PERTEMUAN- 22 Differensiasi Vector

Suatu vector valued function dalam dimensi dua dan tiga masing-masing dinyatakan sebagai

r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j

dan

r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k

Untuk informasi lebih lanjut dapat click disini

Contoh r(t) = (t - 1)i + t2 j y = (x + 1)2

mempunyai grafik yang sama dengan

Misalkan r merupakan vektor posisi dari suatu objek yang bergerak sepanjang curva C maka r akan merupakan fungsi dari waktu t yaitu r = r(t). Bila P merupakan vektor posisi pada saat t dan Q vektor posisi pada saat t+ t maka kecepatan rata-rata adalah :

Definisi Kecepatan ( Velocity) v(t) = r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j + z'(t)k

Pada gambar berikut kecepatan rata-rata :

Percepatan

Contoh
Cari kecepatan dari vektor posisi r(t) = 3ti + 2t2j - sin t k

Jawab :

v(t) = r(t) = 3i + 4tj + cos t k

Contoh
Andaikan r(t) = 3i + 2t j + cos t k Cari kecepatan saat t = /4 detik.

Jawab :
Dari vector kecepatan v(t) = r'(t) = 2 j - sin t k didapat v(/4) = 2 j Speed = || v || = /2 k

Contoh
Cari kecepatan dan percepatan dari : untuk t = -1. Gambarkan r(t) = 4t i + t2 j

Jawab :
v(t) = r'(t) = 4 i + 2t j substitusi t = -1 didapat v(-1) = 4 i - 2j Percepatan adalah a(t) = v'(t) = 2j

Projectile Motion Contoh You are a anti-missile operator and have spotted a missile
heading towards you at the position ve = -30i + 3j re = 1000i + 500j with velocity

You can fire your anti-missile at 100 meters per second. At what angle should you fire it so that you intercept the missile. Assume that gravity is the only force acting on the projectiles.

Jawab :
The acceleration vector of the enemy missile is ae(t) = -9.8 j Integrating, we get the velocity vector ve(t) = v1 i + (v2 - 9.8t) j Setting t = 0 and using the initial velocity of the enemy missile gives ve(t) = -30 i + (3 - 9.8t) j Now integrate again to find the position function re(t) = (-30t + r1) i + (-4.9t2 + 3t + r2) j

Again setting t = 0 and using the initial conditions gives re(t) = (-30t + 1000) i + (-4.9t2 + 3t + 500) j The acceleration of your anti-missile-missile is also ay(t) = -9.8 j Integrating, we get the velocity vector vy(t) = v1 i + (v2 - 9.8t) j Since the magnitude of our velocity is 100, we can say vy(0) = 100 cos i + 100 sin j So that vy(t) = 100 cos i + (100 sin - 9.8t) j Now integrate again to find the position function ry(t) = (100t cos + r1) i + (-4.9t2 + 100t sin + r2) j Our anti-missile-missile starts out at base, so the initial position is the origin. All the constants are zero. ry(t) = (100t cos ) i + (-4.9t2 + 100t sin ) j Since we want to intercept the enemy missile, we set the position vectors equal to each other. (100t cos ) i + (-4.9t2 + 100t sin ) j = (-30t + 1000) i + (-4.9t2 + 3t + 500) j Equating coefficients gives 100t cos = -30t + 1000 -4.9t2 + 100t sin = -4.9t2 + 3t + 500

The first equation gives 1000 t = 100cos + 30 Simplifying the second equation and substituting gives 100000 sin = 100cos + 30 100cos + 30 Clear denominators to get 100000 sin = 3000 + 50000 cos + 15000 At this point we use a calculator to solve for to = .62535 radians 3000 + 500

Contoh

Cari

RUMUS

Contoh Cari :

Jawab :

Soal-soal

Jawab :

Contoh
Find the velocity vector v(t) if the position vector is

r(t) = 3ti + 2t2j - sin t k Jawab : v(t) = r(t) = 3i + 4tj + cos t k Contoh

Andaikan

r(t) = 3i + 2t j + cos t k
Cari kecepatan saat t = /4 detik.

Jawab :
Dari vector kecepatan

v(t) = r'(t) = 2 j - sin t k

didapat

v(p/4) = 2 j Speed = || v || =

/2 k

Contoh Cari kecepatan dan percepatan dari fungsi posisi : r(t) = 4t i + t2 j

untuk t = -1. Gambarkan sketchnya.

