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Satellite RF Fundamentals
Announcements
Tonight we will view a video on amateur radio satellite operations and discuss some concepts presented in the class notes. Next week: Perspectives on Winning Proposals
Guest Lecturer: Steve Trieber
Recommended URLs:
Surrey Space Centre: http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/SSC/ Surrey Satellite Technology LTD: http://www.sstl.co.uk SpaceQuest LTD: http://www.spacequest.com/ Space Systems Development Lab: http://ssdl.stanford.edu/ US Naval Academy Satellite Lab: http://web.usna.navy.mil/~bruninga/satstation.html
Satellite RF Fundamentals
Team Rosters
TEAM 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Naim Kassar Heng Fan Arpan Shah Mark Norton Kenneth Lim Dana Jaff
TEAM 2 David Davis Azzie Legesse Ayele Antenagegnehu Timothy Maier Shahid Nasim Padmanabhan Raman
TEAM3 Yingjie Hall Ravi Bhalotia Roger Ensminger Shelley Mountjoy Yang Liu Anouar Benahmed
Satellite RF Fundamentals
Objectives
Refresh your knowledge of basic RF communications concepts related to the operation of spacecraft. Analyze how amateur radio satellite operations and methods can apply to our project.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
OR
Receiver EARTH
Data to Processor
Satellite RF Fundamentals
Space Loss
Pointing Loss
Transmitter
Receiver
Antenna
Antenna
Power Amplifier
Receiver Noise
Receiver
Transmitter
Modulator
Implementation Loss
Demodulator
Information Source
Information Sink
6
Carrier Frequency
Units are Hz MHz = Hz x 106 GHz = Hz x 10 9
Satellite RF Fundamentals
Logarithmic Scale
dBW
20 dBW 100 Watts 50 dBm Always a 30 dB difference between dBm and dBW
dBm
13 dBW 10 dBW
20 Watts 10 Watts
43 dBm 40 dBm
0 dBW (Ref)
1 Watts
30 dBm
-10 dBW
0.1 Watts
20 dBm
-30 dBW
0 dBm (Ref)
-40 dBW
0.0001 Watts
-10 dBm A power below the reference level has negative value, for either dBm or dBW
Satellite RF Fundamentals
AOS
OR T BI
LOS
EARTH
Doppler Rate
+ f
Doppler Shift
C -f
Vs Doppler Shift = f = C V fs s
Vs = Radial velocity component between S/C and Site in the direction of the observer C = Speed of Light = 2.997925 x 108 meters/sec. Fs = Frequency of Transmission
f Vs = as f 2 s t (C Vs )
Enable receiving & tracking of Doppler shifted signals Used in virtually all spacecraft & ground station designs to accommodate dynamic frequency changes
Satellite RF Fundamentals
10
Satellite RF Fundamentals
11
time
3 bit system
Binary 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Satellite RF Fundamentals Analog 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 1 0 1
7 1 1 1
6 1 1 0
4 1 0 0
Analog Signal
t 13
Satellite RF Fundamentals
Spectra Basics
Satellite RF Fundamentals
14
Fourier Transform
1 f= T
Hz
Amplitude
sin x
( )
Fourier Transform
7/T
6/T
5/T
4/T
3/T
2/T
1/T
1/T
2/T
3/T
4/T
5/T
6/T
7/T
Satellite RF Fundamentals
15
Then:
1 1 M(t)e j2 fc t + M(t )e j2 fc t 2 2
A
fm
f M(0)
fc
16
Coding/Spreading/Data Compression
Satellite RF Fundamentals
17
This results in a progressive loss of information at the receiver as the number of mistranslated bits grows.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
18
The BER is directly dependent on the Eb/No, which is the Bit Energy-to-Noise Density ratio.
Since the noise density present on the channel is difficult to control, this basically means that BER can be reduced through using a higher powered signal, or by controlling other parameters to increase the energy transmitted per bit.
As the following chart shows, the BER will decrease (i.e., fewer errors) if the Eb/No increases.
