EFF-TM2-IND

DECEMBER 2008

Effast PVCu and ABS

High performance PVCu and ABS Pressure Pipe Systems

Effast

Effast from Polypipe is a well established brand name that is recognised throughout both the industrial process market and construction industries for its market-leading range of thermoplastic pipework systems suitable for use within industrial applications. The company now provides these components to customers all over the world and leads the way in the research and development of advanced new solutions that satisfy the specic needs of the market.

Normally available in both metric and imperial dimensions these products are suited to many different commercial applications in such areas as food and beverage processing, chemical manufacture, water treatment and agriculture.

Outstanding performance and reliability have come to represent the hallmarks by which Polypipes Effast products are recognised. With these products also carrying BSI Kite Mark accreditation and conforming

Polypipe, with its large UK based manufacturing capabilities, has developed Effasts comprehensive product portfolio such that it now offers a proven and effective solution to virtually any requirement. No matter what the project, the Effast range can offer the perfect combination of pressure pipe ttings, ball, buttery, diaphragm and actuated valves, compression joints, adaptors and other ttings.

to various other European standards they can be specied with complete condence.

Dedicated to supporting its customers at every stage the company also complements its products and systems with a full technical information and support service, while a nationwide distribution network means that products are readily available, even when needed next day.

For further information please see our contact details on the back cover of this brochure.

Contents
Effast
Introduction to plastics Material selection Pressure and temperature relationships Selection of pipeline systems Pipeline system design Storage, handling and installation Methods of jointing Pipe and ttings dimensions Guide to chemical resistance Dimensions, units and conversion tables

4-6 7 - 11 12 - 17 18 - 22 23 - 27 28 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 43 44 - 79 80 - 81

Introduction to plastics
1.1 Plastics: Polymers and mers
Plastics are a group of engineering materials, belonging to the larger family of polymers. Polymers are often chain molecules and commonly two and three-dimensional networks of repeating mer units, hence poly-mers. The basic structure in plastics is based on carbon (C) and hydrogen (H); a range of other atoms including chlorine (Cl), nitrogen (N), uorine (F) and silicon (Si) may be present depending on the polymer. The simplest C-H polymer is based on C2H4 (ethylene)

1.3 Macromolecule types

Polymer molecules are conventionally thought of as long chains, but side branches or cross-linking between chains can occur. The latter can produce a 2-D or even a 3-D network, with properties such as Youngs modulus increasing with the extent of the cross linking.

H C H C

Linear

monomer formed into chains of polyethylene (C2H2)n in which the monomers are linked end-on.

H C H

H C H n
Side-branched

1.2 Common monomers and polymers

Beyond the simplest common group above, there are a number of others, some of which are easily recognisable by name from the polymers which they make up. Table 1.1 shows examples of monomers, their structure, and the resulting polymer. Putting this cross linking in place can be used to harden and
Table 1.1 Monomers Monomer name Formula
H

Cross-linked

stiffen polymers; vulcanisation of rubber achieves this.

Polymer Polypropylene PP

Structure
C H3 C H
1 3 2

The structure of the molecular chains will determine how closely they will nest together and how crystalline the resulting polymer is.

Propylene

C3H6 C2H3R R can take many forms (Including H, when it becomes ethane).

H R C C H H H C CH2 H H

1.4 Bond types and properties

Polyvinyl Chloride PVC

Vinyl

Polymer molecules are held together by two types of bonds:-

Styrene

C8H8
H H

Polystyrene PS

Primary, covalent bonds between the atoms in the chain molecules. These are high strength bonds and can only be broken irreversibly by high temperatures. Secondary, hydrogen or van der Waals bonds, between chain molecules. These bonds are easily broken down by heating but reform on cooling

1.4.1 Thermoplastic plastics

These consist of covalently bonded chain molecules, perhaps with some side chains, held in a solid by secondary bonds. Heating softens and melts these materials, which can be remoulded and shaped; cooling allows them to hold a new shape when the secondary bonds reform. Hence thermoplastics can be recycled, although excessive heat will break down the chains and change the material irreversibly.

ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene C8H8C4H6C3H3N)n is a copolymer made by polymerizing styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene. CH2 N Acrylonitrile H2C 1,3-butadiene CH2

CH2

1.4.2 Thermosetting plastics

These materials consist of 2-D or 3-D networks of heavily cross linked chain molecules. The bonding is principally primary covalent, so heating only serves to ultimately destroy them. Thermosets are not recyclable, so when hardened, thermosets cannot be melted, deformed or fused. Thermosets are usually reinforced with lling materials such as glass bre, carbon or textile bres. Resins used in this case include the following: Phenolic resin (PF) Polyester resin (UP) Epoxy resin (EP) The proportions can vary from 15% to 35% acrylonitrile, 5% to 30% butadiene and 40% to 60% styrene. The result is a long chain of polybutadiene criss-crossed with shorter chains of polystyrene-co-acrylonitrile. The nitrile groups from neighbouring chains, are polar and attract each other binding the chains together with secondary bonds. Therefore ABS is stronger than pure polystyrene. The styrene group gives the plastic a shiny, impervious surface whilst the butadiene, provides resilience even at low temperatures. ABS can typically be used between -40 C and +60 C. PP (polypropylene) is an addition polymer made from the monomer propylene, unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, alkalis and acids and exhibits a level of crystallinity intermediate between that of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE). PPs Youngs modulus is also intermediate. Less tough than Elastomers resume their normal shape after being distorted and also retain their elasticity at low temperature. Elastomers cannot be melted, fused or reshaped although some thermoplastic elastomers have been developed. Typical examples of elastomers are ethylene propylene rubber (EPDM), nitrile rubber (NBR) and uorine rubber (FPM). LDPE, it is much less brittle than HDPE. This allows polypropylene to be used as an alternative to engineering plastics, such as ABS. Polypropylene has very good resistance to fatigue. The way in which the propylene group repeats down the chain determines crystallinity and hence a lot of properties of PP can be engineered at the polymerisation stage, using pressure, temperature and type of catalyst to control the structure as shown below. Styrene

1.4.3 Elastomers
Like thermosets, these materials contain large amounts of cross linking between chains. The progressive straightening under tension of these long and convoluted chains provides the reversible elastic behaviour of these materials.

1.5 Structure of plastics PVCu, ABS and PP

PVCu stands for unplasticised PVC. Polyvinyl chloride is produced by polymerization of the monomer, vinyl chloride as shown. PVCu is a hard plastic that is made softer and more exible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely used being phthalates.
H C CI C H H

H C

H C

H C

H H C C

H H H C C C

CH3 H C H C

H C

H CH3 H H H C C C C C

CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H

H CH3 H H

H CH3 H

H C

H C

H C

H C

Vinyl chloride monomer

CI H CI H Polyvinyl chloride polymer

5

Introduction to plastics
1.6 Synthesis
Oil, natural gas, coal and cellulose (vegetable in origin) are the raw material sources from which plastics can be made. When oil is rened it is broken down by distillation and separated into groups according to evaporation rate. Gas heads the group, followed by benzene, petroleum, gas oil and nally the bitumen residues. Benzene (used in the production of plastics) in its raw state is further subjected to the process of heat cracking, which effectively breaks it down into ethylene, propylene, butylene and other hydrocarbons. These are then modied by using polymerisation, polycondensation or polyaddition processes to produce the required group of plastics.

1.6.2 Polycondensation
Polycondensation separates the by-products such as water or acids formed during the process while aligning both like and unlike monomers, to produce macromolecular chains such as polyamides and resins.

1.6.3 Polyaddition
Polyaddition is the creation of macromolecules from molecules which are disimilar. During the process the by-products are included and not subjected to separation. Epoxide resins are produced in this manner.

1.6.1 Polymerisation
This is the most common of the processes used in plastic synthesis. In polymerisation the basic molecules (the monomers) are lined up to make macromolecular chains. In turn these macromolecular chains are aligned in their entirety (no separation of by-product or other material) to produce the plastic. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), along with other plastics are all produced by polymerisation.

Table 1.2 Polymer groups Plastics Thermoplastics AMORPHOUS (Random, unorganised molecular structure) Vinylchlorides and Styroles Polystyrene (PS) Polycarbonate (PC) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) SEMI-CRYSTALLINE (Partially ordered molecular structure) Polyolenes Polyethelene (PE) Polypropylene (PP) Polybutylene (PB) Thermosets RESINOUS POLYMER CHAINS (Hardener cross-linked on polymer chains) Thermosets are usually reinforced by using a lling material such as glass, carbon or textile bre producing: Glass-Fibre Plastic (GFK) Carbon-Fibre Plastic (KFK) Carbon-Fibre Phenolic Resin (KF-PF) Glass-Fibre Epoxy Resin (GF-EP) Elastomers ELASTIC PLASTICS (Synthetic and natural rubbers) Natural Rubber (NR) Latex Synthetic Caoutchouc Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPDM) Nitrile Rubber (NBR) Chloroprene Rubber (CR) Fluorine Rubber (FPM) Silicone Rubber (SIR) Thermally reversible Jointing by Chemical Welding Jointing by Fusion Welding They don't melt Not suitable for jointing

Thermoelastomers
Thermoelastomers have similar properties to a thermoset, but with almost the same hardness as the base thermoplastic. i.e. Cross Linked Polyethelene (PEX).

Material selection
2.0 Material selection
There are a number of properties of engineering plastics which are key in making selection decisions. The range of intrinsic physical properties largely depends on molecular chain length, molecular mass, crystallinity, the proportion of primary bonds and the amount of cross linking. Fracture toughness (MPa.m) The key properties and their relevance are detailed here: A measure of the ability of a material to withstand impact and is not the same as strength. A tough material is the opposite of a brittle one; an ideal material would be strong and tough. Ductility (%) The strain or proportional elongation at fracture. Higher values imply a more ductile material. Ductility may be quoted as a simple ratio e.g. 0.1 = 10%. Hardness, Vickers This is the standard method for measuring the hardness of materials; the surface is subjected to a standard pressure for a standard length of time by means of a pyramid shaped diamond. Vickers Hardness is often given as a hardness number rather than a stress.

2.1 General properties

Density (Mg/m3) This represents the mass of a given volume, polymers have the lowest density of all classes of engineering materials. Energy content (MJ/kg) The energy liberated during the combustion of the substance. Recycle fraction Thermoplastics can be recycled, higher fractions indicate a more environmentally sensitive material. Thermosets cannot be recycled, but may bedown cycled by incorporating them as a particulate ller in other materials.

2.3 Thermal properties

Specic heat (J/kg.K) A measure of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a mass of material through a specied temperature. This property becomes important in an application where storage or release of thermal energy is an issue with higher values indicative of a material which could store more heat. Thermal expansion coefcient (mm/m.C) This is the rate of expansion or contraction due to a change in temperature and whilst the units of mm/m.C seem quite small, this can lead to serious stresses in materials which are constrained and experience temperature changes. Where plastics are joined to other materials of very different thermal expansion coefcients, this difference can lead to stresses at the joint or interface. Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) Indication of the transfer of heat through the material. Higher values indicate a material which allows the passage of heat more readily. Lower values imply a better insulating material.

2.2 Mechanical properties

Youngs modulus or modulus of elasticity (GPa) This modulus is a measure of the materials resistance to elastic deformation. For two components of the same shape and size, a higher Youngs modulus will give a higher stiffness of component. Elastic limit (MPa) Material can sustain certain stress due to axial loading without permanent deformation. This is known as Hookes Law and is limited to the point known as the Elastic limit, beyond which the material will not retain its original shape if loading increased. Tensile strength (MPa) This is dened as the maximum load carried by the component acting on the area of cross-section. Poissons ratio When a component is placed in tension, its elastic response will be an increase in length, combined with a reduction in cross section (it gets longer and thinner). Poissons ratio is a ratio of the narrowing (lateral) strain to the lengthening (longitudinal) strain. As a number, typically around 0.4 for plastics.

2.4 Electrical properties

Dielectric constant A dielectric material is a substance that is a poor conductor of electricity, but an efcient supporter of electrostatic elds. Resistivity (Ohms.m, in the range 1013 ) The surface resistance of a plastic is, as the name suggests, the resistance to the ow of electrical current over its surface.

Material selection
2.5 Selection of plastics for pipe systems
In order to select the most suitable material for a pipe system the following factors need to be addressed: The medium or uid conveyed and its chemical composition Operating pressure Operating temperature These factors are interlinked and only when all are addressed can the correct material be selected. In addition to the above it is necessary to be familiar with the characteristics of the material for the pipe system.

Picture supplied courtesy of Sterling Hydrotec.

Table 2.1 Comparative properties of PVCu, ABS and PP Property General Composition Density (Mg/m) Energy Content (Mj/kg) Recycle Fraction Mechanical Young's Modulus of elasticity (GPa) Elastic Limit (MPa) Tensile Strength (MPa) Compressive Strengh (MPa) Ductility Endurance Limit (MPa) Fracture Toughness (MPa.m ) Hardness Vickers Poisson's Ratio Thermal Normal Service Temperature (C) Thermal Expansion (mm/m.C) Specic Heat (J/kg.K) Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) Electrical Dielectric Constant Resistivity (10 ohm.m)
13

PVCu-Rigid

ABS High Impact

PP Homopolymer

(CH2-CH-CI)n 1.35 to 1.55 85 to 106 0.15 to 0.25

(CH2-CH-CH2--CH-CN-C6H4)n 1.03 to 1.07 85 to 120 0.45 to 0.55

(CH2-CH-CH3)n 0.90 to 0.92 90 to 110 0.25 to 0.35

2.2 to 3.5 35 to 52 30 to 70 55 to 60 0.1 to 3 27 to 31.2 1 to 2 10.6 to 15.6 0.38 to 0.43

2.1 to 2.8 40 to 45 45 to 48 55 to 60 0.06 to 0.07 24 to 27 2.3 to 2.6 5.6 to 12.2 0.38 to 0.42

1 to 1.6 28 to 33 25 to 40 40 to 45 1 to 2 15.4 to 18.2 1.9 to 2.1 9.3 to 11.2 0.4 to 0.45

0 to 60 0.055 to 0.095 1000 to 1100 0.24 to 0.26

-40 to 60 0.070 to 0.100 1500 to 1510 0.17 to 0.24

-10 to 110 0.080 to 0.150 1920 to 2100 0.16 to 0.24

3.1 to 3.2 3.16 to 10

2.8 to 3.3 6.31 to 15.8

2.26 to 2.4 10 to 1000

Plastic pipe systems have certain advantages when compared with metal pipe systems and the following illustrates some of these advantages: -

SLU
Lightweight Easier to handle. Density range 0.9 - 1.8 g/cm

RR

Abrasion resistance Plastic is more resistant than steel due to its lower frictional characteristics.

