Recent Advances in Electronics and Communication Technologies (RAECT-2011)

4-5 march, 2011

Face Recognition Using Eigen Faces

Manoj Arora#1, Pradeep Sharma#2,G.Sucharita#3,Arun Sharma #4 #1 E.C.E.Department ,J.M.I.T.Radaur #2 E.C.E. Department ,S.S.I.E.T. Derabassi #3 E.C.E. Department ,S.S.I.E.T. Derabassi #4 E.C.E.Department ,J.M.I.T.Radaur arunprashar01@gmail.com
Abstract Face recognition is attracting much attention in the society. Computational model of face recognition are interesting because they can contribute not only the theoretical insights but also to practical applications. Developing computer model for face recognition is quite difficult, because faces are complex, multidimensional visual stimuli. Face recognition is very high level of task for which computational approaches are very big limited on corresponding neural activities. Our aim is to develop a computational model of face recognition that is fast, simple and accurate and in limited environment such as an office or a house. In this project, face recognition problem is treated as an intrinsically 2-D recognition problem rather than requiring the recovery of three-dimensional geometry, taking advantages of the fact that faces are normally upright and thus may be described by the small set of 2-D characteristic views. Eigenface based approach for face recognition is studied. This is holistic approach in which whole face act as input for face recognition. The significant features are called eigenfaces because they are eigenvectors of the set of the faces; they do not necessarily correspond to features like eyes, ears, nose etc. Eigenface approach extracts principle components of set of face images using statistical methods method. This allows saving space for keeping face database and also fastens up the classifying process. Each image differs from average image and that represents the difference faces. We use difference image vectors so that we reduce the weight of the data while calculating eigenvalues and gather data that each represents only the differences of images. Recognition is performed by projecting a new image onto the subspace spanned by the eigenfaces and then classifying the face by comparing its position in the face space with the positions of known individuals images. In this project, calculation of Eigen faces of given training set and reconstruction of the images is performed. The eigenface approach used in this scheme has advantages over other face recognition methods in its speed, simplicity, learning capability and robustness to small changes in the face image Keywords P.C.A., Eigenface ,Eigenvector,Face Recognition

Face recognition has gained much attention in recent years and has become one of the most successful applications of image analysis and understanding. A general statement of the problem can be formulated as follows [1]:Given images of a scene, identify or verify one or more persons in the scene using a stored data base of faces. This area of research is important not only because of the applications in human computer interaction, biometrics and security, but also because it is a typical, pattern recognition problem that, if successfully solved, could help solve other pattern classification problems. In this paper,Eigenface approach for face recognition is studied the appearance-based statistical method, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA),is described. PCA [2], [3], is a subspace projection technique widely used for face recognition .It is a sort of unsupervised pattern recognition scheme that does not depend on excessive geometry and computations like deformable templates. Eigenfaces approach seemed to be an adequate method to be used in face recognition due to its simplicity, speed and learning capability. Eigenface approach extracts principle components of set of face images using statistical methods. Every image can be represented by a simple array of numbers by this method. This allows saving space for keeping face database and also fastens up the classifying process. Eigenface approach extracts principle components of set of face images using statistical methods method. This allows saving space for keeping face database and also fastens up the classifying process. Each image differs from average image and that represents the difference faces. We use difference image vectors so that we reduce the weight of the data while calculating eigen values and gather data that each represents only the differences of images. Recognition is performed by projecting a new image onto the subspace spanned by the eigenfaces and then classifying the face by comparing its position in the face space with the positions of known individuals. Actual system is capable of both recognizing known individuals and learning to recognize new face images. The eigen face approach used in this scheme has advantages over other face recognition methods in its speed, simplicity, learning capability and robustness to small changes in the face image II PROBLEM OF FACE RECOGNITION In identifying a face we usually use an image as input to a face recognition system. The process in recognizing the face is done in three key steps:

I. INTRODUCTION

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Recent Advances in Electronics and Communication Technologies (RAECT-2011) (1) Face detection (localization), locating the face in the image. (2) Feature/component extraction, a feature/component may be the eyes, the nose or the Chins are extracted to undergo recognition or tracking. (3) Recognition, comparing the input image with the ones in the database. (4) Face authentication or verification. A positive or negative reply will be given to determine whether a new facial image matches with the reference ones Input Image

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training set images,then calculate eigen faces and store the eigenfaces and mean face to file.

Face detection

Feature Extraction

Face Recognition

Configuration of Face Recognition System glasses. The result of this process will hopefully be a set of images that are similar to the input image. The result will be returned to the user of the system. A face recognition system needs to compare its input images to a set of known images. These images are often stored in databases. There are several problems that may occur when comparing a database image with an input image. The main concern is of course that all images of the same face are heterogeneous. When image databases are created they contain good scenario images. These images are often taken in good conditions. But this isn't always the case. Examples of bad scenarios are when the face area is unfocused and to small, this is often the case of input images. A face recognition system needs to solve the problem concerning different facial expressions as well. The system must be able to know that two images of the same person with different facial expressions actually is the same person.Other issues face recognition systems need to solve is: makeup, posing positions, illumination conditions, and comparing images of the same person with and without II. FLOW CHART FOR FACE RECOGNITION USING EIGEN FACES The flow chart for face recognition using eigen faces is shown here. From the flow chart it is clear that first we take the training set of faces,then we find the mean image from these training images and compare the mean image with the