Satellite RF Fundamentals 19
10-4
BER
Increase signal power Use a bigger antenna Use a super cooled receiver
10-5
10-6
lower
Eb/No
higher
Satellite RF Fundamentals
20
10-4 This change in performance can be achieved by using Error Correction Coding 10-5
BER
10-6
lower
Eb/No
higher
Satellite RF Fundamentals
21
An error detecting/correcting code, on the other hand, has the ability to detect a defined number of errors and correct them for a prescribed environment that caused the errors, which is commonly called Forward Error Correction (FEC).
Usually, for a given code, more errors can be detected than can actually be corrected.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
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Satellite RF Fundamentals
23
The Reed-Solomon code, a special type of block code, also has the advantage of smaller bandwidth expansion and also has the capability to indicate the presence of uncorrectable errors.
Provides improved performance in a bursty noise environment Overhead approximately 12%
Where a greater coding gain is needed than can be provided by the convolutional code or the Reed-Solomon code alone, the two codes are often concatenated to provide a higher error-correction performance.
One code serves as the outer code, one as the inner code
Satellite RF Fundamentals
24
fc
0
1 MHz 2 MHz
0
1.12 MHz 2.24 MHz
0
2.24 MHz 2.24 MHz
fc
Note: Coding increases the bandwidth of the baseband RF signal Data Bits 1 Mbps (with some errors)
Satellite RF Fundamentals
25
Uncoded PSK: 9.6 dB Reed-Solomon (R-S) Coding: 6.0 dB Convolutional Coding (7,1/2) PSK: 4.4 dB Convolutional + R-S (no R-S interleave): ~3.0 dB Convolutional + R-S (ideal R-S interleave): ~2.4 dB
10 -1
10 -2
IDEAL PSK, NO CODING
10 -3
10 -4 Pe
CONV. + R-S (IDEAL INTERLEAVE)
(7,1/2), where rate 1/2 indicates that for every 1 bit into the encoder 2 symbols are output of the encoder and 7 is the number of shift registers used to generate the output symbol of the encoder. Interleaving takes adjacent bits and separates them to help protect from interference.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
10 -5
10 -6
10 -7
10 -8
10 -9
10 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 E /N (dB) b o
26
Data Compression
Data transmission and storage cost money.
Despite this, digital data are generally stored in efficient ways such as ASCII text or binary code. These encoding methods require data files about twice as large as actually needed to represent the information.
Data compression is the general term for the various algorithms and programs developed to address this problem.
A compression program converts data from an easy-to-use format for one optimized for compactness. Basically it discards redundant data with a prescribed algorithm. An uncompression program returns the information to its original form.
As an example of compression, a fax device compresses the data before it sends it to reduce the time needed to transmit the document.
This can reduce the cost of transmission 10 or more times. Compression will be required for the Design Project Problem.
27
Satellite RF Fundamentals
SS works by spreading the desired signal over a much larger bandwidth, Wss, much in excess of the minimum bandwidth W necessary to send the information.
A spreading signal, or coding signal, which is independent of the data, is used to accomplish spreading. At the receiver, the original data is recovered through a process called despreading, in which a synchronized replica of the spreading signal is correlated with the received spread signal.
Spreading used in the NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS)
Reduce flux density of signals to meet Spectrum Management requirements. Provide isolation for signals on same frequency.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
28
Filter
Recovered data
spreading code signal g(t) chip rate Rch Rch 10 symbol (data) rate
Multiplication by the spreading signal once spreads the signal bandwidth. Multiplication by the spreading signal twice recovers the original signal. The desired signal gets multiplied twice, but the jamming signal gets multiplied only once. g(t) must be deterministic, since it must be generated at both the transmitter and receiver, yet it must appear random to authorized listeners.
Generally g(t) is generated as a pre-defined pseudo-random sequence of 1s and 1s through the use of prescribed shift registers.
Satellite RF Fundamentals 29
G(f)
Before Spreading
J'o = Jo (W/Wss)
wss
Satellite RF Fundamentals
30
In Frequency Hopping (FH), the frequency spectrum of the desired signal is shifted pseudorandomly over M different frequencies.
Each hop lasts a very short time, making the presence of a jamming signal in any one hopped frequency band much less effective. FS is still a form of SS, as it requires greatly expanded bandwidth to operate.
Time Hopping (TH) uses a coded sequence to turn the transmitter on and off in a pseudorandom fashion to counter a pulsed jamming signal.