Heat loss Plastics provide good insulation and are poor heat conductors. Elastic properties Good impact resistance. Good bend stress resistance. Low temperature operation Plastic pipelines can accommodate ice expansion and thaw without damage.

Chemical stability Good chemical resistance to a broad range of materials conveyed.

Thermal expansion Plastics expand much more than steel, as they are more affected by thermal change.

Electrical conductivity Corrosion resistance Plastic does not corrode, whereas many metals combine with oxygen and corrode or rust. Plastics do not conduct electrical charge and there is no electrolytic reaction as with metals.

Smoother surface nish Plastic pipes unlike metal pipes are not prone to encrustation of lime-scale, etc; and therefore will have smaller pressure losses.

Colours Plastic can be made in many permanent colours aiding colour-code identication and eliminating the need for paint maintenance.
9

Material selection
2.6 Effast pipe system plastic materials
2.6.1 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polyvinyl chloride, an amorphous thermoplastic is suitable for injection moulding and extruding (i.e.reshaped with heat), making it ideal for the manufacture of pipes, ttings and valves. It can be heat welded or solvent cemented (chemically welded). It can also be recycled and reprocessed. PVC in its natural state is a strong semi rigid material and is denoted in its abbreviated form as PVCu or PVCuH where the u identies the product as unplasticized and H as high impact. PVCu pipes and ttings are widely used within the Potable and Wastewater treatments industries. During the manufacturing process certain additives may be used to enhance its processability and performance characteristics: Stabilizers: Normally calcium or tin based, provide protection against the adverse effects of heat degradation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Polymers used by Effast meet the requirements of the many international regulatory bodies governing the food and potable water industries. Pigments: These are colours that may assist in use identication and ease of maintenance. Lubricants: Are used to aid extrusion and the release of moulded products from mould cavities. These additives typically make up less than 5% of the nished PVC components mass. PVC pipe and ttings can be used in applications that require: Environmental resistance to aggressively caustic or acidic media Good abrasion resistance Operating temperature range: 0C to +60C Solvent welding Good chemical resistance Good abrasion resistance Good material strength and high impact resistance Operating temperature range: - 40C to +60C - Suitable for low temperature usage Solvent welding ABS can be used in applications that require: ABS, being non-toxic, complies with the toxicological requirements of the British Plastics Federation/British Industrial Biological Research Association (BIBRA) Code of Practice for food usage 45/5.

2.6.3 Polypropylene (PP)

Polypropylene, a semi-crystalline thermoplastic is suitable for injection moulding and extruding (i.e. reshaped with heat), making it suitable for the manufacture of pipes, ttings and valves. It can also be recycled and reprocessed. Polypropylene is produced by polymerising propylene along with a catalyst and other additives. The material can be produced in either homo-polymer form (PP-H) and block or random copolymers (PP-B or PP-R). Polypropylene is adversely affected by UV radiation and pipelines that are installed outside or in direct sunlight should be protected by insulation or protective coating. Polypropylene is suitable for use with foodstuffs, potable and ultra pure waters, as well as within the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Polypropylene can be used in applications that require: Environmental resistance to most organic and inorganic chemicals Good material strength and fatigue resistance Operating temperature range -10C to +110C Fusion welding

2.6.2 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, an amorphous thermoplastic is suitable for injection moulding and extruding (i.e. reshaped with heat), making it suitable for the manufacture of pipes, ttings and valves. It can be solvent cemented (chemically welded). It can also be recycled and reprocessed. ABS comprises a styrene and acrylonitrile copolymer linked to polybutadiene. The constituents can be changed in proportion and engineered to provide particular properties required for different applications such as the containment and conveyance of potable water, slurries and chemicals.
10

2.7 Specic environmental factors for pipe systems

2.7.1 Flammability
Material ammability can be measured by the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) as dened under BS 2782 method 141 or ASTM 2863. Materials are assessed and given an index number that reects their combustion characteristics. For example materials with an index: Under 21, will support combustion in air at ambient room temperature (+15C) Above 21, will not sustain combustion Above 25, will burn only when there are extreme heat conditions i.e. where there is direct high temperature heat applied (blowtorch, etc.) Plastics have a wide range of LOI and the following table demonstrates the LOI for different plastics and its effects regarding ammability and toxicity: Table 2.2 Flamability properties Thermoplastic material PVCu ABS PP LOI 46 - 49 18 - 20 16 - 18 Flammability Self Extinguishing Burns Burns Fumes' toxicity High Low to medium Low to medium

Instructions for solvent cementing joints must be followed rigidly to avoid the capillary action of solutions. The following table summarises certain thermoplastics for use in disinfectant operating environments: Table 2.3 Disinfectant suitability Thermoplastic material PVCu ABS PP PE and PVDF = Yes = No Maximum operating pressure (bar) 6 NA NA 10 Suitability for disinfectant use *

*PVCu systems rated at 10 bar or above can only be used in this application when operated at 6 bar.

2.7.5 Electrostatic charge

Plastic pipe systems are not suitable for electrically conductive applications. The build up of electrostatic charge may result in a potentially explosive condition and in order to avoid such a situation the following guidelines must be followed: Stop electrostatic charge accumulating: By wrapping a metallic earthing tape rmly around the pipe circumference or along the length of the pipe system or painting the pipe with a metallic based, solvent free, electrically conductive paint. Disperse the electrical charge: By ionizing the atmosphere, increasing humidity to over 65% or using an antistatic hydroscopic soap.

2.7.2 Ultra violet light (UV)

The majority of plastics when exposed to ultra violet light (present in sunlight) will suffer degradation or loss of properties to varying degrees. All plastics should be protected and this can be achieved by either lagging the pipe where exposed or by painting with a weatherproof water based paint.

2.7.6 Compressed air

Plastic pipelines for compressed air applications can be subject to damage from the presence of oil, additives and related vapours. These contaminates should be removed from the system through ltration and traps to ensure clean and dry air. The following table summarises certain thermoplastics for use in compressed air systems: Table 2.4 Compressor suitability Thermoplastic material PVCu ABS PP PE and PB Suitability as compressed airline Poor suitability* Suitable Unsuitable Very suitable Effects from compressor oil Can become brittle Limited resistance Drastically shortened life Good resistance

2.7.3 Hot climates

Applications in hot climates should ensure storage and installation to allow for thermal expansion, deformation and degradation due to excessive UV radiation or thermal exposure.

2.7.4 Disinfectants
Disinfectants are anti-microbial agents in either an alcohol or aqueous based solution, with detergents to help spread the agents through their strong capillary action. The various compositions of disinfectants will have widely differing effects on plastics. It is strongly advised when using plastics for a pipe system, that conrmation of compatibility with the material should be sought from the disinfectant manufacturer.

* PVCu should only be used where the air pressure does not exceed 3 bar or the application is an open ended dispersion system.
11

Pressure and temperature

3.0 Pressure and temperature relationship
The required duration of operation for a given working pressure and temperature must be taken into account when planning a plastic pipe system. Pressures that can be sustained for a short time at a certain temperature may not be sustainable at a higher working temperature; or even at the same pressure and temperature should the working duration of the system be extended. It is possible to work out the maximum permitted working pressures at different temperatures and the associated safety factors with the use of regression graphs. Safety factors are used to ensure that plastic pipeline systems can operate under stress for their given lifetime without damage or failure and is described as the ratio between the maximum allowable circumferential stress which a system can absorb and its operating stress. e Where P Permissible operating pressure (bar) C Safety factor (see table 3.1) 20 Proportionality constant Circumferential stress (MPa), taken from regression charts (3.1, 3.2 and 3.3) at the end of this chapter. Pipes wall thickness (mm) D Pipes outside diameter (mm) Note that ttings and other components, with the same pressure rating as the pipe, are normally thicker walled and therefore the lowest common denominator of wall thickness (e) should be used.
Table 3.1 Safety factors for thermoplastics (C) Thermoplastic material PVCu metric Safety factor* 2.5 PVCu imperial 2.1 ABS metric 2.1 ABS imperial 2.1 PP-H metric 2.1

The following formula is used to calculate the permissible working pressure for a pipeline system: -

* Safety factors are based on 50 year expected life at 20C, with water. The higher the working temperature of a plastic pipe system, the lower will be the working pressure that can be sustained within the system, please refer to tables 3.2 to 3.5

Worked example 3.1

Calculate the maximum operating pressure for a pipe system with the following specication:Material type: Intended operating life: Pipe dimensions: PVCu 20 years 63 x 3 mm and 63 x 4.7 mm

Worked example 3.2

Calculate the maximum operating pressure for a pipe system with the following specication:Material type: Intended operating life: Pipe dimensions: PVCu 20 years 63 x 3 mm and 63 x 4.7 mm

Maximum operating temperature: 20 C

Maximum operating temperature: 30 C

Solution
Factor of safety C = 2.5 (from table 3.1). With life span 20 years and temperature t = 20 C nd (from chart 3.1). The formula for determining the operating pressure is used:= 27

Solution
Factor of safety C = 2.5 (from table 3.1). With life span 20 years and temperature t = 30 C nd (from chart 3.1). The formula for determining the operating pressure is used: = 22

(PN10) for 3 mm wall thickness and

(PN10) for 3 mm wall thickness and

(PN16) for 4.7 mm wall thickness

(PN16) for 4.7 mm wall thickness

12

Table 3.2 Temperature and pressure relationship for pipes, PVCu imperial Class C Temperature (C) 0 20 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 bar 9.0 9.0 8.1 7.2 6.3 5.4 4.0 2.7 1.3 psi 130 130 117 104 91 78 58 39 18 bar 12.0 12.0 10.8 9.6 8.4 7.2 5.4 3.6 1.8 Class D psi 174 174 156 139 121 104 78 52 26 bar 15.0 15.0 13.5 12.0 10.5 9.0 6.7 4.5 2.2 Class E psi 217 217 195 174 152 130 97 65 31

Table 3.3 Temperature and pressure relationship for pipes, PVCu metric Pipe pressure rating (bar) Temperature (C) 0 20 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 PN10 10.0 10.0 8.0 7.1 6.4 5.1 4.4 3.3 2.6 PN16 16.0 16.0 12.8 11.8 10.2 8.2 7.0 5.2 4.1

Table 3.4 Temperature and pressure relationship for pipes, ABS imperial Class C Temperature (C) -40 -20 0 20 30 40 50 60 bar 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.1 6.3 4.5 2.7 psi 130 130 130 130 117 91 65 39 bar 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.3 8.5 6.3 3.8 Class D psi 174 174 174 174 163 123 91 55 bar 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.5 10.5 7.5 4.5 Class E psi 217 217 217 217 195 152 108 65

Table 3.5 Temperature and pressure relationship for pipes, PP-H metric (PN10) Pipe pressure rating (bar) Temperature (C) 20 40 60 80 95 110 50 Years 10.0 6.2 3.8 25 Years 10.6 6.6 4.1 1.6 10 Years 11.0 6.9 4.3 2.0 0.9 1 Year 12.3 8.0 5.2 3.5 2.3 1.6

13

Pressure and temperature

3.1 Calculation of pipe wall thickness
Thermoplastic pipes based on the nominated standard sizes are accorded pressure ratings. The basis of this rating is that the outside diameter of the pipe remains standard but the wall thickness is specied according to the strength requirement. For example the outside diameter of a 32 mm pressure pipe rated at 10 bar will be the same as that rated at 16 bar. The higher the pressure that the pipe is required to hold, the greater the strength requirement and thus the greater the wall thickness necessary to withstand that pressure. The pipe wall thickness can be calculated by the following vessel formula:Alternatively S can be derived with

(2) The ISO 4065 S series classication

The ISO 4065 S classies pipes into pressure ratings using a series number, therefore pipes with the same series number are rated to the same pressure. The series number can be arrived at by use of the following formula: -

Where

Series number, note this is dimensionless Permissible circumferential stress (MPa), see table 3.6

Note:

which in this case P max = P and therefore C = 1 and is not shown.

P 10 D e

Permissible operating pressure (bar) at 20 C Proportionality constant Outside diameter (mm) Pipe wall thickness (mm)

Where

e P

Pipe wall thickness (mm) Permissible operating pressure (bar) at 20 C Permissible circumferential stress (MPa), see table 3.6

D Outside diameter (mm)

(3) The SDR (Standard dimension ratio)

The SDR rating (an American classication) denotes the ratio of the pipes outside diameter to its wall thickness and is found by using: -

20 Constant of proportionality Due to manufacturing necessity pipes of a small diameter will have a greater wall thickness than may be expected when using the vessel formula.

Where
Table 3.6 Permissible circumferential stresses for plastics ( ) Thermoplastic material PVCu ABS PP Circumferential stress (MPa) 10 7.5 5

SDR D e

Standard Dimension Ratio Outside diameter (mm) Pipe wall thickness (mm), this may be calculated using the vessel formula

The SDR may also be calculated from the ISO 4065 S Series (S) by use of the following formula: SDR = 2 x S + 1

3.2 International standards of ratings

There are three classications which are accepted as International Standards for rating of plastic pipes: -

Worked example 3.3

This example demonstrates the different methods available to determine the S and SDR classication criteria of pressure rating for plastics. Determine the S and SDR classication for a 110 x 5.3mm PVC pipe.

(1) The PN Nominal Pressure classication

The PN classication rates pipes and components for their maximum permissible pressure at 20C. Thus a component rated at PN16 can be used to carry liquid or other uid media at 20C up to a maximum pressure of 16 bar. This system also rules that pipes, valves and ttings of the same standard size and same nominal pressure rating will have the same joint dimensions. This is of signicance in establishing interchangeability of components made by different manufacturers.
14

Solution
From table 3.3 for PVC at 20C, the pressure rating is 10 bar. From table 3.6 for PVC at 20C, the permissible circumferential stress Hence = 10 MPa.

