Seismic-induced liquefaction around marine structures

Two projects in LIMAS related to seismic-induced liquefaction

Impact of earthquake-induced liquefaction on marine structures (with special reference to the 1999 Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake) Mathematical modelling of pore-pressure generation due to earthquakes and the effect of the 1999 Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake on marine structures

Colleagues working in these two projects. Research Team

Niels-Erik Ottesen Hansen (LICengineering, Denmark) Andrzej Zawicki (IBW, Poland) Waldemar Swidzinski (IBW, Poland) Wojciech Sulisz (IBW, Poland) Jesper Damgaard (HR Wallingford, UK) Turan Durgunoglu (ZETAS, Turkey) B. Mutlu Sumer (Technical University of Denmark)

Mechanism of liquefaction
During earthquake, the ground experiences strong, cyclic accelerations, a(t)

Mechanism of liquefaction
During earthquake, the ground experiences strong, cyclic accelerations, a(t) Equation of motion for a soil column implies (in its simplest form): 1 (t ) = t z a(t ) g

Mechanism of liquefaction
Cyclic acceleration translates to cyclic shear stress in the soil! This (shaking!) will rearrange soil grains at the expense of pore volume This will, in turn, pressurize the water in the pores, and The pore pressure, p, will begin to build up When p reaches the overburden-pressure value, the soil grains will become unbound and completely free, suspended in the water, and The soil in this case begins to act like a liquid, the liquefaction process !

Mechanism of liquefaction
In the case of waves? Panel (b) is a snap-shot Soil is compressed under wave crest, expanded under wave trough This will generate a shear deformation/shear stress like

Mechanism of liquefaction
In the case of waves? Panel (b) is a snap-shot Soil is compressed under wave crest, expanded under wave trough This will generate a shear deformation/shear stress like this The shear stress will vary periodically as the wave continues Soil will undergo cyclic shear stresses! Like in the case of earthquakes!

Period and intensity of shaking?

Period? Panel shows acceleration response spectrum; Peak periods vary over the range O(0.1 s)-O(1 s) Intensity? characterized by PGA, not shown here, may vary from practically 0 to O(0.6g) In the Turkey earthquake the max. recorded PGA=0.407g

Mechanism of liquefaction
The liquefaction process is followed by a stage where The suspended soil grains in the liquefied soil begin to settle in the water while the pore pressure dissipates, the compaction process As a result, the surface of the soil will experience large downward displacement/settlement

Images illustrating the impact of liquefaction on marine structures

Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake, 1999, Derince Port

Backfill liquefied and eventually settled; Quay wall damaged and crane damaged, along Berth 6

Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake, 1999, Derince Port

3 years after!

Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake, 1999, Derince Port

Settlement of backfill along Berth 4

Nihonkai-chubu Earthquake, 1983, Akita Port

Settlement of backfill. Sheet-pile wall damaged; Damage due to pressures on sheet-pile wall by liquefied backfill soil

Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake, 1999, Izmit Marina

Liquefaction-induced settlement

Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake, 1999

Vertical settlement of 48 cm was measured at this corner of the building. Adapazari. Similar settlements of buildings at the water front in Bahceli-Seymen, East of Golcuk!

Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake, 1999

Collapsed piers along Shell-Oil and Trans-Turk properties

Highlights of the 1999 Turkey earthquake

Will highlight the liquefaction damage on marine structures in the Turkey earthquake, as a case history! Have given a full inventory of the damage in: Sumer, Kaya & Hansen (2002): Impact of liquefaction on coastal structures in the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake, Proceedings of the 12th ISOPE Conf., vol. II, pp. 504-511

Highlights of the 1999 Turkey earthquake Almost invariably, backfill areas behind quay walls and sheet-piled structures failed due to liquefaction Quay walls and sheet-piled structures were displaced seaward, the displacements being in the range from O(10 cm) to O(1 m)

Highlights of the 1999 Turkey earthquake There are cases where the seabed settled
(It is not clear if these settlements are caused by liquefaction (and therefore by the resulting consolidation) or by other processes such as slope instability, surface rupture, etc, or a combination of those processes)