Requires, not more bandwidth, but a greater time duration for transmission. Not effective against continuous wave jammers, so it is usually combined with other techniques.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
31
Modulation Schemes
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32
Definition of Modulation
Modulate means to change something
In telecommunications, it means to change the amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier signal.
Digital symbols (usually bits) are transformed into waveforms by a process called digital modulation.
These digital waveforms are then used to modulate the carrier.
The following slide shows some commonly used Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) waveforms. Definition: Baseband signals are those signals that are used to modulate a high frequency carrier signal.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
33
NRZ-Level (or NRZ-Change) "One" is represented by one level "Zero" is represented by the other level NRZ-Mark "One" is represented by a change in level "Zero" is represented by no change in level NRZ-Space "One" is represented by no change in level "Zero" is represented by a change in level RZ "One" is represented by a half-bit wide pulse "Zero" is represented by no pulse condition Bi-Phase-Level (or SplitPhase, Manchester 11+ 180o ) "One" is represented by a 10 "Zero" is represented by a 01 Bi-Phase-Space A transition occurs at the beginning of every bit period "One" is represented by no second transition "Zero" is represented by a second transition one-half bit period later Bi-Phase-Mark A transition occurs at the beginning of every bit period "One" is represented by a second transition one-half bit period later "Zero" is represented by no second transition
1 MIS-01 NG5061
Satellite RF Fundamentals
34
A baseband signal has a relatively low frequency and therefore a very large wavelength that is calculated as c/f, where c is the speed of light and f is the frequency.
An antenna might need to be unacceptably long to directly transmit a baseband signal. If the baseband information is first modulated on a high frequency carrier, then the required antenna diameter will be much more reasonable.
In addition, by modulating carriers at different frequencies, more than one baseband signal may be sent over the same channel, thus increasing data throughput. This is call frequency multiplexing (similar to current radio and TV broadcasting).
Satellite RF Fundamentals 35
()
Modulator
fc reference
fc
The carrier can be modulated by using the baseband signal to vary one or more of the above parameters over a duration of T, the symbol period. Coherent modulation may be used when the receiver can exploit knowledge of the actual carrier phase. Noncoherent modulation is used when knowledge of the absolute phase is unavailable.
Less complicated, but comes with a performance degradation.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
36
The probabilities of bit error for BPSK and QPSK are equal, but QPSK can support twice the data rate that BPSK can. Higher orders of PSK can be designed (8-PSK, 16-PSK, etc.), but there is a tradeoff (higher required power or higher BER).
Satellite RF Fundamentals
37
Comparison of Spectra for BPSK and QPSK for a Given Data Rate
BPSK
4.5
QPSK
BPSK, Uncoded
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Bandwidth Difference
Co d Ga ing in
Coding Gain
Bandwidth Difference
1a
BPSK 1 = 180 DEGREES 0 = 0 DEGREES Two states for BPSK
Q 1b
I 0a
Four states for QPSK
38
1
Satellite RF Fundamentals
0b
Noise Basics
Satellite RF Fundamentals
39
The noise which comes in through the antenna can be seen as random noise emissions from different sources, and it is also called the sky noise
Terrestrial sources such as lightning, radio emissions, and the atmosphere Solar radiation Galactic background (moon, stars, etc.)
Because satellite communications systems work with weak signals, it is mandatory to reduce the noise in the receiver as far as possible
Generally the receiver bandwidth is made just large enough to pass the signal, in order to minimize noise power
Satellite RF Fundamentals
41
This can be done by representing the receiver components as noiseless devices with their individual gains and, at their inputs, noise sources with the same noise power as the original noisy components.
The next slide shows how this is done for an earth station receiver.
It is then easy mathematically to combine all of the noise sources into one noise source, located at the input of a noiseless receiver.
The noise temperature of this source, Ts, is called the system noise temperature.
The total noise power can then be calculated easily, for link budget purposes, as Pn = KTsBG.
G is the total gain of the receiver. B is the bandwidth of interest.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
42
NF = (S/N)in/(S/N)out
The receiver gain and the system noise temperature can be combined as a ratio, Gr/Ts, often just written as G/T The G/T is often used as a figure of merit for an earth station
As G/T goes up, so does the quality of the earth station For example, if the receive antenna is 50 dBi and the system noise temperature is 500 K , then Gr/Ts = 50-10log (500) 23.0 dB/ K
Satellite RF Fundamentals
43
10 3 dB / 10
= 0.5
Ts @ Reference Point
+ ...