It is recommended that if the allowable negative pressure (Pe) is less than 1 bar then the pipeline system will not sustain vacuum. (1 bar = 0.98 Atmospheres.) Different thermoplastics have different operating temperatures under a vacuum and maximum installation temperatures must be observed, as shown in table 3.7: Table 3.7 Maximum installation temperatures for vacuum conditions

S can also be calculated by:

Thermoplastic material

Maximum temperature under vacuum (C) PN10 PN16 60 60 80

PVCu ABS PP

40 60 80

Worked example 3.4

A PVCu pipe (PN10) operates under the following condition: alternatively: Pipe outside diameter: Intended service life: 110mm 10 years 2 2200 MPa 0.4

Safety factor: Modulus of Elasticity Poissons Ratio

3.3 Maximum working conditions for negative pressure

The design safety factor for negative pressure is 2. Pipeline systems operating below atmospheric pressure (1 bar) are subjected to vacuum or negative pressure and will tend to collapse radially inwards due to the greater outside pressure. The collapsing pressure can be shown by the following formula: -

Determine the collapsing pressure and determine whether the vacuum pressure can or can not be sustained, for two cases: Pipe wall thickness: 5.3mm Pipe wall thickness: 3.0mm

Solution
The collapsing pressure is given by: -

(a) For e = 5.3mm, the collapsing and the vacuum pressure are calculated: Where Pc 20 E e D C Collapsing pressure (bar) Proportionality constant Modulus of elasticity (MPa) (See table 2.1) Poissons ratio (See table 2.1) Pipe wall thickness (mm) Pipe outside diameter (mm) Safety factor = 2 (Design safety factor for negative pressure) The maximum allowable negative pressure (Pe) is obtained from the collapsing pressure (Pc) and safety factor (C) with: Therefore the pipe will sustain this condition, as Pe is greater than 1. (b) For e = 3mm, the collapsing and the vacuum pressure are calculated: -

This pressure is lower than 1 bar; hence the pipe system can not support this condition.
15

Pressure and temperature

Chart 3.1 Life regression for PVCu
100 50 40 30 20 Circumferential stress (MPa) 10

20C 30C 40C 50C 60C

1 1 Years 5 10 25 50

0.1 0.1

10

100

103

104

105

106

Load duration (hours)

Chart 3.2 Life regression for ABS

100 50 40 30 20 Circumferential stress (MPa) 10

20C 30C 40C 50C 60C

1 1 Years 5 10 25 50

0.1 0.1

10

100

103

104

105

106

Load duration (hours)

16

Chart 3.3 Life regression for PP-H

100 50 40 30 20 Circumferential stress (MPa) 10 20C 30C 40C 50C 60C 70C 80C 95C 120C 1 Years 5 10 25 50

0.1 0.1

10

100

103

104

105

106

Load duration (hours)

17

Selection of pipeline systems

4.0 Pipeline system selection
Pipeline system selection is usually based on a number of parameters: The effect of working conditions such as pressure, temperature and the uid carried as described in chapter 3. Flow rate of the uid usually governs the pipe size. The relationship between the pipe size and the pressure rating is shown in tables 4.1 to 4.4 for the different types of thermoplastics; these tables also include pressure ratings for pipe ttings and valves.
Diaphragm Buttery Ball 16 - 63 75 - 110 20 - 63 90 - 140 160 Table 4.1 PVCu (imperial sizes) pressure ratings ttings, valves and pipes Product Size - inches Fittings Solvent cement Threaded Union -6 8,10 and 12 /8 - 4 - 2 3-4 Flange Blanks 1-2 2 - 4 5-6 Valves Ball 3 Way ball Diaphragm Buttery Knife gate Check Wafer check /8 - 2 2 - 4 -2 -2 3-5 6 1 - 4 /8 - 2 2 - 3 2-6 8 Pipes Class E Class D Class C Class T
Threading and machining only

Table 4.2 PVCu (metric sizes) pressure ratings ttings, valves and pipes Product Size - mm Fittings Solvent cement Metric solvent x BSP adaptor 16 - 160 200 - 315 16 x /8" 110 - 4" Valves 16 10 10 10 6 16 10 Pipes PN rated 16 - 315 10 and 16 145 and 232 232 145 145 145 87 232 145 16 10 10 232 145 145 Pressure rating at 20C bar psi

Check

16 - 63 75 - 90

Pressure rating at 20C psi bar

217 130 145 174 145

15 9 10 12 10 Socket fusion Table 4.3 PP-H (metric sizes) pressure ratings ttings, valves and pipes Product Size - mm (inches) Fittings Pressure rating at 20C bar psi

232 145 87 232 145 145 145 145 87 36 232 145 145 87 217 174 130 174

16 10 6 16 10 10 10 10 6 2.5 16 10 10 6 15 12 9 12

16 - 110 Valves

10

145

Ball union end/ socket fusion Ball union end/ threaded BSP

20 - 63 ("- 2") (" - 2") 90 - 140 (3" - 5")

10 10 10 6 10 Pipes

145

145 145 87 145

Buttery 160 - 225 (6" - 8") Check 20 - 63 (" - 2") 16 - 110

PN rated

10

145

-6 1 - 6 2 - 12 /8 - 2

18

Table 4.4 ABS (imperial sizes) pressure ratings ttings, valves and pipes Product Size - inches (mm) Fittings -4 Solvent cement Threaded BSP Union 5-6 8 /8 - 3 - 2 3-4 Flange Blanks 1-2 2 - 4 5-6 Valves /8 - 2 (16 - 63mm) Ball 2 - 4 (75 - 110mm) /8 - 2 (16 - 63mm) Check 2 - 3 (75 - 90mm) Pipes Class E Class D Class C Class T
Threading and machining only

Table 4.5 Valve selection Valve features Standard seal Flow Flow adjustment Frictional pressure loss Behaviour water hammer Ball valve EPDM, FPM Full Limited, not positive Low Fair Buttery valve EPDM, FPM Restricted Good, positive Medium Limited Diaphragm valve EPDM Restricted Good, positive High Limited

Pressure rating at 20C psi bar

217 174 145 145 174 145

15 12 10 10 12 10

232 145 87

16 10 6 Seal features Liquid, particle free Liquid, particulate or crystal forming Liquid, viscous

Table 4.6 Valve seal behaviour Ball valve Good Limited, needs regular cleaning Good Good Buttery valve Good Good, but needs occasional cleaning Limited Good Diaphragm valve Good

232 145 232 145

16 10 16

Good

Limited Limited

Gases 10

/8 - 4 6 1-8 /8 - 2

217 174 130 174

15 12 9 12

4.1 Valve selection

Valve selection is based upon a number of key parameters: The primary valve body material is selected along with the material best suited for the pipe system. Thereafter valve selection will depend on the properties of the conveyed medium and the valve characteristics themselves, as shown in table 4.5. The compatibility of the seal material to the conveyed medium within the known operating parameters must be conrmed, which can be determined by reference to the valve seal behaviour in table 4.6. Additionally, valves have another important characteristic known as torque rating which is very important in actuated applications. Charts 4.1 to 4.6 show the torque-valve diameter rating for three types of valves.

19

Selection of pipeline systems

Torque charts for ball valves

Chart 4.1 Torque for economy ball valve PVCu

70 60 50 Torque (Nm) 40 30 20 10 0 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110
Please note: Some 75mm Ball Valves are based on 90mm Please note: Some 75mm ball valves are based on 90mm bodiesbodies and thus have a higher torquesrating. and thus have a higher torques rating.

Pipe diameter (mm)

Chart 4.2 Torque for industrial ball valve PVCu and ABS
35 30 25 Torque (Nm) 20 15 10 5 0 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 Pipe diameter (mm)
Please note: Some 75mm Ball Valves are based on 90mm Please note: Some 75mm ball valves are based on 90mm bodiesbodies and thus have a higher torquesrating. and thus have a higher torques rating.

Chart 4.3 Torque for industrial ball valve PP

35 30 25 Torque (Nm) 20 15 10 5 0 16
20

20

25

32

40 50 Pipe diameter (mm)

63

75

90

Torque charts for buttery valves

Chart 4.4 Torque for buttery valve PVCu

35 30 25 Torque (Nm) 20 15 10 5 0 90 110 125 Pipe diameter (mm) 140 160

Chart 4.5 Torque for buttery valve PP

90 80 70 60 50 Torque (Nm) 40 30 20 10 0 90 110 140 Pipe diameter (mm) 160 225

21

Selection of pipeline systems

Torque chart for diaphragm valves

Chart 4.6 Torque for diaphragm valve PVCu

12 10 Torque (Nm) 8 6 4 2 0 20 25 32 40 Pipe diameter (mm) 50 63

22

Pipeline system design

This chapter describes the design calculations for a plastic pipeline system by using the following criteria: Pipeline diameter for a given uid ow rate Frictional and pressure losses of the system Pumping power requirement Pressure transients (i.e. water hammer) The above parameters are shown and worked examples are provided to demonstrate the calculation procedure for each aspect.

Worked example 5.1

(a) What size of PVCu pipe should be used if the volumetric ow rate is 10 l/s and the ow velocity is restricted to 3m/s? (b) What is the effect of using a smaller or larger size pipe to do the job? Take pipes of external diameters and wall thicknesses as: (i) D = 50mm and e = 1.8mm. (ii) D = 75mm and e = 2.2mm respectively.

Solution
(a) The pipe internal diameter formula is used:-

5.1 Pipe diameter calculation

Pipeline sizing is a three-way relationship between the internal pipe ow area (A in m), the ow velocity (u in m/s) and the volumetric ow rate (Q in m/s) as given by: -

d = 35.68

Q 10 = 35 . 68 = 65 mm u 3

(b) In case the suppliers do not have the exact diameter determined above (65mm), let us examine two options: (i) When the ow area is decreased to 50mm diameter, then the velocity will increase as

Where the cross-section of the pipes internal ow area (A) is

shown by the Continuity equation in terms of velocity: -

The above relationship can be expressed in terms of the internal pipe diameter (d in m): -

35.68 35.68 = 10 u=Q d 50 3.6

= 5.91 m/s

This is clearly over the recommended design limit of 3m/s for ow velocity of liquids in this pipeline system and is not advisable. (ii) When the ow area is increased to 75mm

If the ow rate is expressed in litres per second (l/s), then the pipe diameter (mm) relation can be simplied to: -

diameter, then the velocity will decrease as shown by the Continuity equation: -

35.68 u=Q d
Note that there are two factors which inuence the selection of ow velocity: In order to avoid increasing pressure losses due to friction, if the pipe internal diameter is reduced the ow velocity should be proportionately reduced. Noise generation increases rapidly with velocity, especially for gas ow applications and the following limiting velocities are accepted for the general design of pipeline systems: -

35.68 = 10 75 4.4

= 2.55 m/s

This ow velocity is lower than the maximum recommended value of 3m/s and is therefore acceptable. Remember that lower ow velocity means proportionately lower pressure losses, therefore, always go for the next size up if your calculated size is not available.

5.2 Flow regimes in pipeline system

Flow regimes in a pipe were classied by Osborne Reynolds (in the early twentieth century) into three categories: -

Table 5.1 Noise limiting ow velocities in plastic pipeline systems Medium carried Liquid under suction Liquid under delivery Gas Maximum velocity (m/s) 1 3 25

Laminar:

Where the ow behaves in an orderly manner running in parallel stream lines.

Turbulent: Where the ow streams are interlinked. Transient: An intermediate condition where the ow is neither Laminar nor Turbulent.
23

Pipeline system design

Reynolds identied these categories by calculating a dimensionless group of three ow parameters, later given the name Reynolds number, which is dened by:The friction factor ( f ) can also be determined graphically using the Moody diagram (Chart 5.1) shown at the end of this chapter. DArcy presented the following relationship to determine the Head loss ( H ) due to frictional resistance to the ow
f

Where

Re u d v

Reynolds number Flow velocity (m/s) Pipe internal diameter (m) Kinematic viscosity (m/s), see table 5.2 below

in pipelines: 2 Hf = 4 f L u 2g d

Where

f L g u d

Coefcient of friction Length of pipe (m) Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s) Flow velocity (m/s) Pipe internal diameter (m)

Table 5.2 Kinematic viscosity of water Temperature 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Kinematic viscosity (m/s x 10-6) 1.752 1.501 1.300 1.137 1.004 0.893 0.800 0.722 0.656 0.600 0.551

Usually hydraulic loss is evaluated in metres per 100m length (i.e. L = 100) so the above formula can be simplied to: 2 Hf = 20.4 f u d 5.4 Pressure losses due to obstructions in pipeline systems

Obstruction losses are due to the presence of valves and ttings in pipeline systems. These losses are grouped into one lot and the associated hydraulic loss ( approaching uid: -

Reynolds concluded that if Re is less than 2000 the ow is clearly laminar and when Re is over 4000 the ow is clearly turbulent. However when Re is between 2000 and 4000 the ow is transient and the ow prediction is not reliable.

