BiharandGurajat (191819)

Amritsar Massacre, April 13, 1919 AmritsarMassacre,April13,1919 GovernmentofIndiaAct(1919) dyarchy N C NonCooperationMovement,19201922 ti M t 1920 1922
Nonviolentboycottofgovernment

IndianNationalism Indian Nationalism

CivilDisobedienceMovement192932
GandhileadsSaltMarch(1930)

GovernmentofIndiaAct1935 1942 Quit India Movement 1942QuitIndiaMovement

Callforimmediateindependence,notroopsfor war

DominionofIndiatoRepublic(194750)

IndianNationalism
Historicalappeal Indusvalleycivilisation, subcontinental Satyagraha nonrevolution/nonviolence y g / Democracyandbasicrights Equality (for all religions and castes) Equality(forallreligionsandcastes) Swaraj independencefromforeignrule

Western Imperialism and China

Qing D Qi Dynasty, 1644-1912

ChineseNationalism Chinese Nationalism

Han identity Taiping Rebellion Hanidentity TaipingRebellion
Manchusasbarbarians Manchus as protectors of Chinese tradition ManchusasprotectorsofChinesetradition

1911Revolution
RepublicofChina1912 NonHanpeoplespartofnationZhonghuaMinzu

ChineseNationalistParty
KuoMinTang(KMT)/Guomindang(GMD)

SunYat sen Sun Yatsen

ThreePeople sPrinciples Three Peoples Principles 1. Nationalismorfreedom fromimperialist p domination y 2. Democracy governmentbythe people 3. PeoplesWelfareor Livelihood

ChineseNationalism Chinese Nationalism

May 4th Movement May4thMovement
VersaillesPeaceConference1919 Massive student demonstrations against transfer Massivestudentdemonstrationsagainsttransfer ofterritorytoJapan

Japanese occupation (1930s 45) Japaneseoccupation(1930s45) Civilwar,194549 PeoplesRepublicofChina1949

Multiethnicstate

3.NationalismandNational Identity
Indonesia Vietnam Burma Thailand

Nationalism and National Identity in Id tit i Indonesia

NationalisminIndonesia,1900 45 Nationalism in Indonesia, 190045

Local to Regional to National: LocaltoRegionaltoNational:
1912:NationalIndiesParty 1914: Indies Social Democratic Union 1914:IndiesSocialDemocraticUnion 1921:Partai Komunis Indonesia(PKI) 1927 U i 1927:UnionofChineseofIndonesia f Chi fI d i 1929:Partai Nasional Indonesia(PNI)

YouthOath1928 h h
Onenation,onehomeland,onelanguage(Bahasa Indonesia)

JapaneseOccupation,1942 45 Japanese Occupation, 194245

Europeanruleoverthrown p Indonesiansrecruitedintogovernment, bahasa promoted Japansoughtsupportfromnationalists andMuslimleaders and Muslim leaders Japanestablishedmassorganisations CreatedMasyumi y 1943createdauxiliaryforces PETA

Independence August17,1945

PancaSila(Five Principles) I d Independenceof d f Dutchterritories 1945 Constitution 1945Constitution JakartaCharter dropped

NationalismandNationalIdentity inVietNam
Nation and Nationalism NationandNationalism beforethe19th Century? TwoTrungSisters p Independencefrom China(939CE) ResistancetoMongols ResistancetoMing Dynasty

ImpactofFrenchColonialism Impact of French Colonialism

1900Indochinapacified Mt Nc lossof country Coalminesinthenorth Plantationsinthecentre Largericeandrubber estatesinsouth Oppressivetaxandcorve system

NationalisminVietNam Nationalism in Viet Nam

Failure of traditional Failureoftraditional resistance MeijirestorationJapan j p 1912revolutioninChina
1927VietnamNationalist Party

Spreadofvernacular quc ng MarxismLeninism Chinesecommunism

PhanBi Chu

Red Soviets 1930-31 Nghe-Tinh Xo-Viet

Nationalism and Communism

Japanoccupies , FrenchIndochina, 194045 1941 League of the 1941Leagueofthe Independenceof Vietnam(Viet Vietnam (Viet Minh)