462 K
Satellite RF Fundamentals
44
Components
Satellite RF Fundamentals
45
Components of Interest
Antennas
Receive & transmit RF (radio frequency) energy Size/type selected directly related to frequency/required gain
Gain Pattern
Omni Antenna (idealized)
0 dBi 360
-3 dB Beamwidth Gain is relative to isotropic with units of dBi Side Lobes Boresight Peak Gain = X dBi
46
170
plot2 mtheta Three_dB
180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320
Satellite RF Fundamentals
Satellite RF Fundamentals
47
f f1 f2
A
sin
A
(x )
x sin
(x )
x
7/T
6/T
5/T
4/T
3/T
2/T
1/T
1/T
2/T
3/T
4/T
5/T
6/T
7/T
fc
7/T
6/T
5/T
4/T
3/T
2/T
1/T
1/T
2/T
3/T
4/T
5/T
6/T
7/T
fc
Power Amplifier
Transmitter 1 watt (0 dBW)
Satellite RF Fundamentals
Link Equation
For an isotropic antenna in free space conditions, the power supplied to the antenna, PT, is uniformly distributed on the surface of a sphere of which the antenna is the center The power flux-density is the power radiated by the antenna in a given direction at a sufficiently large distance, d, per unit of surface P area is: Power flux density = ; d = distance 4d
T i 2
The power flux-density radiated in a given direction by antenna P G having a gain, GT, in that direction is: Power flux density (pfd) = 4d
T
T 2
The equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) = PT GT The power received by an antenna with area AR is: P = pfd A =
R R
PG A 4d
T T 2
4A c ; = f
r 2
Satellite RF Fundamentals
50
) (
= 32.44 + 20 log d + 20 log f Free Space Path Loss = (L) dB km MHz (see backup for derivation)
In general, (P )
R dB
PT GT
Hypothetical Sphere
Satellite RF Fundamentals
51
Link Equation
Let the noise spectral density, No KT
where K = Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K; K in dBW = -228.6 dBW/K T = system noise temperature in Kelvins Gr power P Then the in 1 Hz r = EIRP KT noise No Losses
Pr G = (EIRP ) dB + r - (K ) dB - (Losses ) dB N T dB o dB
The power received to noise density is related to the data rate by the energy per bit Eb as follows: Pr Eb = Energy/bit received where: R = Bit Rate = R
No r No r
No r P Eb = r - R dB N o rdB No dB
The actual Eb/N0 can be compared to the required Eb/N0 to see how much margin the system contains.
E E Margin = b b N o rdB No Req'd dB Eb N o
is related to BER (see theoretical curves for given Req' d dB modulation and coding scheme)
If the margin is not high enough, or is less than 0 dB, then, using the link budget, a system engineer can easily determine how the communication system needs to be improved to achieve the desired performance.
Satellite RF Fundamentals 52
As for any budget, numbers are added and subtracted together in a table format, with the bottom line at the bottom
Factors that contribute to a higher Eb/N0 are added as positive numbers, like credits Factors that contribute to a lower Eb/N0 are added as negative numbers, like debits
53
Satellite RF Fundamentals
In the link budget, these losses are sometimes listed as line items subtracted from the received power, but some of them may be combined in different ways.