HO ) is calculated as the

sum of all loss coefcients multiplied by the velocity head of the

HO = ( k i )
Where g u
k
i

u2 2g

Table 5.3 Reynolds ow regimes Regime Laminar Transient Turbulent Reynolds number (Re ) <2000 2000 - 4000 >4000 Characteristics Streamline ow Unsettled ow Very mixed ow

Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s) Flow velocity (m/s) The sum of k-values for ttings and valves for the pipe system, see tables 5.5 and 5.6

5.3 Pressure losses due to friction in pipelines

The coefcient of friction which is an indication of the resistance the pipe surface offers to the ow is dependent on the value of the Reynolds number and the roughness of the pipe internal surface. Plastics have a unique advantage over metal pipes in that they are considered perfectly smooth when new and do not suffer from the build up of rust or coagulation; thus their original internal dimension is retained. The friction factor for plastic pipes is given in table 5.4

Table 5.5 Obstruction loss coefcient for ttings Obstruction Pipe entry Pipe exit 90 elbow 45 elbow 90 bend 45 bend Tee straight through Tee branch 90 1:2 1:3 1:4 k 0.5 1.0 0.40 0.30 0.60 0.40 0.80 0.95 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.30 Sudden contraction diameter ratio 5:1 4:1
-0.25

Sudden enlargement diameter ratio

Table 5.4 Friction coefcients Regime Laminar Transient Turbulent Reynolds number (Re) <2000 2000 - 4000 >4000 Coefcient of friction ( f ) 16/Re No data 0.079 Re

1:5

0.40 0.37 0.33 0.30

3:1 2:1

24

Table 5.6 Obstruction loss coefcient for valves Valve Ball Diaphragm Buttery Non-return 25% Open 10.53 1.94 3.74 6.37 50% Open 5.54 1.59 0.42 3.5 75% Open 1.25 1.39 0.14 2.1 100% Open 0.28 1.25 0.10 1.0

Worked example 5.2

A PVCu pipeline system, pumping water, comprises the following items: Pipe Length Outside diameter Wall thickness Fittings 2x 90 bends 1x pipe entry 1x pipe exit 200m 110mm 10mm k = 0.6 k = 0.5 k = 1.0

5.5 Pump rating

5.5.1 Hydraulic losses in pipeline systems
The pump in a uid pipeline system has to: Overcome frictional losses, Overcome obstruction losses due to valves and ttings, The total hydraulic loss (metres) is therefore given by

1x buttery valve (25% open) k = 3.74 (a) Determine the total hydraulic and pressure losses of this system when the ow rate of water is 30 l/s if the operating temperature is 10C. (Take the viscosity of water from table 5.2) (b) Determine the pump power to deliver this ow rate to a

Transfer the uid at the required ow rate between two stations, The static-lift is the physical difference in elevation between the two stations in metres.

point situated 20m above the source given the pumps hydraulic efciency is 80%.

Solution
(a)

5.5.2 Pressure losses in pipeline systems

The relationship between head loss and pressure loss is given by: Hence ow is turbulent.

Where

P g

Pressure loss (N/m or Pa) Density of uid (kg/m) Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s)

5.5.3 Energy loss in pipeline system

The aforementioned hydraulic losses in a pipeline system are to be accommodated in the design process and these losses should be considered when selecting the correct pump size (duty). The pumps rating (power requirement in Watts) is given by: Total hydraulic losses

Where Q Volumetric ow rate Hydraulic efciency of pump (Refer to manufacturers data) Htotal Total effective head Htotal =Hstatic-lift+ Hlosses (Due to pipe-friction, ttings, plus static-lift)

Hlosses = Hf + Ho = 33 + 7.2 = 40.2 m

Total pressure losses

P = g Hlosses = 10 3 9.81 40.2 = 394 kPa

(b) Total effective head

Htotal = Hstatic- lift + Hlosses = 20 + 40.2 = 60.2 m

Pump power

= Q g Htotal / 3 -3 = 10 30 10 9.81 60.2 / 0.8 = 22.1 kW

25

Pipeline system design

5.6 Pressure transients in pipeline systems (water hammer)
There are times when either by poor design or abrupt changes in the ow condition the pipeline system undergoes a pressure surge, this phenomenon known as Water Hammer, may be initiated by any of the following actions in the pipeline system: Abrupt valve closure Pump start up, shutdown or an abrupt change in speed Entrapped gas in the liquid ow There are four important parameters to be considered at the design stage so that the effect of water hammer is minimised: 1. The velocity of the pressure wave (m/s)
1. Pressure wave velocity 310 m/s 310 m/s Property Solution Flow rate (m/h) 10 20

Worked example 5.3

A PVCu pipeline system, PN6 rated, 300m in length, with an outside diameter of 50mm and a wall thickness of 1.8mm with an operational pressure of 4.4 bar, has an actuated valve with a closing time of 2 seconds. Where PVCus Youngs modulus (E) is 2.6 GPa and its circumferential stress is 29 MPa; and waters bulk modulus of elasticity (K) is 2.05 GPa and its density of 1000 kg/m. Determine the water hammer characteristics where the ow rate is 10m/h and 20m/h.

2. Initial wave velocity

Where

K E d e

Bulk modulus of elasticity for uid (Pa) Fluid density (kg/m3) Modulus of elasticity of pipe material (Pa) Pipe inside diameter (mm) Pipe wall thickness (mm)
3. Pressure uctuation

1.643 m/s

3.285 m/s

u
3.1 Maximum pressure

5.09 bar

10.18 bar

9.49 bar

14.58 bar

2. Pressure uctuation consists of both an upper and lower pressure limit and these must be kept within the pipes pressure characteristics, such that the upper limit is within the pipes maximum operating pressure and the lower limit is above the pipes collapsing pressure, in order to avoid permanent damage to the pipe system. The pressure uctuation is given by
Collapsing pressure -2.88 bar -2.88 bar 4. Critical wave period 1.9 second 1.9 second 3.2 Minimum pressure -0.69 bar -5.78 bar

Where u is the velocity change (m/s). The pressure uctuation results in upper and lower limits of operation and is dened as:The maximum pressure: The minimum pressure: 3. The effective safety factor for frequent surges should be lower than the materials safety factor. Where is circumferential stress (MPa)
Statement
P min is within the Pe parameter, hence the system will withstand the negative pressure. P max is less than the maximum permissible pressure of 15 bar. P min is outside the Pe parameter, hence the pipe will collapse. P max is less than the maximum permissible pressure of 15 bar.

Maximum allowable negative pressure -1.44 bar -1.44 bar

Effective safety factor 2.37 1.54

4. Critical wave period (seconds) given by Where L is pipe length (m)

Note: In cases of negative pressure C has a value of 2 as in section 3.3. In this example the water hammer procedure was followed (4 steps) in addition Pc and Pe

Actuated valves must have closure times greater than this wave period in order to minimise the effect of
26

were calculated as outlined in section 3.3 and Cmax as outlined in section 5.6.

water hammer.

Chart 5.1 The Moody diagram

0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 Friction factor Transient zone 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02

0.01 Relative roughness

0.03

0.005

0.02

0.001

0.0005 0.0001 0.01 Laminar flow 0.008 103 104 105 Reynolds number 106 107 108 Turbulent flow 0.00001

27

Storage, handling and installation

6.0 Introduction
One of the key parts of a successful installation comes from the way that plastic pipes and components are stored and handled. This chapter deals with the installation of plastic pipeline systems and describes the methods for preserving structural integrity and compensating for thermal expansion. Pipes should be loaded and unloaded manually without dragging them over the ground, as this causes damage. However if handling pallets of pipe by forklift ensure that the forks do not cause damage. The whole purpose of correct handling is to avoid damage to pipes and should encompass loading, transit and unloading of the pipes. The following guidelines should be addressed when handling pipes: -

6.1 Storage and handling

Pipe is often stored directly on the ground or supported in racks or pallets and the following conditions should be observed: Ensure that the ground surface is level and cleared of debris to prevent the pipes from becoming bent, scored and damaged.

Flatbed vehicles should be used to distribute pipe loads and the largest diameter pipe should be loaded rst with the smaller pipe loaded on top or nested inside to avoid damage. Do not drop pipes off the vehicle when off loading but handle and stack them correctly.

6.2 Installation of plastic pipes

Thermoplastics expand and contract to a far greater extent than metals and the following sketch provides a comparison between some metals and plastics: -

Pipes should never be stacked more than 6 layers high and in hot climates this should be restricted to 4 layers. Large bore pipes should not be stacked greater than 1 metre high, thus avoiding ovality due to heat and pressure. Pipes of different diameters and wall thickness should be

Figure 6.1 Comparison of thermal expansion of plastics and metals

Mild steel Stainless steel Copper PVCu ABS

stacked separately. If this is not practical the larger diameter and thicker walled pipes should be stored at the bottom of the stack. Pipe racks should be constructed to provide full support to each pipe layer. Side supports should be at least 100mm wide and be placed at regular intervals of 1.2 metres along the pipe length. Narrow straps to support the pipe stack should be avoided. Pipes can be stored in palletised stacks as long as the pallets and not the pipes support the stack weight and pallets should be stacked no more than 3 pallets high for short periods only. Pipes and ttings stored for an extended period of time should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid UV degradation. Fittings should be stored using a method that allows air circulation such as porous hessian sacks, boxes or on shelves.
0 1

Polypropylene Polyethylene

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

There are two factors to consider when calculating expansion or contraction in pipes: Environmental temperature (external temperature) at which the pipe will stabilise prior to installation. Fluid temperature (internal temperature) which is the operational temperature of the pipeline system. The change in length due to thermal expansion or contraction in a pipeline system is determined by the following formula: -

Where

L T

Expansion (Le) or contraction (Lc) in mm Difference in temperature between the installation and the operating temperatures in C (=T operate - T install)

Length of pipe when installed Coefcient of expansion

28

Table 6.1 Coefcient of linear expansion for thermoplastics () Thermoplastic material PVCu ABS PP PE Coefcient (10-5m/mC) 7.8 10.1 15.0 20.0 Length/temperature equivalent (mm/mC) 0.078 0.101 0.150 0.200

Worked example 6.1

Find the expansion and contraction on a 4 diameter PVCu pipe system installed at 10C, where the maximum and minimum operating temperatures are 30C and 8C respectively and the overall length of the installation is 30m.
Solution Step Calculate temperature difference T (=T operate - T install) Operating temperature (oC) 30 = 30 - 10 = +20C 8 = 8 - 10 = -2C*

For example PVCu will expand 0.078mm per metre for every 1C raised in mid-wall temperature above the installation temperature.

Table 6.2 Calculated expansion for 1 metre length pipe Temperature difference (C) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Expansion (mm) PVCu 0.078 0.156 0.234 0.312 0.390 0.468 0.546 0.624 0.702 0.780 0.858 0.936 1.014 1.092 1.170 1.248 1.326 1.404 1.482 1.560 ABS 0.101 0.202 0.303 0.404 0.505 0.606 0.707 0.808 0.909 1.010 1.111 1.212 1.313 1.414 1.515 1.616 1.717 1.818 1.919 2.020 PP 0.150 0.300 0.450 0.600 0.750 0.900 1.050 1.200 1.350 1.500 1.650 1.800 1.950 2.100 2.250 2.400 2.550 2.700 2.850 3.000 37C = 2.886mm 20C = 1.560mm +17C = 1.326mm i.e.For PVCu @ 37C For the temperature range not on the chart add the factors Comment

Calculate change in length due to expansion and contraction = 20 x 30 x 0.078 = -2 x 30 x 0.078 L = T x L x = 46.8mm = -4.68mm* ( = 0.078 for PVCu)
Take the greater value (change in length) regardless of whether it is due to expansion or contraction that can accommodate the maximum movement. In this case L = 46.8mm

Select length of exible arm or compensator

* Please note a (-) minus value represents the difference in temperature (it is not a subzero) and hence it causes a contraction of the length of the pipe.

Please note that the temperature difference is the difference between the installation temperature and the working temperature, in degrees Celsius (C).

29

Storage, handling and installation

6.3 Flexible arms in pipeline installations
Flexible arms or expansion bellows are used in order to avoid the associated stresses generated from a pipes change in length due to expansion or contraction. Expansion bellows are not a prime concern of this document and the installer is advised to seek specialist guidance from the manufacturers of such products. The exibility of plastics permits expansion or contraction to be compensated for by means of either directional change within a pipe system (single exible arm) or by the installation of expansion loops consisting of two exible arms (double exible arm), as shown in the following illustrations: Where a D L Cm
(Le) Table 6.3 Thermoplastic material constant (Cm) Thermoplastic material PVCu ABS PP a PE Constant 33.5 32.7 30.0 26.0

6.4 How to nd the exible arm (a) length

To calculate the length of a exible arm () the following formulae can be used: Single arm:

Double arm:

Flexible arm length (mm) Pipe outside diameter (mm) Expansion or Contraction (mm) for single arm, for double arm use L/2 Constant for material, see table 6.3

Figure 6.2 Single arm

(Lc)

Worked example 6.2

A 40mm ABS pipe (Cm = 32.7) has expanded in length by 22mm, what is the length required for single and double exible arm arrangements?

Figure 6.3 Double arm (expansion loop)

Single arm

Solution Double arm

(Le)

(Lc)

a = 970mm b a

a = 686mm

6.5 Pre-stressing exible arms

Sometimes changes of length (L) can only be channelled in
Fixed point

one direction, possibly due to a exible section having to operate in a conned space. When this occurs the exible arm can be pre-stressed achieving the following: The exible arm can be reduced in length The exible arm will straighten under working conditions thus relieving a large amount of stress The installation will look better when in service

30

Worked example 6.3

A 15 metre length of 63mm PVCu pipe ( = 0.078 for PVCu) was installed at 10C, if the working temperature is 50C determine the layout of the non pre-stressed and pre-stressed arm arrangements.
Solution Non pre-stressed Pre-stressed

a = 63 47 33.5 = 1823mm

L = 47mm 15m 15m - 23.5mm

L 2 = 23.5mm

Fixed Point a = 1823mm

Fixed Point a = 1289mm

There will be an expansion of 47mm, therefore the exible arm length will be 1823mm.

Half of the expansion (23.5mm) is now pre-stressed, therefore the exible arm length will be 1289mm.

31

Storage, handling and installation

6.6 Plastic pipe systems support and bracketing
Plastic pipe systems require regular support which can vary according to pipe material, size and wall dimension of the pipe, the weight (density) of the liquid carried and the temperature of the pipe wall. There are three types of mechanism which support or restrain pipe movement: Restrained within a channel; supported with clips or brackets at predetermined intervals (see tables 6.4, 6.5, and 6.6) and limiting rings to restrict axial movement.