NationalismandNationalIdentity inBurma
Monarchyabolished y Localchieftans removed IncorporatedintoBritishIndia Westernandvernaculareducation introduced RoleofBuddhistmonkseclipsaed Role of Buddhist monks eclipsaed Internalmigration Landalienation Land alienation Agriculturecommercialized Indianmigration Burman v ethnicminorities

NationalisminBurma Nationalism in Burma

Young Mens Buddhist Association YoungMen sBuddhistAssociation Saya SanRebellion1930 WeBurmans Association(1930) i i ( 930)
Burman intellectualsatRangoonUniversity Burman supremacy Nationalist,proindependence Assimilateethnicminorities Thakins (Master)astitle,formofaddress

ThirtyComradesandBurmese y Independence
AntiFascistPeoplesFreedom League(AFPFL) League (AFPFL)
Immediateelections,constitutional conventionandselfgovernment General strike leads to British AFPFL GeneralstrikeleadstoBritishAFPFL discussions AFPFLwinselections,January1948 Burmabecomesindependent Burma becomes independent

Burman orBurmesenationalism? Aung San

NationalismandNationalIdentity inThailand,193844
Never colonised Nevercolonised MilitarizedThaisociety pro Japanese CulturalMandates E Economicnationalism i ti li Massmediapromoted nationalismandfascism ti li df i Territoriallyexpansive(Tai peoples) l )
General Phibunsongkhram

4.NationalismandRegional Identity
Pan Asianism versus nationalism PanAsianism versusnationalism Residueofanticolonialism/antiwesternism Alignmentsafterindependence
ProWest,neutral,nonaligned,communist

FivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence
Non use of force, territorial integrity, national Nonuseofforce,territorialintegrity,national sovereignty,mutualrespect,mutualbenefit CoreASEANnorms

NationalismandRegionalIdentity
SouthAsia
Secular Indiav MuslimPakistan Indianon alignedbuttiltedtowardsSovietUnion India nonaligned but tilted towards Soviet Union Pakistan:USallybuttilttowardsChina SouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)1985
Indiassheersizedominatessubregion g

1990sIndiasLookEastpolicy p g y Nationalismanimpedimenttoregionalidentity

NationalismandRegionalIdentity Nationalism and Regional Identity

SouthEastAsia South East Asia
Prowest,nonaligned/neutral,communist
South East Asia Treaty Organization (1954) SouthEastAsiaTreatyOrganization(1954)

Regionalconflict
Confrontation Cambodian conflict Thai Cambodia Confrontation,Cambodianconflict,ThaiCambodia

Territorialdisputesfueledbynationalism Association of South East Asian Nations 1967 AssociationofSouthEastAsianNations1967

Anticommunismkeymotivatingfactor Growing sense of regionalism and new nationalism Growingsenseofregionalismandnewnationalism

NationalismandRegionalIdentity Nationalism and Regional Identity

NorthEastAsia
Legaciesofcolonialpast
ChinaJapan,KoreaJapan,

Territorialdisputes
JapanChina,KoreaJapan,JapanRussia

NorthKoreanhypernationalism? Chinasriseandreassertionofnationalism
Reunification;antiU.S.primacy

Noregionalassociation

NationalismandRegionalIdentity Nationalism and Regional Identity

Asia PacificRegion AsiaPacific Region
PostwarU.S.primacyandliberaleconomicorder Growth and integration of East Asian economies GrowthandintegrationofEastAsianeconomies
AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)

Emergence of East Asian closed regionalism EmergenceofEastAsianclosedregionalism

MahathirEastAsiaEconomicGroup/Caucus ASEAN Plus 3 (China, Japan and Korea) ASEANPlus3(China,JapanandKorea) ChinasEastAsiafirstapproach

EmergenceofEastAsianopenregionalism g p g
EastAsiaSummitandADMMPlus

Nationalismandthe AsiaPacific:Focus SouthEastAsia S th E t A i

EmeritusProfessorCarlThayer Presentationto Presentation to CentreforDefence andStrategicStudies , March7,2012