Satellite RF Fundamentals 54
QPSK
LNA
Receiver
data
11.6 dBW
10.49 dBW
C = 95.95 dB Hz No
Eb N = 12.19 dB o r
Decoder
Eb = 4.25 dB N o REQ'D
Implementation Loss = 2.0 dB
55
FREQUENCY:
RANGE:
2575.0 km
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
I-Q CHANNEL POWER SPLIT LOSS - dB MODULATION LOSS - dB DATA RATE - dB-bps DIFFERENTIAL ENCODING/DECODING LOSS - dB USER CONSTRAINT LOSS - dB RECEIVED Eb/No - dB IMPLEMENTATION LOSS - dB REQUIRED Eb/No - dB REQUIRED PERFORMANCE MARGIN - dB MARGIN - dB
NOTE B; 1.00 TO 1.00 NOTE A NOTE A NOTE A 2 dB Includes diff encoding and modulation losses 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 - 17 - 18 I: NOTE B; Q: NOTE B NOTE A 19 - 20 - 21 - 22
NOTE A: NOTE B:
PARAMETER VALUE FROM USER PROJECT - SUBJECT TO CHANGE FROM CLASS ANALYSIS IF COMPUTED
Satellite RF Fundamentals
56
Due to defining the Prec isotropically at TDRS, the predicted received power is calculated the same as identified earlier (see Link Equation slide); however, GR is set to 1 (= 0 dB) for the isotropic antenna. (i.e., Prec = Pr = GRGTPT(/4R)2 Watts)
In dB, this can be expressed as PR = GR + GT + PT + 20Log(/4R) dBW
Satellite RF Fundamentals
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPACE-SPACE LINK NOTES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 USER TRANSMIT POWER, dBW 12.00 User Provided Data 2 PASSIVE LOSS, dB 1.80 User Provided Data 3 USER ANTENNA GAIN, dBi 44.30 User Provided Data 4 POINTING LOSS, dB 2.20 User Provided Data 5 USER EIRP, dBW 52.30 (1)-(2)+(3)-(4) 6 SPACE LOSS, dB 208.95 CLASS Analysis 7 ATMOSPHERIC LOSS, dB 0.00 Not Considered 8 MULTIPATH LOSS, dB 0.00 Not Considered 9 POLARIZATION LOSS, dB 0.10 User Provided Data 10 SSL RAIN ATTENUATION, dB 0.00 User Provided Data 11 Prec AT INPUT TO TDRS, dBW -156.75 (5)-(6)-(7)-(8)-(9)-(10) 12 Required Prec AT INPUT TO TDRS, dBW -163.44 -245.2 + 10*log (Data Rate) 13 DYNAMICS LOSS, dB 0.00 Not Considered 14 USER CONSTRAINT LOSS, dB 0.00 CLASS Analysis 15 RFI LOSS, dB 0.00 CLASS Analysis 16 MARGIN, dB 6.69 (11)-(12)-(13)-(14)-(15)
Slight difference in simplified link budget vs detailed link budget due to exact customer configuration and space-to-ground link effects
Satellite RF Fundamentals
58
Space
12 dBW
10.2 dBW
LNA
Prec is defined here for a unity gain antenna and BER = 10-5 Predicted Prec = -156.75 dBW Ideal Required Prec = -163.44 dBW Margin = 6.69 dB I = 150 Msps
QPSK
Transparent to the link budget when using the ideal Prec equation
Receiver
data Q = 150 Msps
Note: Significantly more EIRP needed as compared to a direct downlink (52.3 vs. 15.31 dBW)
Decoder
Decoded Data
Satellite RF Fundamentals
59
Elevation angle is the angle between local horizontal at ground station and spacecraft
Satellite RF Fundamentals 60
El = 0O El = 10O El = 20O
Satellite RF Fundamentals
61
Building
Antenna limits
0 elevation angel
Satellite RF Fundamentals 63
Svalbard AGIS
WPSA HAW3
MCMS
Satellite RF Fundamentals
64
AGIS
WPSA HAW3
Satellite RF Fundamentals
65
Synsat location
Coverage No coverage
Satellite RF Fundamentals
TDRS Basics
Satellite RF Fundamentals
67
A geosynchronous satellite has the same orbit period as a geostationary satellite, but its orbit may be elliptical and inclined.
A geosynchronous satellite in an inclined circular orbit moves in a figure-8 pattern as viewed from earth. To maintain a geosynchronous orbit, a satellite must periodically make east-west corrections or it will drift in longitude.
The TDRSs, along with supporting ground systems, make up NASAs Space Network. The Space Network was established to act as a bent-pipe relay (i.e., repeater) and dramatically increase coverage to low earth orbiting satellites as compared to a worldwide network of ground stations.
The SN dramatically increased tracking and data acquisition (T&DA) coverage from 15% to 85% per orbit of low earth orbiting spacecraft as well as decreased operational costs (see coverage slides for depiction).