6.7 Brackets
Pipe brackets need to be made with the inside diameter of the bracket marginally larger than the pipe outer diameter. This allows free lineal movement of the pipe and avoids inhibiting expansion or contraction. They should also be smooth, to avoid damage to the outer surface of the pipe. There are two basic types of brackets, as shown in gures 6.5 and 6.6, namely loose brackets and xed brackets. Tables 6.4 and 6.5 are based on class E pipe (15 bar) or the PN16 metric rating. For pipes of a lower rating the spacing will be closer, derate as follows: -

Figure 6.4 Supports, brackets and limiting rings

Full support of the pipeline can be achieved by running along suitable channel and restraining it from lateral movement.

Class D (12 bar) and PN12 rated pipe x 0.75 Class C (9 bar) and PN10 rated pipe x 0.62

Figure 6.5 Loose brackets - axial movement is required without constraint

A loose bracket allows axial movement.

Pipelines which are suspended have to be supported by brackets spaced at predetermined intervals (see tables 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6).

A sliding bracket allows movement along a at supporting surface.

Hanging bracket allows radial and axial movement.

Figure 6.5 Fixed brackets - axial movement constrained or controlled

A bracket on either side prevents axial movement.

A bracket between two pipe sockets or limiting rings prevents axial movement.

A bracket to control pipe movement in one direction.

Limiting Rings PVCu and ABS: These can be made by cutting a small length (dissecting 1/3rd of the circumference) of class C or 10 bar pipe of the same outside diameter of the carrier pipe. The remaining segment can be sprung open and then solvent welded into place on the carrier pipe.

32

Table 6.4 Bracket spacing for gases and liquids PVCu PN 16 metric pipe and class E (15 bar) imperial pipe Pipe size mm 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 225 250 280 315 inch
3

Bracket spacing in metres 20C 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.90 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.60 2.80 3.20 3.60 30C 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.80 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.45 2.70 3.00 3.40 40C 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.60 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.30 2.55 2.85 3.20 50C * * 0.55 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.30 1.60 1.65 1.75 2.00 2.20 2.50 2.80 60C * * 0.40 0.45 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.85 1.10 1.25 1.35 1.50 1.75 1.95 2.15 2.45

/8

1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12

* Implies full support requirement.

Table 6.5 Bracket spacing for gases and liquids - ABS class E pipe (15 bar) Pipe size inch
3

Bracket spacing in metres 20C 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.25 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.10 2.30 30C 0.75 0.80 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.45 1.65 1.80 1.90 2.10 40C 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.25 1.35 1.55 1.70 1.80 1.90 50C 0.60 0.65 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.15 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.60 1.70 60C 0.50 0.55 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50

/8

1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8

33

Storage, handling and installation

Table 6.6 Bracket spacing for gases and liquids - polypropylene metric 10 bar rated pipe Pipe size mm 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 20C 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.99 1.05 1.20 1.38 1.53 1.63 1.84 40C 0.68 0.69 0.82 0.94 1.03 1.14 1.29 1.43 1.53 1.73 Bracket spacing in metres 60C 0.63 0.64 0.74 0.84 0.94 1.04 1.18 1.28 1.43 1.58 80C 0.54 0.59 0.69 0.74 0.84 0.89 1.04 1.13 1.23 1.38 100C 0.39 0.44 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.69 0.79 0.84 0.93 1.04

6.8 The Z dimension

The following steps should be undertaken in preparation for a pipeline installation: Prepare a basic sketch of the pipeline system, including ttings. Enter the dimensions of the pipes and ttings and the centre to centre measurement of each section either by measuring on site or from the engineers drawings. Calculate the cut length of each piece of pipe between ttings to enable correct overall assembled length of section as follows: L = M - Z1 - Z2 Where L M Cut length of pipe Centre to centre length between ttings

Figure 6.7 - Z dimension

Z2

Z1

As an example, the installation notes for a PVCu pipe would appear as follows: M centre to centre Less Less Z1 ange Z2 bend = = = = 4mm 80mm - 84mm L cut length pipe 1116mm 1200mm

Z1 - Z2 Linear Dimensions of ttings

34

Chart 6.1 Length of exible arm: general guide for PVCu & ABS

3000

12" 10" 8" 6" 5" 4" 3" 21/2" 2" 15 280 250 225 200 160 140 125 110 90 75 63 3

11/2" 11/4" 50 40

1" 32

25 20 16

3/ 4 1/ 2 3/ 8

" " "

1000 Length of flexible section (mm) 100 1 10 Change in length (mm) 100 300

35

Methods of jointing
7.0 Introduction
This chapter deals with the four key methods of joining plastic pipes and the selection of a jointing method is dependent on the pipe material and its characteristics. Table 7.1 is a guide to the selection of the type of joint which can be used for the particular pipe material.

Table 7.1 Thermoplastic jointing methods Method Solvent cement Thermoplastic material PVCu ABS PP and PE

Solvent cement is formulated to chemically solvate the surfaces of pipes and ttings, so that when they are pushed together the softened surfaces intermix and cure into a hard, strong and leak-free joint. Materials welded this way must be alike, i.e. PVCu to PVCu and ABS to ABS. Not PVCu to ABS or vice versa. Mechanical

This method uses threads and anges to connect the different parts of pipeline systems. Fusion

Fusion jointing involves heating the two components to be joined, so that the fusion/melt temperature on each surface is reached simultaneously. The two melted surfaces are then brought together at a pressure designed to produce a homogenous joint when cooled. The resulting joint will have an equivalent strength and pressure rating as the original pipe. Contact Polypipe for further details. Compression

Compression jointing consists of compressing a rubber ring between the inner wall of the tting and the outer wall of the pipe to be jointed. Compression joints can be used to connect different types of pipe, both plastic and metal. As long as the correct tting is selected, taking into account the outside diameters of the different types of pipe work, then a satisfactory joint can be made. Note: Compression joints are designed primarily for use on water pipelines. Contact Polypipe for further details. = Suitable = Not suitable

36

Table 7.2 PVCu and ABS solvent jointing procedure Procedure Important information: Always use Personal Protective Equipment - gloves and eye protection Always carry out work in a well ventilated area Always refer to Material Safety Data Sheets Dispose of waste responsibly Failure to follow the jointing procedure may invalidate any warranties given Equipment

1. Cut the pipe at right angles to its axis and to the required length. Deburr the cut end of the pipe with a sharp knife or scraper.

Pipe cutter Saw Scraper or knife

2. Chamfer the leading edge of the pipe at approximately 15 to 30. This will prevent the solvent cement being wiped from both the pipe and tting when mated together and will also help to build up a ring of solvent around the chamfer, thus ensuring a proper seal.

Chamfering tool Fine disc angle grinder, le or abrasive paper 80 - 100 grit

Pipe Size
38

Chamfer Size (mm) 2 3-4 5-6

(16mm)

- 1 (20 - 50mm) 2 - 8 (63 - 225mm)

3. Mark the pipe back from the chamfered end to a length equal to the socket depth plus 5mm. This mark will act as a visual indicator to show that the pipe is fully inserted into the socket.

Marker pen

4. Roughen the pipe surface (up to the indicator mark) and the inside of the socket with abrasive cloth or paper. Do not roughen the pipe and tting to the extent that the clearance between them is noticeably increased.

Abrasive paper/cloth 80 - 100 grit

5. Clean the inner surface of the socket and the surface of the pipe up to the mark using a lint free cloth or absorbent paper dampened with Effast solvent cleaner.

Lint free cloth or absorbent paper Effast solvent cleaner

37

Methods of jointing
Table 7.2 PVCu and ABS solvent jointing procedure - continued Procedure 6. Select the correct solvent cement, PVCu to PVCu, ABS to ABS. (failure to use the recommended solvent cement may invalidate any warranties given) Apply the cement straight from the tin and ensure all relevant surfaces are covered. Read the instructions on the tin. Avoid using excessive amounts of solvent cement. Equipment Effast PVCu cement Effast ABS cement Brush (half the diameter of the socket)

Joints are normally made in temperatures between 5 - 25C and in dry conditions, damp or wet conditions can adversely effect the solvent jointing procedure. The maximum time before the cement is too dry for jointing is approximately 3 minutes. In hot weather this time is reduced. The joint must be made whilst the cement is still wet. At temperatures below 5C the curing time will be considerably increased.

7. Push ttings/pipe together without twisting and ensure that they are aligned and fully engaged (the indicator mark should be in line with the edge of the socket) then hold the assembly for a short time as specied.

Pipe Size
3

8 - 2 (16mm - 63mm) 2 - 4 (75 - 119mm) 5 - 8 (140 - 225mm) 10 - 12 (250 - 315mm)

Holding Time (minutes) 1 2

When the joint is made, an O-ring of cement is formed between the pipe chamfer and the internal socket wall. This ring helps to ensure seal integrity. A bead of cement will show around the external junction of the pipe and tting, this should be wiped off leaving the outer part of the joint clean. Do not disturb for at least 10 - 15 minutes to ensure that the weld integrity is maintained. After this period, the assembly can be carefully handled, prepared for further jointing or left for the recommended curing time which is: Up to 8 (225mm) ambient temperature constantly above 5C After 8 hours The joint will have cured enough to withstand the working pressure. After 24 hours The pipe system can be fully pressure tested. The number of operators: For joints of up to 2 (75mm) 1 person is required, from 3 (90mm) up to 6 (160mm) 2 persons are needed, for 8 (225mm) and above 3 people are required. Pipe work should be ventilated during the joining and curing processes. Never seal a pipe system which has been newly jointed as the trapped vapours can cause damage. Positive ventilation with a small air blower is recommended to purge systems with multiple joints.

Table 7.3 Recommended joints per litre of Effast cement Pipe size inch
3

Thermoplastic material mm 16 - 32 40 - 63 75 - 90 110 140 160 200 - 225 250 - 280 315 PVCu 300 120 50 30 20 15 8 3 3 ABS 400 175 70 45 30 25 15 4 4

/8 - 1

1 - 2 2 - 3 4 5 6 8 10 12

38

7.1 Important points

Heavy equipment should be supported independently from the pipeline. i.e. valves, strainers, etc. Pipe clips should be made to allow linear expansion of the pipeline and if lined the lining should be of a material compatible with the pipeline. Mastics, intumescent mastics, adhesive tapes and labels should not be used (as many degrade plastics), unless manufacturers provide documents of adhesive or mastic compatibility. Insulation must be considered very carefully, as a number of foam rubber insulation products and their adhesives may not be compatible with plastic pipes. Adhesives should only be used to bond the foam edges together and should never be used to bond the insulation to the pipeline. Refer to manufacturers for compatibility data. For example, compatible insulations are bre wools (Rockwool), polystyrene, etc. Trace heating tapes: Dont use tapes covered with plasticized PVC as this can react with thermoplastic pipes. Tapes with sheaths made from woven wire, polyester or silicone rubber are acceptable. Oils: A number of synthetic oils are not suitable for use with plastic pipelines. Oils such as esters, organic phosphates and polyalkylene glycols should be avoided. Health and safety: Solvent cement and cleaning uid give off vapours that are dangerous to health. During jointing the work place must be well ventilated.

7.3 Mechanical jointing procedure - threaded ttings - plastic to plastic

An extensive range of threaded ttings are available, mostly parallel threaded but some tapered. Thread compatibility is an essential aspect of jointing. For jointing such parts follow these steps: 1. Select compatible thread i.e. Parallel to Parallel, never Parallel to taper or vice versa. 2. Use PTFE tape to seal the joint. If sealant pastes are used they must be compatible with the plastic components. 3. Hand tighten and if necessary tighten further to a maximum of turn using a strap wrench. PVCu class 7 and ABS class T pipes, sizes 38 up to 2 are manufactured with a thick wall to enable threads to be cut.

7.3.1 Flanges - plastic to plastic/metal

Flanges are suitable for joining metals or rubbers to plastics. Jointing such parts follow these steps: 1. Ensure anges are parallel, close to each other and allow a gap for the gasket. 2. Insert gasket, ensure that the bolt holes are aligned. 3. Use at washers between bolt head, the nut and the ange. 4. Tighten bolts according to the sequence gure 7.3 and table 7.4.

Figure 7.1 Flange joint

7.2 Solvent jointing, "Do Nots"

Make joints in rain or wet conditions. Use dirty brushes or cleaning rags. Use the same brushes with different solvent cements. Dilute or thin solvent cements with cleaner. Leave solvent cement tins open as the contents will evaporate and the cement performance will be reduced. Use near naked lights or smoke whilst jointing as solvents are highly ammable. Make joints in a conned space as solvents emit hazardous vapours.
Flange Rubber Gasket

7.3.2 Composite unions - metal to plastics union joint Figure 7.2 Composite

Metal Adaptor Gasket Metal Union Nut Plastic Female Adaptor

NOTE: If metal thread is used in conjunction with a plastic thread then the temperature should not vary by more than 5C.
39

Methods of jointing
Table 7.4 Flange bolting torques (approximate) Inch Pipe size mm Torque NM Ft/Pdl 20 8 6 25 9 7 32 10 8 40 18 13 50 24 18 63 32 23 75 36 26 90 40 29 110 44 32 125 48 35 140 50 37 160 62 46 200 74 54 225 76 56 280 76 56 315 76 56 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12

Figure 7.3 - Flange bolt tightening sequence

1 8 4 6 2

5 3 7

40

Pipe and ttings dimensions

DIN 8077/8078 PP-H (metric) pipe dimensions Diameter (mm) Outside diameter Mean outside diameter Minimum 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 Maximum 16.3 20.3 25.3 32.3 40.4 50.5 63.6 75.7 90.9 111.0 Min 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.9 3.6 4.3 5.1 6.3 6 bar Max 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.4 4.2 5.0 5.9 7.2 Min 2.0 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.7 4.6 5.8 6.9 8.2 10.0 Wall thickness (mm) 10 bar Max 2.4 3.0 3.2 3.5 4.3 5.3 6.6 7.8 9.3 11.2

EN1452 part 2 PVCu (metric) pipe dimensions Average wall thickness (mm) Outside diameter (mm) 6 bar 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.7 5.3 5.9 6.6 7.3 8.2 9.2 10 bar 1.6 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.3 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.7 8.6 8.6 10.7 12.1 16 bar 1.5 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.7 5.6 6.7 6.6 7.4 8.3 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.4 14.8 16.6 18.7