Flow Chart Of Face Recognition Using Eigen Faces

Flow Chart Of Face Rcognition Using Eigen Faces

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Recent Advances in Electronics and Communication Technologies (RAECT-2011) The Different steps involved in the face recognition using eigenfaces are as follows: (1) The first stage is to insert a set of images into a database, these images are called the training set, and this is because they will be used when we compare images and when we create the eigenfaces. (2) The second stage is to create the eigenfaces. Eigenfaces are created by extracting characteristic features from the faces. The input images are normalized to line up the eyes and mouths. They are then resized so that they have the same size. (3) When the eigenfaces have been created, each image will be represented as a vector of weights. Calculate the corresponding distribution in M-dimensional weight space for each known individual, by projecting their face images on to the face space. Having initialized system, the following steps are then used to recognize new face images. (1) Calculate set of weights based on the input image and the M Eigenfaces by projecting the input image onto each of the Eigenfaces. (2) Determine if the image face at all( whether known or unknown) by checking to see if the image is sufficiently close to face space. (3) If it is face, classify the weight pattern as either known or unknown person. (4) Update the Eigenface and /or weight patterns (optional). (5) If the same unknown face is seen several times, calculate characteristics weight pattern and incorporate into known faces (optional) The process of recognizing of a new (unknown) face new to one of the known faces proceeds in two steps. First, the new image is transformed into its eigenface components. The resulting weights form the weight vector T Wk = k (new - ) The Euclidean distance between two weight vectors d(i,j) provides a measure of similarity between the corresponding images i and j. If the minimum Euclidean distance between new and other faces exceeds - on average - some threshold value , one can assume that new is an unknown face, Else it is considered as a known. IV.FACE SPACE REVISITED An image of face should lie near the face space, which we call face-like. That mean the projection distance should be less than the threshold . A known face image should be project to near the corresponding face class, ( ). These illustrate four cases: Fig.1Training Set

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In the first case, face image is recognized and identified. In second case, an unknown face is present. The last two cases indicate that the image is not a face. Case three also mean that a false positive in the system. This is due to the significant distance between the image and the subspace of expected face images. Generally, threshold value is chosen arbitrarily. There is no formula for calculating the threshold value. Its value is chosen arbitrarily or taken as some factor of maximum value of minimum Euclidian distances of each image from other images. In this paper we have calculated what should be the value of threshold V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS we have performed experiments on databases using MATLAB TOOL USED is Maltab Image Processing Toolbox. DATABASE OF IMAGES: 1. The images in the training set must be grayscale images. 2.The images must be in bmp/gif and in 8bpp format. 3. The images are the frontal view of the individual. 4. The images must be of same size. TRAINING SET: The algorithm is implemented over a training set of size 8 images. Each image is in gray scale and has the dimension 320 x240 in gif format. These images are taken from the internet

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Recent Advances in Electronics and Communication Technologies (RAECT-2011) NORMALISED TRAINING SET: The normalized training set to reduce the errors due to lighting condition

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EIGEN FACES: Eigen faces are obtained by applying the algorithm. Those Eigenfaces are shown whose eigenvalues are highest.The eigenfaces of above images are shown in figure 6.

Fig.2. Normalized training set AVERAGE IMAGE: The eigenface algorithm firstly form overall average image. This is the image formed by adding all the images and dividing by the number of images in the training set. And the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix that is formed by combining all deviations of the training set images from average image is formed in order to apply eigenface algorithm. The average image of the training set is shown in the figure 3

Fig.4.Eigenfaces RECONSTRUCTED IMAGES: The input image must be of same type and size as of the training set. The reconstructed image is shown in the figure 5.

.Fig.3 Average image

Fig.5.Reconstructed Image

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Recent Advances in Electronics and Communication Technologies (RAECT-2011) V CONCLUSION Eigenface based approach for face recognition is studied. The training set of different images have been considered. And corresponding eigenfaces are generated. These Eigen faces can be used as the principal components in PCA method of face recognition. This approach is very simple and easy to implement. The faces can be easily reconstructed using the eigenfaces. Eigenface are the characteristic of the face image. Each face has unique characteristics. This individual characteristic is represented by eigenface. The input face images are projected into the facespace. And then Euclidian distance property can be used to classify the images. Thus in nutshell the eigenface approach includes generation of eigenfaces, reconstruction of the images and finally the classification of the images. VI. REFERENCES 1) Jolly D. Shah and S.H. Patil Biometric Authentication based on Detection and Recognition of Multiple Faces in Image UFL & JIITU, IC32008 , pp87-96. 2) Jon Shlens, A Tutorial on Principal Component Analysis Derivation, Discusson and Singular Value Decomposition, 25 March 2003, Version 1. 3) K.J. Karande, S.N. Talbar Simplified and modified approach for face recognition using PCAIET-UK International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical Sciences (ICTES 2007), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, page(s): 523526 4) M.A. Turk and A.P. Pentland. Face recognition using eigenfaces. In Proc. of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 586-591. IEEE,H. Moon, P.J. Phillips, 5) Computational and Performance aspects of PCA-based Face Recognition Algorithms, Perception, Vol. 30, 2001, pp. 303-321. 6) Y.Vijaya Lata1, Chandra Kiran Bharadwaj Tungathurthi, H.Ram Mohan RaoFacial Recognition Using Eigenfaces By PCA International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2009 7) Pablo Navarrete Javier Ruiz-del-Solar Analysis and Comparison of Eigenspace-Based Face Recognition ApproachesIJPRAI 16(7): 817-830 (2002)

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