Requires ~ 30 dB additional EIRP vs direct to ground
TDRSS Constellation
TDRS-8 170.7W
F-1 049W
Satellite RF Fundamentals
69
GUAM
254 174 TDW 121 127 91 171 F-7 94 321 41 TDE 355 47 TDS 327 275 TDZ 251 F-7 195 TDW
-180W
0/360
180W
Satellite RF Fundamentals
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Satellite RF Fundamentals
71
Multiple Access Antenna 30 helices: 12 diplexers for transmit 30 receive body mounted Single commanded beam, transmit 20 adapted beams for receive Ground implemented receive function
Forward (FWD): link from TDRSS Ground Station through TDRS to Customer Spacecraft Return (RTN): link from Customer Spacecraft through TDRS to TDRSS Ground Station
Satellite RF Fundamentals 72
Return Demand Access Service allows customers to have a dedicated return link continuously (lower service cost to customer)
Selectable polarization (left or right hand circular) High data rate (up to 300 Mbps) Forward service operations are time-shared amongst customers Return service operations are time-shared amongst customers (higher service cost to customer vs MA)
Satellite RF Fundamentals 73
Single Access
Return
Forward Ka-Band Return
Up to 300 Mbps; Autotrack G/T = 24.4 dB/K Up to 25 Mbps(5); Autotrack EIRP = 63 dBW
Up to 300 Mbps/800 Mbps(1); Autotrack G/T = 26.5 dB/K SSA: 2/TDRS; 10/WSC; 2/GRGT(5) KuSA: 2/TDRS (2); 10/WSC; 2/GRGT(5) KaSA: 2/TDRS (2); 8/WSC(5) 1/TDRS @ up to 300 kbps; 4/WSC(5) EIRP = 42 dBW (LEOFOV) 5/TDRS @ up to 3 Mbps; 20/WSC(5) G/T = 4.5 dB/K (LEOFOV) (6) Range, 1&2 way Doppler (No Ka-band Tracking)
Forward
Multiple Access
Return User Tracking
Notes:
1. Spacecraft only 3. For customer data configurations, see 450-SNUG, Space Network Users Guide 2. The SN can simultaneously support S-band or Ku/Ka-band (F8- 4. Current WSC configuration supports 7 Mbps F10 only) forward and/or return services through 1 SA antenna to 5. Guam Remote Ground Terminal (GRGT) is not currently configured to support TDRS F8-F10 the same ephemeris. F8-F10 cannot simultaneously support 6. F8 may experience lower G/T performance less than 12 hrs per day Ku/Ka-band services through 1 SA antenna.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
74
Spectrum Management
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75
Satellite RF Fundamentals
Frequency Allocations
The radio frequency spectrum is a national and international resource whose use is governed by Federal statutes and international treaty.
Internationally: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is a specialized agency of the United Nations, acts as the global spectrum coordinator and develops binding international treaty governing the use of the radio spectrum by some 40 different services around the world.
The Radio Regulations contain a number of provisions governing the way the radio frequency spectrum is to be used.
The international and national Table of Allocations shows what segments of the radio frequency spectrum are to be used by which services.
Satellite RF Fundamentals 77
Ku-band
Return Link: 14.8-15.35 GHz Primary: Inter-Satellite Ka-band Uplink: N/A No Allocation Forward Link: 22.55-23.55 GHz Primary: Earth Exploration-Satellite Primary: Inter-Satellite Downlink: Return Link: 25.5-27 GHz 25.25-27.5 GHz Note: In the band 13.75 14.0 GHz geostationary space stations in the space research service, for which information for advance publication has been received by the IFRB prior to 31 January 1992, shall operate on an equal basis with stations in the fixed satellite service; new geostationary space stations in the space research service advanced published after that date will operate on a secondary basis.
Downlink: N/A
No Allocation
Primary with Fixed-Satellite Service: Space Research (note) Secondary with all other services: Space Research Secondary: Space Research
Satellite RF Fundamentals
78
Background Material
Satellite RF Fundamentals
79
References
Digital Communications, Bernard Sklar Antennas, J.D. Ravs Space Network Users Guide, Rev. 8, June 2002, http://gdms.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Sign on as Guest Select CCMS Select Document Library Select Code 450
Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and Asymmetrically Optimum Decoding Algorithum, A.J. Viterbi, IEEE Trans information Theory, Vol. IT13, April 1967, pp 260-169 Principles of Digital Communications and Coding, A.J. Viterbi and J.K. Omura Ground Network Users Guide, February 2001, http://www.wff.nasa.gov/~code452/ Digital Communications, Kamilo Feher Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) http://www.CCSDS.ORG
Satellite RF Fundamentals 80
On the other hand, data files that represent images, among others, do not have to be kept in perfect condition.