Safety factor c = 2.5 Safety factor c = 2

41

Pipe and ttings dimensions

DIN 8061 PVCu (metric) pipe dimensions Diameter (mm) Outside diameter 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 Mean outside diameter 6 bar Minimum 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 Maximum 16.2 20.2 25.2 32.2 40.2 50.2 63.2 75.3 90.3 110.3 125.3 140.4 160.4 180.4 200.4 225.5 250.5 280.6 315.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.7 5.3 5.9 6.6 7.3 8.2 9.2 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.3 5.3 6.0 6.7 7.7 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.9 13.4 15.0 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.7 5.6 6.7 8.2 9.3 10.4 11.9 13.4 14.9 16.7 18.6 20.8 23.4 16 20 25 30 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 10 bar 16 bar Nominal size Average wall thickness (mm) DIN 8063 PVCu (metric) tting dimensions Diameter (mm) Mean socket internal diameter at midpoint of socket depth Minimum 16.1 20.1 25.1 32.1 40.1 50.1 63.1 75.1 90.1 110.1 125.1 140.2 160.2 180.3 200.3 Maximum 16.3 20.3 25.3 32.3 40.3 50.3 63.3 75.3 90.3 110.4 125.4 140.5 160.5 180.6 200.8 -

BS 3505 PVCu (imperial) pipe dimensions Diameter Mean outside diameter (mm) Min
3

BS 4346 part 1 PVCu (imperial) tting dimensions Diameter (mm) Class E 15.0 bar Average Individual Min 1.9 2.1 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.5 5.6 6.5 8.3 10.1 12.1 14.1 17.5 20.8 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.9 5.7 7.3 9.0 10.8 12.6 15.7 18.7 Max 1.9 2.1 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.5 6.6 8.4 10.4 12.5 14.5 18.1 21.6 4.0 4.2 4.8 5.2 5.5 5.9 Class 7 12.0 bar Average Mean socket internal diameter at midpoint of socket depth

Wall thickness (mm) Individual Class C outside 9.0 bar diameter (mm) Average Individual Min 17.0 21.2 26.6 33.3 42.0 48.0 60.0 75.0 88.4 Max 17.3 21.5 26.9 33.8 42.5 48.5 60.7 75.3 89.4 114.9 141.0 169.1 220.2 274.4 325.5 3.0 3.6 4.1 5.2 6.3 7.5 8.8 10.9 12.9 Min 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.6 7.8 9.7 11.5 Max 3.0 4.1 5.2 6.4 7.6 9.0 11.2 13.3 2.7 3.0 3.7 5.3 6.8 8.3 9.9 11.6 14.3 17.0 Class D 12.0 bar Average Individual Min 2.2 2.5 3.1 4.6 6.0 7.3 8.8 10.3 12.8 15.2 Max 2.7 3.0 3.7 5.3 6.9 8.4 10.2 11.9 14.8 17.5

Nominal size (inch)

Max 17.3 21.5 26.9 33.7 42.4 48.4 60.5 75.3 89.1

Min 17.1 21.3 26.7 33.5 42.2 48.2 60.3 75.1 88.8 114.2 140.1 168.2 219 -

Max 17.3 21.5 26.9 33.7 42.4 48.4 60.5 75.3 89.1 114.5 140.4 168.5 219.4 -

/8

17.0 21.2 26.6 33.4 42.1 48.1 60.2 75.0 88.7 114.1 140.0 168.0 218.8 272.6 323.4

1 1 1 2 2* 3 4 5* 6 8 10 12

114.5 113.7 140.4 139.4 168.5 167.4 219.4 218.0 273.4 271.6 324.3 322.2

NOTE: All PVCu ball valve imperial socket ends are manufactured in accordance with BS 4346 part 1 for mean socket internal diameter. The mean outside diameter of a pipe is arrived at either by taking the average of any two outside diameter measurements when measured at right angles to each other or by measuring with a circumference tape. * Sizes 2 and 5 are not British Standard sizes but the equivalent metric size. They have been included for continuity of size only.

42

BS 5391 ABS (imperial) pipe dimensions Diameter Mean outside diameter (mm) Min
3

BS 5392 part 1 ABS (imperial) tting dimensions Mean socket internal diameter (mm) Root Min 14.5 16.5 19.5 22.5 27.0 30.0 36.0 50.5 63.0 90.0 115.5 16.9 21.1 26.4 33.2 47.9 47.9 60.0 88.5 113.9 167.8 218.7 Max 17.3 21.4 26.8 33.6 42.3 48.3 60.4 88.9 114.3 168.3 219.1 Mouth Min 17.1 21.3 26.7 33.5 42.2 48.2 60.3 89.0 114.4 168.4 219.3 Max 17.3 21.5 26.9 33.7 42.5 48.6 60.7 89.3 114.8 168.8 219.9

Wall thickness (mm) Individual outside diameter (mm) Min 17.0 21.2 26.6 33.4 42.0 48.0 60.0 75.0 88.4 Max 17.3 21.5 26.9 33.7 42.4 48.5 60.7 75.3 89.4 114.9 140.4 169.1 220.2 Class B 6.0 bar Class C 9.0 bar Class D 12.0 bar Class E 15.0 bar Class T 12.0 bar Minimum socket depth (mm)

Nom size (inch)

Max 17.3 21.5 26.9 33.7 42.4 48.4 60.5 75.3 89.1 114.5 140.4 168.5 219.4

Min 6.1 8.4

Max 6.4 8.8

Min 1.9 2.4 2.7 3.4 3.6 5.0 6.4 6.7 9.4 12.2

Max 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.7 5.3 6.9 10.4 13.2

Min 2.5 3.1 3.6 4.5 6.5 8.4 12.3 -

Max 2.7 3.4 3.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 13.3 -

Min 1.6 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.8 4.4 5.4 5.6 8.0 10.3 10.4 -

Max 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.3 4.1 4.7 5.8 8.5 10.9 -

Min 3.4 3.5 3.5 4.2 5.1 5.8 7.0 -

Max 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.5 5.5 6.2 7.4 -

/8

17.0 21.2 26.6 33.4 42.1 48.1 60.2 75.0 88.7 114.1 140.0 168.0 218.8

1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8

Refer to metric equivalent

113.7 140.0 167.4 218.1

Refer to metric equivalent

NOTE: All ABS ball valve imperial socket ends are manufactured in accordance with BS 5392 part 1 for mean socket internal diameter. The mean outside diameter is arrived at either by taking the average of any two outside diameter measurements when measured at right angles to each other or by measuring with a circumference tape.

43

Guide to chemical resistance

Guide to chemical resistance
The use of thermoplastic pipe systems within the domestic and industrial markets is now widespread. Thermoplastics have not only replaced traditional materials such as steel, ductile iron and copper within the water industry, but have also replaced expensive lined metal and glass systems within the chemical industries. Because of this diversity of use, it is essential that the most suitable plastic material is matched to its proposed application. This section will provide a guide to compatible material selection. The information within this section has been collated from tests carried out by both national and international standards organisations (ISO) as well as tests performed by independent test houses. The tests were based on the use of pure chemicals. For mixed chemicals, we would advise that pilot tests should be undertaken in order to ascertain the resistance of the material under these circumstances. Joints in contact with the above acids can only be classed as being conditionally resistant. To make joints classed as resistant, Dytex solvent cement made by Henkel or an equivalent should be used. Nitric acid, HNO3 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 20% and above 70% and above

Pipe joints: solvent cement

ABS pipe joints, made with Effast ABS solvent cement, are classed as resistant as the material itself. PVC pipe joints, made with Effast PVC solvent cement, are normally classed as resistant as the material. However the following chemicals and their concentrations are the exception. Media Hydrochloric acid, HCL Hydrouoric acid, HF Concentration 25% and above All concentrations

Chemical resistance classications

The chemical resistance section should only be looked on as a general guide. Changes to the composition, concentrations or working conditions under which chemicals are used, can alter the resistance of the material.

Pipe joints: fusion

Fusion joints are regarded as generally having the same chemical resistance as the material itself. However the jointing process can leave a certain amount of residual stress within the joint.

Terminology for chemical resistance tables Symbol/term + O "Blank" Technical grade Saturated Description Resistant Conditionally resistant Not resistant Where section is blank there is no test data available Technically pure Media has reached its maximum absorption in water at ambient temperature, which is the point where there can be no further absorption. A solution below maximum absorption, expressed as a percentage (%) of saturation (concentration) Insoluble or partially soluble solid carried in an aqueous base normally prepared at ambient temperature Self explanatory, grades of chemical named brands in general use Material type EPDM - Ethylene Propylene Rubber

Seals and seat materials

The working life of seals and seat materials is often different from that of the pipe system and greatly dependent on the working conditions involved. The following table outlines their general resistance.

Seal and seat material Resistance Satisfactory resistance to most aggressive chemicals, not suitable for oils or fat The most resistant of the elastomers to solvents Not resistant to oxidising agents, but resists petrol and oils Resists all the chemicals shown in tables

Aqueous Suspension Commercial Proprietary Industrial

FPM - Fluorine Rubber

NBR - Nitrile Rubber

PTFE - Polytetrauoroethylene

44

Acetaldehyde technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE + O EPDM + O FPM O NBR -

Acetone technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + FPM NBR -

Acetaldehyde 40% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + + + O PE + + O EPDM + + + + FPM + + O NBR -

Acetone 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS O PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM O O NBR -

Acetamide 5% aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Acetophenone technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Acetic acid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + O PE + + O EPDM O FPM NBR -

Acetyl chloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Acetic acid 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + O O PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM O NBR + O

Aceto nitrile - see also acrylo nitrile

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Acetic acid 50% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS PP + + PE + + + EPDM + FPM O NBR -

Acrylic acid (methyl ester) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Acetic acid anhydride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O PE + O EPDM O FPM NBR -

Acrylic ester
C 20 40 60 80 100
45

PVCu -

ABS -

PP -

PE

EPDM O

FPM -

NBR -

Guide to chemical resistance

Acrylonitrile technical grade
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM O O NBR -

Aluminium chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + O -

Adipic acid saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Aluminium uoride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Alcohol (gin, etc) 40% approx of ethyl alcohol*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Aluminium hydroxide suspension, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Allyl alcohol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM O O O FPM O NBR + + + +

Aluminium nitrate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Allyl chloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Aluminium oxolate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Almond oil technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE EPDM FPM NBR

Aluminium sulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Alum saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
46

Ammonia gas technical grade

PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + FPM + O NBR +

PVCu + + +

ABS + + +

PP + + + + -

* Other alcohol see under type i.e. allyl, methyl etc.

Ammonia liquid technical/commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE O EPDM + FPM O NBR +

Ammonium molybdate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + + PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Ammonium acetate saturated, aqueous, all

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + O FPM + + + NBR + O

Ammonium nitrate 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + O PE + + O EPDM + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + O

Ammonium carbonate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Ammonium persulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Ammonium chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Ammonium phosphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + O PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + O

Ammonium uoride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + PE + + EPDM + FPM + NBR

Ammonium sulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + O

Ammonium hydroxide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + O PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM NBR + O O

Ammonium sulphide aqueous, all

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + O NBR + + +

Ammonium metaphosphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Ammonium thiocyanate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
47

PVCu + + +

ABS + + +

PP O O O

PE + + +

EPDM

FPM

NBR

Guide to chemical resistance

Amyl acetate technical grade
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM O FPM NBR -

Aqua regia technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM O NBR -

Amyl alcohol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM O NBR + + +

Aromatic hydro carbons (various)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Amyl chloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Arsenic acid 80% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + O

Aniline technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O PE O EPDM FPM O NBR -

Barium bromide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Aniline hydrochloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O PE + O EPDM + + + + + FPM O NBR O -

Barium carbonate suspension, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Anthraquinone (sulphonic acid) suspension aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Barium chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + +

Barium hydroxide saturated, aqueous Antimony tri-chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
48

C NBR 20 40 60 80 100

PVCu + + O

ABS + + +

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM + + +

FPM + + +

NBR + +

PVCu + + +

ABS -

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM +

FPM +

Barium sulphate suspension, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + NBR

Benzine, lead free, aromatic compound free*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP O PE + EPDM FPM + NBR +

Barium sulphide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Benzoic acid all, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM + + + + O NBR -

Battery acid
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + O PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + FPM + + NBR O -

Benzoyl Chloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR -

Beer commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Benzyl alcohol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + PE + EPDM FPM + NBR -

Benzaldehyde technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR O

Bismuth carbonate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Benzene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Borax saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Benzenesulphonic acid technical grade*

C 20 40 60 80 100 * PVDF only resistant up to 100C PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Boric acid all, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
49

PVCu + + O

ABS + + +

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM + + +

FPM + + + +

NBR + + +

Guide to chemical resistance

Boron tri-uoride saturated, aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + PE + EPDM FPM NBR

Butanediol 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Brine, seawater
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + + O

Butanol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + O PE + + O EPDM + + + FPM + O NBR + + O

Bromine gas technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR -

Butoxyethanol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Bromine water saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR -

Butyl acetate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM + FPM O NBR -

Bromoethane technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Butyl alcohol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Butadiene gas technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + + + PE + EPDM FPM O NBR -

Butyleneglycol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + O NBR -

Butane gas technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
50

Butylphenols saturated, aqueous

EPDM FPM + NBR + C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE EPDM FPM NBR -

PVCu +

ABS +

PP +

PE +

Butyl phthalate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O O O O PE EPDM FPM NBR

Calcium chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Butyric acid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + PE O EPDM O FPM O NBR -

Calcium hydroxide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + O

Butyrl chloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Calcium hypochlorite saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + O NBR +

Calcium bisulphite saturated, Aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP + + + PE EPDM + FPM + + + + + NBR -

Calcium nitrate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + NBR + +

Calcium bromide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Calcium sulphate suspension

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Calcium carbonate suspension

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Camphor oil
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Calcium chlorate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Carbon dioxide gas (dry) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
51

PVCu + + +

ABS + + +

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM + + + +

FPM + + + +

NBR + + +

Guide to chemical resistance

Carbon dioxide gas (wet) technical grade
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Chloral hydrate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM O FPM O NBR -