Jawab :
The velocity vector is

v(t) = r'(t) = 4 i + 2t j
Plugging in -1 for t gives

v(-1) = 4 i - 2j
Take another derivative to find the acceleration.

a(t) = v'(t) = 2j
Below is a picture of the vectors.

Projectile Motion Contoh

You are a anti-missile operator and have spotted a missile heading towards you at the position

re = 1000i + 500j
with velocity

ve = -30i + 3j
You can fire your anti-missile at 100 meters per second. At what angle should you fire it so that you intercept the missile. Assume that gravity is the only force acting on the projectiles.

Jawab :
The acceleration vector of the enemy missile is

ae(t) = -9.8 j
Integrating, we get the velocity vector

ve(t) = v1 i + (v2 - 9.8t) j

Setting t = 0 and using the initial velocity of the enemy missile gives

ve(t) = -30 i + (3 - 9.8t) j

Now integrate again to find the position function

re(t) = (-30t + r1) i + (-4.9t2 + 3t + r2) j

Again setting t = 0 and using the initial conditions gives

re(t) = (-30t + 1000) i + (-4.9t2 + 3t + 500) j

The acceleration of your anti-missile-missile is also

ay(t) = -9.8 j Integrating, we get the velocity vector vy(t) = v1 i + (v2 - 9.8t) j
Since the magnitude of our velocity is 100, we can say

vy(0) = 100 cos i + 100 sin j

So that

vy(t) = 100 cos i + (100 sin - 9.8t) j

Now integrate again to find the position function

ry(t) = (100t cos + r1) i + (-4.9t2 + 100t sin + r2) j

Our anti-missile-missile starts out at base, so the initial position is the origin. All the constants are zero.

ry(t) = (100t cos ) i + (-4.9t2 + 100t sin ) j

Since we want to intercept the enemy missile, we set the position vectors equal to each other.

(100t cos ) i + (-4.9t2 + 100t sin ) j = (-30t + 1000) i + (-4.9t2 + 3t + 500) j

Equating coefficients gives

100t cos = -30t + 1000 -4.9t2 + 100t sin = -4.9t2 + 3t + 500

The first equation gives 1000

t =

100cos + 30

Simplifying the second equation and substituting gives 100000 sin = 100cos + 30 100cos + 30 Clear denominators to get 3000 + 500

100000 sin = 3000 + 50000 cos + 15000

At this point we use a calculator to solve for to

= .62535 radians

Integral Vektor

Contoh.

Hitung Jawab :

Soal-soal

Selesaikan :

( (sin t)i + 2t j - 8t k) dt
3

Jawab :
( (sin t)dt i) + ( 2t dt j) - ( 8t3 dt k)

= (-cost + c1)i + (t2 + c2)j + (2t4 + c3)k

(3)

giving a surprising connecting between the area of a region and the line integral around its boundary. For a plane curve specified parametrically as x(t) , y(t) , equation (3) becomes

Contoh Dengan menggunakan rumus di atas hitung luas ellips berikut : x2 + 4 Jawab :
Ubah x dan y dalam bentuk parameter sebagai berikut :

y2 = 1 9

r(t) = 2 cos t i + 3 sin t j

r'(t) = -2 sin t i + 3 cos t j

maka diperoleh :

= 12/2

Definisi Panjang Busur

Contoh

Suppose that

r(t) = 3t i + 2j + t2k Set up the integral that defines the arc length of the curve from 2 to 3. Then use a calculator or computer to approximate the arc length.

Jawab :
We use the arc length formula

Notice that we could do this integral by hand by letting t = 9/2 tan , however the question only asked us to use a machine to approximate the integral. A TI 89 calculator gives

s = 5.8386
For the student . . . . Background . . . . Briefly, Coriolis acceleration is the apparent acceleration one sees when observing particle motion from a rotating, rather an an inertial, reference frame. For instance, the needle of a phonograph moves (nearly) in a straight line, yet traces a spiral on the rotating record. Mathematically, this is equivalent to considering the opposite situation, such as an object moving along a radial line from the center of a rotating disk. You may visualize this phenomenon by placing yourself at the center of a merrygo-round and then walking toward the edge. [ Ignore the horses or any other obstruction. ] This situation is analyzed in the box below. For surface geometry, study the globe on the left. The black line gives the great circle path a frictionless hockey puck would follow if the Earth were not rotating. The blue line gives the great circle it actually follows.

The red line shows the apparent path as seen from the Earth which rotates underneath the blue line - much as a phonograph rotates underneath the needle. Now click on the globe to the left to select a variety of animations. For the mathematical analysis we must use vector calculus.