A lossy compression technique allows a small level of noisy degradation to the original data. Lossy techniques are much more effective at compression than lossless methods: for a digital image, JPEG can achieve a 12-to-1 compression ratio, as opposed to a 2-to-1 ratio for GIF.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
81
As an example, if a link has uplink Pr/N0 of 60 dB-Hz and a downlink Pr/N0 of 60 dB-Hz, then the overall Pr/N0 is 57 dB-Hz. Sometimes either the uplink or the downlink will be much more high powered than the other.
In this case, the total Pr/N0 will be almost identical to that of the weaker link, and the link budget for the stronger link need not even be done at all.
Satellite RF Fundamentals 82
Satellite RF Fundamentals
83
S-Band Phased Array for Multiple-Access (MA) Service 1 Fwd, 5 Rtn Links for F1-F7*** 1 Fwd, 5 Rtn Links for F8-F10 Field of View (Primary): 13 conical
Space-Ground Link Space-Ground Link Fwd: 14.6-15.225 Fwd: 14.6-15.225 GHz GHz Rtn: 13.4-14.05 GHz Rtn: 13.4-14.05 GHz RTN Link
FWD Link
Customer Spacecraft
Space-Space Link Space-Space Link Primary site at Primary site at White Sands, NM White Sands, NM - - STGT STGT - - WSGTU WSGTU Additional site at Additional site at Guam to support Guam to support TDRS at 85E TDRS at 85E - - GRGT GRGT Fwd: 2.025-2.120 GHz (S-band) Fwd: 2.025-2.120 GHz (S-band)
TDRSS TDRSS Ground Ground Station Station NASA and NASA and Customer Customer Ground Ground Operations Operations
2.1064 GHz (MA) 2.1064 GHz (MA) 13.775 GHz (Ku-band) 13.775 GHz (Ku-band) 22.55-23.55 GHz (Ka-band) 22.55-23.55 GHz (Ka-band) Fwd: 2.025-2.120 GHz (S-band) Fwd: 2.025-2.120 GHz (S-band) 2.1064 GHz (MA) 2.1064 GHz (MA) 13.775 GHz (Ku-band) 13.775 GHz (Ku-band) 22.55-23.55 GHz (Ka-band) 22.55-23.55 GHz (Ka-band)
* - 76.8 outboard ** - 24E-W (inboard) *** - Demand Access Service allows large expansion on the number of non-coherent return link services available through F1 F7
Satellite RF Fundamentals
84
Spectrum: Available Allocations for the Ground Network and/or the Space Network
S-band
MHz 2 010 2 170 Allocation to Services Region 1 2 010 2 025 FIXED MOBILE Region 2 2 010 2 025 FIXED MOBILE MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) S5.388 2 025 2 110 S5.388 S5.389C S5.389D S5.389E S5.390 Region 3 2 010 2 025 FIXED MOBILE
MHz 2 170 2 450 Allocation to Services Region 1 2 170 2 200 FIXED MOBILE MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) S5.388 S5.389A S5.389F S5.392A 2 200 2 290
S5.388
Region 2
Region 3
Only bands that support both the Ground Network (GN) and the Space Network (SN) on a primary basis. Basic capabilities of the Ground Network at S-band are:
Command rates to 32 kbps (note) Telemetry and mission data rates to 10 Mbps (note) Support available from selected sites worldwide
SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth) (space-to-space) EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-space) FIXED MOBILE S5.391 SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) (space-to-space) S5.392
SPACE OPERATION (Earth-to-space) (space-to-space) EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (space-to-space) FIXED MOBILE S5.391 SPACE RESEARCH (Earth-to-space) (space-to-space) S5.392
2 290 2 300
FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile SPACE RESEARCH (deep space) (space-to-Earth)
2 110 2 120
2 300 2 450 FIXED MOBILE RADIOLOCATION Amateur S5.150 S5.282 S5.393 S5.394 S5.396
S5.388 S5.392A
S5.388
Note: Maximum support data rate is dependent on the particular ground station capabilities Satellite RF Fundamentals
Efforts to control the interservice interference are underway within the ITU-R.