Carbon disulphide technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM FPM + NBR -

Chloric acid 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + PE EPDM + + + FPM NBR -

Carbon monoxide gas technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Chloric acid 20% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP O PE EPDM + + FPM NBR -

Carbon tetrachloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + + + NBR -

Chlorine gas (dry)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR -

Castor oil technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + + PE EPDM O O O FPM + + + + NBR

Chlorine gas (wet)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM O FPM + NBR -

Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + + + EPDM + + O FPM NBR O -

Chlorine liquid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM O NBR -

Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM O NBR + + +

Chloroacetic acid (monochloroacetic) technical grade, all

C 20 40 60 80 100
52

PVCu + + O

ABS -

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM O

FPM -

NBR -

Chlorobenzene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR -

Chromic acid, sulphuric acid, water (ratio 10/3/7)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP PE EPDM O O FPM + + + NBR -

Chloro ethanol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE EPDM FPM NBR

Cider
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + + PP + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Chloroform technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM O NBR -

Citric acid saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + O

Chloropropanes technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Clophenes technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR -

Chlorosulphonic acid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR -

Coal gas (benzene free)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + PE + EPDM FPM + NBR +

Chrome alum (chromium potassium sulphate) saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Coca Cola and proprietory brands (all potable, commercial)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR

Chromic acid all, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP O PE O EPDM O FPM + + O NBR -

Coconut fat alcohol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
53

PVCu + + O

ABS

PP + + +

PE + O

EPDM -

FPM + + +

NBR + + +

Guide to chemical resistance

Coconut oil technical grade
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + PE + + O EPDM FPM + + + NBR + + +

Cyclohexane technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE + EPDM FPM + NBR +

Cod liver oil industrial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS + + PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Cyclohexanol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O O ABS PP + + O PE + + + EPDM FPM + NBR O

Copper salts all, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + O PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + O

Cyclohexanone technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O PE + O EPDM O FPM NBR -

Corn oil technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + + O PE + + O EPDM O FPM + + + NBR + + +

Decalin/dekalin technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Cotton seed oil technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + + PE EPDM FPM + NBR

Detergent (proprietory brands)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Cresol saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + + PE + + EPDM FPM + + NBR O O

Dextrine(s)/starch saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Crude oil aromatic free technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
54

Dextrose/glucose all, aqueous

NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + +

PVCu + +

ABS

PP

PE

EPDM

FPM

Dibutyl ether technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM FPM + + O NBR O -

Dichloromethene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM FPM O NBR -

Dibutyl phthalate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O O PE + O O EPDM O FPM O NBR -

Diesel oil technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS O PP O PE EPDM FPM + + NBR + +

Dibutyl sebacate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR -

Diethanolamine
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS + + PP + + + PE EPDM FPM NBR

Dichloroacetic acid (CI2CHCOOH) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS PP + + O PE + + O EPDM + + + FPM O NBR -

Diethylamine technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + PE EPDM O FPM NBR -

Dichloroacetic acid (methyl ester) (CI2CHCOOCH3) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM NBR -

Diethylene glycol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS + + PP + + + PE EPDM FPM NBR -

Diethyl ether technical grade Dichlorobenzene(s) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM FPM + NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Diethyl phthalate technical grade Dichloroethylene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
55

C FPM O NBR 20 40 60 80 100

PVCu -

ABS -

PP -

PE -

EPDM

FPM

NBR

PVCu -

ABS -

PP O

PE -

EPDM -

Guide to chemical resistance

Diglycolic acid 18% aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Dioctyl phthalate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O O PE O O EPDM O FPM + NBR -

Di-isobutyl ketone technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE + EPDM O FPM NBR -

Dioxane technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O O O PE + + + EPDM + FPM NBR O

Di-isooctyl phthalate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O O PE EPDM FPM NBR

Diphenylamine commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS + + PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Di-N-butyl phthalate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Ethanolamine commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE EPDM FPM NBR

Dimethyl formamide technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + + PE + + O EPDM O FPM NBR -

Ethyl acetate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O O EPDM FPM NBR -

Dimethylamine
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + PE + O EPDM O FPM NBR -

Ethyl acrylate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Dinonyl phthalate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
56

Ethyl alcohol technical grade

FPM + NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + PE + + EPDM + + + + FPM O O O NBR + O

PVCu -

ABS -

PP +

PE O

EPDM O

Ethyl alcohol with acetic acid (fermentation) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + PE + EPDM + + O O FPM O O O NBR O O

Ethyl diamine technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM O O NBR O O -

Ethylene glycol technical grade Ethyl benzene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE EPDM FPM O NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + O NBR + + O

Ethylene oxide (liquid) technical grade Ethyl chloride gas technical grade
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM O NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE EPDM O FPM NBR -

Fatty acids technical grade, all Ethyl ether technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O O PE EPDM FPM NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 Refer to Polypipe. Some groups are harmful to plastics and rubbers, others are harmless. PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Fatty alcohol (sulphonates) aqueous Ethyl glycol (not ethylene glycol)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + O PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Ferric chloride saturated, aqueous Ethylene chloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM O FPM + + O NBR O C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Ferric nitrate saturated, aqueous Ethylene chlorohydrin technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
57

C NBR 20 40 60 80 100

PVCu + + +

ABS + + +

PP + + + -

PE + + -

EPDM -

FPM +

NBR

PVCu -

ABS -

PP

PE

EPDM

FPM

Guide to chemical resistance

Ferric sulphate saturated, aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + + PP + + + + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Formic acid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS PP + + PE + + + EPDM + + + O FPM + NBR -

Ferrous chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Formic acid 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + O PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM + + O NBR -

Ferrous sulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Formic acid 40% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + O PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM + + O NBR -

Fluorine technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM O NBR -

Formic acid 50% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + O PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM + + O NBR -

Fluorosilicic acid 32% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM O O FPM NBR O -

Freon F12 technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + + PP PE EPDM O FPM O NBR O

Formaldehyde 35% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + O

Freon 113
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR O

Formamide technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
58

Fruit juices (fructose)

EPDM + FPM O NBR + C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + +

PVCu -

ABS -

PP + + +

PE + + +

Fuel oil
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP O PE O EPDM FPM + + + NBR + + +

Glycol
C 20 40 60 80 100 For resistance see ethylene glycol and propylene glycol PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Furfuryl alcohol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE O O EPDM O FPM NBR -

Glycolic acid 30% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + PE + + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Gasoline all blends

C 20 40 60 80 100 For resistance see petrol PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Gypsum saturated, suspension, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Gelatine all, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + FPM + + NBR + +

Heptane technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP O PE EPDM FPM + + + NBR + + +

Glucose aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + +

Hexadecanol commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Glycerine technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + O O FPM + + O NBR + + + O

Hexane technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 O O PVCu + ABS PP + PE + EPDM FPM + + + NBR + + +

Glycocoll 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP + + PE + + EPDM + + FPM + + NBR + O

Hydrazine hydrate aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
59

PVCu +

ABS

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM +

FPM +

NBR -

Guide to chemical resistance

Hydrobromic acid 20% aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O O ABS PP PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + PE + + EPDM + O FPM + O NBR O -

Hydrobromic acid 50% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM + + + O NBR O -

Hydrouoric acid 40% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O O ABS O PP + + + PE + + O EPDM FPM + + O NBR -

Hydrochloric acid concentrated*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + PE + + + Use PTFE EPDM FPM NBR -

Hydrouoric acid 50% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + + + PE + + O EPDM FPM + NBR -

Hydrochloric acid 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + O PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR O -

Hydrouoric acid 60% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + + + PE + O O EPDM FPM + NBR -

Hydrochloric acid 20% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM + + O NBR -

Hydrouoric acid 70% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + PE + O O EPDM FPM + NBR -

Hydrochloric acid 30% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS O PP + O O PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM + + O NBR -

Hydrogen gas technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + + +

Hydrochloric acid 36% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100
60

Hydrogen chloride gas technical grade

FPM + O NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR O -

PVCu + + O

ABS O -

PP + O -

PE + + +

EPDM + O -

* Refer to Polypipe regarding solvent cement joining.

Hydrogen peroxide 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS O O PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + O FPM + O NBR O -

Hypochlorous acid average chlorine 8% and 14%

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + PE + EPDM FPM NBR

Hydrogen peroxide 30% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS PP + + O PE + + O EPDM O FPM + + O NBR -

Iodine (in alcohol) commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Hydrogen sulphide technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + PP + + + PE + + O EPDM + O FPM + + O NBR + O -

Iodine (in potassium iodide) saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS O PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Hydrogen sulphide saturated aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + O FPM + + + O NBR O -

Iron salts all, aqueous**

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Hydrogen sulphide gas (dry) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + O FPM + + O NBR O O -

Isobutyl alcohol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS O PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Hydroquinone saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Isobutyronitrile technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Hydroxlamine sulphate all, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 ** Refer to Ferric or Ferrous compounds. PVCu + + ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + FPM + + NBR + O

Iso-octane technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
61

PVCu +

ABS -

PP + O -

PE + O -

EPDM -

FPM +

NBR +

Guide to chemical resistance

Isopropyl acetate technical grade
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Lauryl chloride
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS + + PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Isopropyl alcohol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + -

Lead acetate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Isopropyl ether technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM FPM NBR -

Lead tetraethyl technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Kerosene
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR

Lemon juice commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Lactic acid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP PE O O EPDM FPM NBR -

Linseed oil technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM O FPM + + + NBR + + +

Lactic acid 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O O ABS + O PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM O O O FPM + O O NBR -

Liquers
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + PE + + EPDM + + + FPM + NBR +

Lanolin techical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
62

Lubricating oils
PE + + + EPDM O FPM + + + NBR + + + C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP O PE + + EPDM FPM NBR

PVCu + O

ABS + + +

PP + + O

Magnesium carbonate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + O PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Marmalade(s), orange, lime etc. (proprietary)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O O ABS + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Magnesium chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + O PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Mayonnaise (proprietary)
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP PE O EPDM FPM NBR

Magnesium hydroxide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Mercury pure, base liquid metal

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR O O -

Magnesium nitrate
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Mercuric chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR O O -

Magnesium sulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Mercurous nitrate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR O O -

Maleic acid saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + FPM + + O NBR -

Mesityl oxide technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Malic acid (sublimate) aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Methane gas
C 20 40 60 80 100
63

PVCu +

ABS +

PP +

PE +

EPDM -

FPM +

NBR +

Guide to chemical resistance

Methanol (methyl alcohol) all commercial grades/technical grade
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + PE + + O EPDM + + + FPM O O O NBR + + +

Methyl methacrylate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE EPDM FPM NBR

Methylamine 32% aqueous Methyl acetate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + O PE + EPDM O FPM NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR -

Methylbutyl ketone technical grade Methyl bromide technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE O EPDM FPM O NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Methylated spirits commercial grade Methyl carbitol commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM FPM NBR

Methylene chloride technical grade Methyl chloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE O EPDM O FPM NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE EPDM FPM O NBR -

Methylisobutyl ketone technical grade Methyl ethyl ketone technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O O PE + O EPDM + O FPM NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM + FPM NBR

Milk Methyl glycol

C 20 40 60 80 100
64

C PP PE EPDM FPM NBR 20 40 60 80 100

PVCu + + +

ABS + + +

PP + + + + +

PE + + +

EPDM +

FPM +

NBR +

PVCu

ABS O -

Mineral oils commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + FPM + + NBR

Mineral water
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + +

Mustard aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP PE O EPDM O FPM NBR

Mixed acids
C 20 40 60 80 100 Refer to Polypipe PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Naptha technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + + PE + O EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Molasses
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Nickel chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Monochloroacetic acid (ethyl ester)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + + PE + + EPDM + FPM O NBR -

Nickel nitrate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Monochloroacetic acid (methyl ester) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + + PE + + EPDM + FPM O NBR -

Nickel sulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Morpholin
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM O FPM + NBR -

Nicotenic acid suspension

C 20 40 60 80 100
65

PVCu + + +

ABS

PP

PE O

EPDM

FPM

NBR

Guide to chemical resistance

Nitric acid 10% aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + O PP + O PE + + + EPDM FPM + O NBR -

Nitrous gas (nitric oxide)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O O ABS PP + O PE + O EPDM + + O FPM + + + NBR O -

Nitric acid 20% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP O O PE + + + EPDM FPM + O NBR -

Oleic acid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + O PP + + O PE + + O EPDM FPM + O NBR O -

Nitric acid 40% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + O NBR -

Oleum
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR -

Nitric acid 70% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP PE EPDM FPM O NBR -

Olive oil
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + + PE + + O EPDM FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Nitric acid (fuming with nitrogen dioxide)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR -

Oxalic acid saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM O O O FPM + + O NBR O -

Nitrobenzene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + O PE + + O EPDM FPM O NBR -

Oxygen technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + O O PE + + O EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR -

Nitrotuolene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
66

Ozone saturated, aqueous

EPDM FPM O NBR O C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS PP O PE O EPDM + O FPM + O NBR -

PVCu -

ABS -

PP + + O

PE + + O

* For PVCu solvent jointing, refer to Polypipe.