There are also cases where structures settled

(Again, it is not quite clear if these settlements (and collapses) are caused by liquefaction or by other processes such as slope instability, surface rupture, etc, or a combination of those processes)

Our calculations indicate, however, the seabed may have experienced liquefaction

Highlights of the 1999 Turkey earthquake

Apartment buildings sank in the liquefied soil of O(10-50 cm) at some water-front areas Rubble-mound breakwaters largely survived the earthquake, except one case where Some damage occurred to the rubble-mound breakwater in Karamursel Eregli Fishing Harbour The damage was mostly in the form of flattening of the cross-section, sliding of the slope, and intrusion of the lower mound material into the loose sand

Highlights of the 1999 Turkey earthquake Two interesting observations!

Highlights of the 1999 Turkey earthquake

95.000-ton capacity silos in Derince Port TMO facilities survived the earthquake (This is despite the fact that a large reclamation area settled in front of these silos) Likewise, 510-ton shipyard crane in UM Shipyard also survived the earthquake (Despite the large settlement of the area adjacent to this structure) These structures survived largely because They are supported on piles penetrating into the stiff soil

What are the questions a design engineer faces?

Questions a design engineer faces

Given the design earthquake, and given the design of the structure, the questions a design engineer faces are: Can the soil (in the backfill, underneath, or the seabed itself supporting the structure,) be liquefied? If the soil is liquefiable, how extensive will the damage to the structure be? Is this damage acceptable? (e.g., for quay walls: Is d/H < the specified value in the code, like 1%, 5%, or 10%? e.g. PIANC, 2001, p. 34) (If not, resort to remediation such as compaction; permeable stone / gravel columns, or drains; cementation / solidification) With the remediation in place, what will the damage to the structure (if any) be? Is it within the limit of damage criteria?

Guidelines?
A substantial amount of knowledge has accumulated over the past 40 years, addressing to these questions This has led to excellent treatments on the general subject Seismic Design (not necessarily liquefaction design) Guidelines for Marine Structures such as, among others: CEN (European Committee for Standardization), 1994 Eurocode 8: Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of Structures ASCE, 1998, Seismic Guidelines for Ports PIANC, 2001, Seismic Design Guidelines for Port Structures All three publications included liquefaction design guidelines for marine structures

LIMAS publication
LIMAS has made an attempt to put together a set of guidelines for liquefaction alone This will be in the form of a paper, to be submitted to the LIMAS Special Issue, planned to be published in J. ASCE Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering

LIMAS publication. List of contents

Seismic-induced liquefaction. General Review of the existing codes (related to marine structures only) Japanese experience of earthquake-induced liquefaction damage on marine structures Turkish experience of earthquake-induced liquefaction damage on marine structures (with reference to 1999 earthquake) Lateral spreading Soil improvement Advanced mathematical modelling, and Tsunamis and their implications for marine structures

Authors
Niels-Erik Ottesen Hansen Andrzej Zawicki Jesper Damgaard B. Mutlu Sumer We have also authors, invited from outside LIMAS: A. Ansal (Bosporus University, Turkey) Z. Sen (Kyushu University, Japan) H. Yamazaki (Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan) Y. Yuksel (Yildiz University, Turkey) A. R. Gunbak (STFA, Turkey) O. Cetin (METU, Turkey) C. Synolakis (University of Southern California, USA) A.C. Yalciner (METU, Turkey) T. Durgunoglu (ZETAS, Turkey)

References
1. Earthquake Spectra (2001). 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake Reconnaissance Report, Supplement A to Earthquake Spectra, Volume 16, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. 2. PIANC (2001). Seismic Design Guidelines for Port Structures. Balkema, the Netherlands. 3. Sumer, B.M., Kaya, A. & Hansen, N.-E.O. (2002): Impact of liquefaction on coastal structures in the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake, Proceedings of the 12th ISOPE Conf., vol. II, pp. 504-511.