Definition of the Arc Length Function

If r(t) is a differentiable vector valued function, then the arc length function is defined by

Contoh

Parameterizing by arc length

Find the arc length parameterization of the helix defined by r(t) = cos t i + sin t j + t k

Jawab :
First find the arc length function

Solving for t gives t = s/ Now substitute back into the position equation to get r(s) = cos(s / ) i + sin(s / )j+s/ k

Gradient

grad w ( w )

Contoh
Bila T(x,y,z)=2x3eysin(z),

Cari T

=6x2eysin(z)i +2x3eysin(z)j +2x3eycos(z)k Contoh

Sebuah bukit mempunyai ketinggian w(x,y) = x2 - y

Find the direction that is the steepest uphill and the steepest downhill at the point (2,3).

Jawab :
We find

grad w = ( 2x, -y ) = ( 4, -3 )
Hence the steepest uphill is in the direction

( 4, -3 )
while the steepest downhill is in the direction

- ( 4, -3 ) = ( -4, 3 )

PROBLEM 1 Please answer the following true or false. If false, explain why or provide a counter example. If true explain why.
A. If A, B, and C are points, v is the vector from A to B, w is the vector from B to C, and v x w = 0 , then A, B and C are collinear.

Jawab :
True, since v x w = ||v|| ||w|| sin Hence sin = 0 So the angle is 0, thus they are collinear.

If x = x(t), y = y(t) are parametric equations of a line then dx/dt is a constant.

Jawab :
A. False, consider the line x = t3, For this line dx/dt = 3t2 which is not a constant. PROBLEM 3 Use vectors to find the equation of the line that passes through the point (2,3,4) and is perpendicular to the plane 5x - 4y + 2z = 7. y = t3

Jawab :
This line is parallel to the normal vector to the plane. We need to find the equation of the line that passes through the point (2,3,4) and is parallel to the vector <5,-4,2>. The vector equation is <x,y,z> = <2,3,4> + <5,-4,2>t The parametric equations are x = 2 + 5t PROBLEM 7 Use vectors to determine if the triangle with vertices (1,0,1), (2,1,0), (0,0,4) is a right triangle. Solution PROBLEM 8 y = 3 - 4t z = 4 + 2t

Find parametric equations for the a particle moves along the line through (1,4,2) and (3,5,7) such that it is at the point (1,4,2) when t = 0 is at the point (3,5,7) when t = 2 and is speeding up as time progresses Solution If we just wanted a parametric equation of a line we would just use the formula v + wt where v is the vector from the origin to (1,4,2) and w is the vector from (1,4,2) to (3,5,7). However, we want to end when t = 2, so we use v + wt/2 This almost works, but does not speed up as time progresses. We instead use a t2 so that it is speeding up. Since 22 = 4, we use v + wt2/4 or x = 1 + t2/2 <1,4,2> + <2,1,5>t2/4 y = 4 + t2/4 z = 2 + 5t2/4

(6) The scalar or dot product http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jenolive/vect6.html

http://www.falstad.com/vector3d/

LINE INTEGRAL

Line Integrals with Respect to Arc Length

Consider the following problem: a piece of string, corresponding to a curve C, lies in the xy-plane. The mass per unit length of the string is f(x,y). What is the total mass of the string? The formula for the mass is

The integral above is called a line integral of f(x,y) along C. It is also called a line integral with respect to arc length. Question: how do we actually evaluate the above integral? The strategy is: (0) parameterize the curve C, (1) cut up the curve C into infinitesimal pieces, (2) determine the mass of each infinitesimal piece, (3) integrate to determine the total mass. It is assumed that C is piecewise smooth. That is, it is a union of finite number of smooth curves. Suppose that we can describe the curve by the vector function r(t) = (x(t),y(t) ) where a t b. ( r = xi + yj )

The arc length of the curve, ds, on this interval is

Hence, the mass of the piece (density times length) is

The total mass of the string is the sum of all the masses of all infinitesimal pieces

Bila C curva dalam dimensi tiga maka r(t) = (x(t),y(t),z(t) ) with a <= t <= b, then

Line integrals
Line Integrals Description: Line integrals with respect to arclength, dx, and dy (animation). clik Preview untuk melihat animasi

Example
Cari massa dari kawat tipis yang digambarkan sebagai curva x2 + y2 = 1 dengan density adalah f(x,y) = 3 + x + y. Kawat dengan jari-jari 1 dapat dinyatakan da;am bentuk x = cos t dan y = sin t sedang vektor posisi r(t) = (cos(t), sin(t) ) with 0 t 2. Selanjutnya didapat x'(t) = -sin(t) dan y'(t) = cos(t). Sehingga massanya adalah :