Palmatic acid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP O PE O EPDM O FPM + O NBR O -

Perchlorid acid 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O O ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + O FPM + + + O NBR -

Palm oil
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + + PE + + EPDM + O FPM + + + NBR + + O

Perchlorid acid 70% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP O PE + O EPDM + + + O FPM + + + O NBR -

Parafn oil and emulsions

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + O PE + + O EPDM FPM + + + O NBR + O O

Petrol commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Peanut oil
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + + PE EPDM FPM NBR

Petroleum crude
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Pentane
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Petroleum ether (ligroin)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP O O O PE EPDM FPM + + O NBR + O -

Peppermint oil
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE EPDM FPM NBR

Petroleum jelly (Vaseline, proprietary technical grade)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP O O PE O O EPDM FPM + + + + + NBR + +

Perchloroethylene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR O

Phenol up to 10%, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
67

PVCu + O

ABS -

PP + + +

PE + + -

EPDM + + + O

FPM + + + O

NBR -

Guide to chemical resistance

Phenol up to 90%, aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + + PE + + O EPDM FPM + O NBR -

Phosphoric acid up to 85%, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS + + O PP + + + PE + + O EPDM + + + O FPM + + + + O NBR -

Phenylhydrazine technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE O EPDM O FPM + NBR -

Phosphorus chlorides (oxy, penta and trichloride) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR -

Phenythydrazine hydrochloride (sublimate) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + O PE EPDM + + O FPM + + O NBR O -

Phosphorous pentoxide technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP + PE + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR O -

Phosgene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE EPDM + FPM + NBR O

Photographic developer commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + O PP + + PE + + O EPDM + + FPM + + NBR O O

Phosgene gas technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O O ABS PP O PE O EPDM + + + FPM + + O NBR + + +

Photographic emulsion commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP + + PE + + EPDM + + FPM + + NBR O

Phosphine gas technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Photographic xative commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + O PP + + PE + + EPDM + + FPM + + NBR + +

Phosphoric acid up to 50%, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
68

Phthalic acid saturated, aqueous

FPM + + + + O NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM NBR -

PVCu + O

ABS + O

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM + + + O

Picric acid sublimate

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + PE + O EPDM + + O FPM + + + O NBR O -

Potassium bromide saturated, aqueous**

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + O EPDM + + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + O -

Potassium bicarbonate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Potassium carbonate (potash) saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR -

Potassium bichromate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + O -

Potassium chlorate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + O

Potassium bisulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + O EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Potassium chloride aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Potassium bisulphite saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + O EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Potassium chromate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + O -

Potassium borate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Potassium cyanide, fericyanide, ferrocyanide, saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + O NBR + + +

Potassium bromate saturated, aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + O EPDM + + + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + + -

Potassium dichromate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + +
69

NBR

* Not to be held or conveyed near potassium bromide. ** Not to be held or conveyed near potassium bromate.

Guide to chemical resistance

Potassium uoride saturated, aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Potassium perchlorate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + + NBR + O

Potassium hydrogen carbonate, refer to potassium bicarbonate

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Potassium permanganate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + O EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR O -

Potassium hydrogen sulphate, refer to potassium sulphate

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Potassium persulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + + NBR -

Potassium sulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + + + NBR + + +

Potassium hydroxide, refer to caustic potash

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Potassium sulphide saturated, aqueous

C NBR 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Potassium iodate saturated, aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + +

Potassium sulphite saturated, aqueous

C NBR + O 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Potassium iodide saturated, aqueous**

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + +

Potassium thiosulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 * Not to be held or conveyed near potassium iodide. ** Not to be held or conveyed near potassium iodate. PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Potassium nitrate (salpetre) saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80
70

PVCu + + +

ABS + + +

PP + + + +

PE + + +

EPDM + + + +

FPM + + + +

NBR + + +

100

Propane liquid/gas technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + PE + EPDM FPM + NBR +

Salicylic acid saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR -

Propioic acid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS PP + + + PE + + O EPDM + + + FPM + + O NBR -

Silicone oil technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS + PP + + + + + PE EPDM FPM NBR

Propyl, isopropyl, alcohol technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Silver acetate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Propylene glycol technical grade*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS O O O PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + O NBR + O

Silver cyanide
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Propylene oxide technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE + EPDM + FPM NBR -

Silver nitrate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Prussic acid, refer to hydrocyanic acid

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Slaked lime saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Pyridine technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 * For ABS refer to Polypipe. PVCu ABS PP O PE + O EPDM + O FPM O NBR -

Soap solutions
C 20 40 60 80 100
71

PVCu + + O

ABS + +

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM + + +

FPM + + +

NBR + + +

Guide to chemical resistance

Soda, refer to sodium carbonate
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Sodium bisulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Sodium acetate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Sodium bisulphite saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Sodium aluminate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Sodium bromate saturated, aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS + + + PP + O PE + O EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + O -

Sodium antimonate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Sodium bromide saturated, aqueous**

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + + NBR + O

Sodium arsenite saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Sodium carbonate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Sodium benzoate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + O FPM + + + O NBR + +

Sodium chlorate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + O FPM + + + + NBR + O -

Sodium bicarbonate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
72

Sodium chloride saturated, aqueous

NBR + + + C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + O FPM + + + + NBR + + + O -

PVCu + + +

ABS + + +

PP + + + +

PE + + +

EPDM + + + +

FPM + + + +

* Not to be held or conveyed near sodium bromide. ** Not to be held or conveyed near sodium bromate.

Sodium chlorite saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS + PP + PE + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR -

Sodium hydroxide, refer to caustic soda solution

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Sodium chromate
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + PP + + + PE + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + O -

Sodium hypochlorite 12.5% chlorine

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP O PE O EPDM + FPM + NBR -

Sodium cyanide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Sodium hyposulphite (thiosulphate) saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + O -

Sodium dichromate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Sodium iodide saturated, aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + O

Sodium disulphite aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS PP + + + PE + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR O -

Sodium metabisulphite saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Sodium ferricyanide & sodium ferrocyanide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Sodium metaborate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Sodium uoride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 * Not to be held or conveyed near iodate. PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + O

Sodium metaphosphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
73

PVCu +

ABS -

PP +

PE O

EPDM

FPM

NBR

Guide to chemical resistance

Sodium nitrate saturated, aqueous
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + +

Sodium sulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + O FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Sodium nitrite saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + O -

Sodium sulphide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM NBR + + +

Sodium oxalate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Sodium sulphite saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + O

Sodium perborate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS + + PP + PE EPDM FPM NBR

Sodium tetraborate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Sodium persulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + PP + + PE + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR -

Soft soap (emulsied)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Sodium phosphate(s) (neutral) saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Soybean oil commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O O PE EPDM FPM NBR

Spindle oil Sodium silicate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
74

C FPM + + + NBR + + + 20 40 60 80 100

PVCu O

ABS

PP +

PE O

EPDM -

FPM +

NBR +

PVCu + + -

ABS + + +

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM + + +

Stannic chloride
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM + NBR

Sulphur dioxide gas (dry) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Stanous chloride
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS + + PP + + PE + + EPDM + O FPM + + NBR

Sulphur dioxide gas (wet) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + PE + + EPDM FPM NBR

Starch saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Sulphur dioxide liquid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM O FPM O NBR -

Stearic acid suspension, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + O PE + + O EPDM + + O FPM + + O NBR + + O

Sulphur trioxide
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR -

Sugar syrup commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + O PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Sulphuric acid 10% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + O FPM + + + O NBR O -

Sulphamic acid saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Sulphuric acid 20% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + O FPM + + + O NBR O -

Sulphur suspension technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM + + + NBR -

Sulphuric acid 50% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
75

PVCu + + +

ABS O -

PP + + +

PE + + +

EPDM -

FPM + + + +

NBR

Guide to chemical resistance

Sulphuric acid 70% aqueous*
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP + + O PE + + O EPDM FPM + + + + NBR

Tannic acid aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Sulphuric acid 90% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP O PE O EPDM FPM + NBR -

Tanning (vegetable extract) commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Sulphuric acid 96% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR -

Tartaric acid saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + O FPM + + + NBR + +

Sulphuric acid 98% aqueous*

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM O NBR

Tetrachloroethane technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM O NBR -

Sulphurous acid saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP + PE + + EPDM + FPM + NBR -

Tetrachloroethylene, refer to perchloroethylene

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR O

Sulphuryl chloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM O FPM + NBR -

Tetraethyl lead technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS PP + PE + EPDM FPM + NBR +

Tallow technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
76

Tetrahydrofurane technical grade

PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + + C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE EPDM FPM NBR -

PVCu + + +

ABS + +

PP + + +

* Refer to Polypipe regarding solvent cement joining.

Tetralin (tetrahydronapthaline) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR -

Trichlorobenzene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Thionylchloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR -

Trichloroethane (methylchloroform) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR -

Thiophene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + O PE EPDM FPM NBR

Trichlorethylene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR -

Tin dichloride
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS + + PP + + PE + + EPDM + O FPM + + NBR

Tricresyl phosphate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + O O PE + O O EPDM FPM NBR O

Toluene technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP O PE EPDM FPM O NBR -

Triethanolamine technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS + PP + PE + EPDM FPM + NBR O

Tributylphosphate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP + + PE + + EPDM + FPM NBR -

Triethylene glycol
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + ABS + PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Trichloracetic acid technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu O ABS PP + + + PE + O EPDM O FPM NBR -

Trioctyl phosphate technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
77

PVCu -

ABS -

PP +

PE -

EPDM -

FPM -

NBR O

Guide to chemical resistance

Turpentine technical grade
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + + + NBR + + +

Water (distilled, deionised, potable)

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + + NBR + + +

Urea saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Water glass saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Uric acid suspension

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + + +

Wetting agents 5% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + PP + + PE + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Vegetable oils
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + O ABS + PP + + O PE + EPDM FPM + + NBR + + +

White spirit commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR -

Vinegar commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Wines and spirits commercial grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + ABS + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Vinyl acetate (monomer) technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM + FPM + NBR +

Xylenes technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu ABS PP PE EPDM FPM + NBR

Vinyl chloride technical grade

C 20 40 60 80 100
78

Yeast suspension aqueous

EPDM FPM + NBR C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + PP + + PE + + EPDM + + FPM + + NBR + +

PVCu -

ABS

PP

PE

Zinc bromide 50% aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS PP PE EPDM FPM NBR

Zinc sulphate saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR

Zinc carbonate suspension aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + FPM + + NBR

Zinc chloride saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + O PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR + -

Zinc nitrate
C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM FPM NBR

Zinc oxide saturated, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + + ABS + + + PP + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + FPM + + + NBR O

Zinc phosphate suspension, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100 PVCu + + O ABS + + + PP + + + + PE + + + EPDM + + + + FPM + + + + NBR

Zinc stearate suspension, aqueous

C 20 40 60 80 100
79

PVCu

ABS + +

PP

PE

EPDM

FPM

NBR

Dimensions, units & conversion

SI units (dened in BS 3736: 1964) Quantity Length Mass Time Electric current Temperature Luminous intensity Unit Metre Kilogramme Second Ampere Kelvin Candela Symbol m kg s A K cd

Derived units with special names Quantity Force Work, energy Power Electric charge Potential difference Electric resistance Electric capacitance Inductance Unit Newton Joule Watt Coulomb Volt Ohm Farad Henry Symbol N J W C V F H Derivation kg-m/s N-m J/s A-s W/A V/A A-s/V V-s/A

Multiples of units Name exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico fempto atto Symbol E P T G M k h da d c m n p f a Factor 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 10 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 Number 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 100 10 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 0.000000000001 0.000000000000001 0.000000000000000001

80

tables
Conversion factors Item 1 in Length 1 ft 1 yd 1 mile 1 lb Mass 1 stone 1 oz 1 min Time 1h 1 day 1 in 1 ft Area 1 yd 1 acre 1 mile 1 in 1 ft Volume 1 yd 1 UK gallon 1 US gallon Force, weight Density Specic volume Velocity 1 lbf 1 lb/ft 1 lb/ft 1 km/h 1 ft/s 1 mile/h 1000 N/m Pressure, stress 1000 Pa 1 in H2o 1 lbf/in (psi) Power Moment, torque Rates of ow Fuel consumption Kinematic viscosity Dynamic viscosity 1 horse power 1 ft-pdl 1 ft-tonf 1 gal/h 1 ft/s 1 mile/gal 1 ft/s 1 lbf-s/ft 1 pdl-s/ft 1 cP 1 horsepower-h Power 1 kW-h 1 Btu 1 Therm Specic energy 1 Btu/lb Conversion = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 25.4mm 0.3048m 0.9144m 1.609km 0.4536kg (0.45359237 exactly) 6.350kg 28.35g 60s 3.6ks 86.4ks 645.2mm 0.09290m 0.8361m 4047m 2.590km 16.39cm 0.02832m = 28.32 l 0.7646m = 764.61 l 4.546 l 3.785 l 4.448N 16.02kg/m 62.43l/kg 0.2778m/s 0.3048m/s 0.4470m/s = 1.609km/h 1000Pa 1kPa = 0.01bar 2.491mb 68.95mb or 14.5psi = 1 bar 745.7W 42.14mN-m 3.037kN-m 1.263ml/s = 4.546l/h 28.32l/s 0.3540km/l 929.0cm/s = 929.0St 47.88N-s/m = 478.8P 11.488N-s/m = 14.88P 1mN-s/m 2.685MJ 3.6MJ 1.055kJ 105.5MJ 2.326kJ/kg

81

Notes

82

IMPORTANT NOTICE This Document has been prepared as a guide only. Data, discussion and conclusions developed herein are for information only and are not intended for use without independent substantiation. Potential users should apply the information at their own discretion. Neither Polypipe nor Staffordshire University will be held liable. Information in this publication must not be reproduced in whole or in part without the permission of Polypipe. The contents are given in good faith and no warranty is given or implied in respect of such information. Polypipe reserve the right to amend this specication without prior notice and all transactions are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale. p Polypipe and p are registered Trademarks of Polypipe. All Polypipe products are protected by Design Right under CDPA 1988. Copyright 2006 Polypipe. All rights reserved.
83

Pressure Piping Systems

Polypipe Terrain
New Hythe Business Park College Road Aylesford Kent ME20 7PJ Tel: 01622 795200 Fax: 01622 792564 enquiries@pressurepipes.com ISBN 1-904133-33-9 Release: 01-12-2008 Dr Tarik Al-Shemmeri Mr Mike Greig www.pressurepipes.com

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