Spectrum: Available Allocations for the Ground Network and/or the Space Network
X-band
S5.460 Additional allocation: the band 7 145 - 7 235 MHz is also allocated to the space research (Earth-to-space) service on a primary basis, subject to agreement obtained under No. S9.21. The use of the band 7 145 -7 190 MHz is restricted to deep space; no emissions to deep space shall be effected in the band 7 190 - 7 235 MHz.
MHz 8 175-8 750 Allocation to Services Region 1
8 175-8 215
Region 2
Region 3
EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) METEOROLOGICAL-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE S5.462A S5.463
8 215-8 400
8 400 8 500
FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) S5.465 S5.466 S5.467
Bands only support Ground Network operations on a primary basis The 7190-7235 MHz band may be used to command subject to the earth station being coordinated with terrestrial systems operating in the bands that might experience interference. The 8025-8400 MHz and 8450-8500 MHz bands may be used for transmissions in the space-Earth direction. Basic capabilities of the Ground Network at X-band are:
Telemetry and mission data rates to 150 Mbps (note)
8 500-8 550
8 550-8 650
EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (active) RADIOLOCATION SPACE RESEARCH (active) S5.468 S5.469 S5.469A
8 650-8 750
Note: Maximum support data rate is dependent on the particular ground station capabilities Satellite RF Fundamentals 86
Spectrum: Available Allocations for the Ground Network and/or the Space Network
Ku-band
GHz 12.5-14.25 Allocation to Services Region 1
13.75-14
Region 2
Region 3
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) S5.484A RADIOLOCATION Standard Frequency and Time Signal-Satellite (Earth-to-space) Space Research S5.499 S5.500 S5.501 S5.502 S5.503 S5.503A
14-14.25
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) S5.484A S5.506 RADIONAVIGATION S5.504 Mobile-Satellite (Earth-to-space) except aeronautical mobile-satellite Space Research S5.505
GHz 14.8 17.3 Allocation to Services Region 1 14.8 15.35 FIXED MOBILE Space Research S5.339 15.35 15.4 EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (passive) S5.340 S5.511 Region 2 Region 3
Bands only support Space Network Operations (13.775 GHz forward/15.0034 GHz return) on a secondary basis For TDRSS advanced publications received prior to January 31 1992, the 13.775 GHz forward link operates on a primary basis with respect to the Fixed-Satellite Service (E-S). Basic capabilities of the Space Network at Ku-band are:
Forward link will support up to 25 Mbps. Return link will support up to 300 Mbps. Virtually global support.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
87
Spectrum: Available Allocations for the Ground Network and/or the Space Network
Ka-band
GHz 22.55 23.55 Allocation to Services Region 1 22.55 23.55 FIXED INTER-SATELLITE MOBILE S5.149 Region 2 Region 3
GHz 25.25 28.5 Allocation to Services Region 1 25.25 25.5 FIXED INTER-SATELLITE S5.536 MOBILE Standard Frequency and Time Signal-Satellite (Earth-to-space) 25.5-27 EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (space-to Earth) S5.536A S5.536B FIXED INTER-SATELLITE S5.536 MOBILE Standard Frequency and Time Signal-Satellite (Earth-to-space) 27.5-28.5 FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) S5.484A S5.539 MOBILE S5.538 S5.540 Region 2 Region 3
The pair of Ka-band allocations (22.55-23.55 GHz and 25.25-27.5 GHz) support only the Space Network on a primary basis. The 25.5-27 GHz band is available globally on a primary basis for S-E transmissions from Earth-exploration satellites. Basic capabilities of the Space Network at Ka-band are:
Forward links in the 22.55-23.55 GHz band will support data rates up to 25 Mbps. Return links in the 25.25-27.5 GHz band will support data rates up to 300/800 Mbps (note)
Note: Capable of supporting 800 Mbps with upgrades to the TDRSS ground stations 88
Satellite RF Fundamentals
Meteorological-Satellite Service: An earth exploration-satellite service for meteorological purposes. Inter-Satellite Service: A radiocommunication service providing links between artificial satellites.
Satellite RF Fundamentals
89