The term in the square root is 1, hence we have

Line Integrals with Respect to x, y, and z In some applications, such as line integrals of vector fields, the following line integral with respect to x arises:

This is an integral over some curve C in xyz space. It can be converted to integral in one variable. Suppose that C can be parameterized by r(t) = <x(t),y(t),z(t) > with a <= t <= b. Then,

In some applications, integrals with respect to x, y, and z occur in a sum:

If C is a curve in the xy plane and R = 0, it might be possible to evaluate the line integral using Green's theorem.

Example
Evaluate the line integral

where C is the circle in the figure above. Recall that the circle is parameterized by r(t) = (cos(t),sin(t) ) with 0 t 2 . Hence, x(t) = cos(t), y(t) = sin(t), and y'(t) = cos(t). According to the discussion above,

Line Integrals Description: Line integrals with respect to arclength, dx, and dy (animation).
Preview

Line Integrals of Vector Fields The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for Line Integrals

Here, the region of integration is a curve with endpoints labeled ``A'' and ``B''. In the below figure, the blue arrows represent the vector field F and the magenta curves are level sets of f. In analogy with the previous theorem, for line integrals the scalar function f is an antiderivative in the sense that F = grad f.

Example
Verify the Fundamental Theorem for line integrals for the case that C is the top half of the circle x2 + y2 = 1 traversed in the counter clockwise direction and

f(x,y) = xy + x

Gambar dari vector field dan curva C seperti pada gambar di atas. Titik awal dan akhir adalah (1,0) dan (-1,0). Maka integral garis adalah f( -1, 0 ) - f( 1, 0 ) = - 2 Soal ini dapat juga dikerjakan sebagai berikut : Vektor field adalah grad f = [ fx , fy ] = [ y + 1, x ] Substitusi ke bentuk parameter yaitu r(t) = ( cos(t), sin(t) ) untuk 0 t . Pada curva ini vektor field adalah (sin(t)+1, cos(t) ) Dan r(t) = ( -sin(t), cos(t) ). Sehingga

Setelah diselesaikan diperoleh

Pada contoh ini gradient function (y+1, x ) adalah continu pada semua titik dalam bidang xy, sehingga integral garis dari (y+1, x ) dari (1,0) ke (-1,0) sama dengan -2 untuk semua curva yang menghubungkan kedua titik tersebut.

Example
Berapa usaha yang diperlukan untuk memindahkan obyek dalam vector field F = (y, 3x) sepanjang upper part dari ellipse x2/4 + y2 = 1 dari (2,0) ke (-2,0)? Ellips dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk r(t) = (2cos(t),sin(t) ) dengan 0 t . Jadi r'(t) = (-2sin(t),cos(t) ). Maka usaha adalah

Teorema Green
Andaikan R daerah yang dibatasi oleh curva tertutup C sedang M dan N mempunyai derivative parsial pertama yang continu di dalam dan pada C maka

Stokes' Theorem

Here, as in Green's Theorem, the closed contour C is the boundary of the surface S, and again, if F is regarded as an ``antiderivative'' of (curl F), then the integral over the region is equal to the antiderivative evaluated on the boundary of the region. There are many surfaces that have the same boundary, and the fact from Stokes' Theorem that the integral over any appropriate surface gives the same value of the contour integral leads to the next and last theorem. http://www.math.umn.edu/~rogness/multivar/multiple_surfaces.shtml

http://www.math.umn.edu/~nykamp/m2374/readings/divcurl/divcurl.html

Recall that one can visualize the curl of a three-dimensional vector field F = (F1, F2, F3) by inserting a small sphere into a fluid with flow given by F, fixing the center of the sphere, and allowing the sphere to rotate in any direction. The direction of the vector curl F is given using the right hand rule, and the magnitude || curl F|| is given by the speed at which the sphere rotates. In the below animation, curl F is given by the green arrow.

Example
Let S be the part of the plane z = 4 - x - 2y with upwardly pointing unit normal vector. Use Stokes' theorem to find

Where F = yi + zj - xyk

Solution

First notice that without Stokes' theorem, we would have to parameterize three different line segments. Instead we can find this with just one double integral. We have

and

N dS = i + 2j + k
So that

Curl F . N dS = 1 + x + 2y - 1 = x + 2y
We integrate