:Transition metal complexes

:Definition of terms =1 structure of complexes compounds =2 nomenclature of co-ordination compounds =3 theories about co-ordination =4 :Transition metal complexes
In which we will discuss the following compounds but going on these contents I want .to define some major terms before all of you

:A Lewis acid =1 Lewis base =2 co-ordination compounds =3 complex ion or central metal atom =4 The ligands =5 co-ordinate spheres =6 co-ordinate number =7 :B

Structure and formation of complexes

Valency State of compounds Co-ordination Inner ,outer transition elements Compound structure

:Topic :Transition metal complexes :General scheme

First of all describe before you the transition series and its property in general and then go towards the co-ordination or complexes as well as because it is my real topic of ..presentation ,,General chemistry of transition element/metals .ionization potential increases throughout the row =1 .ionization potential value are almost nearly same and is high respectively =2 atomic radius slightly decreases the increase in nucleor charge tend to setup more =3 forces of alleraction between electrons and nucleus but inert electronic forces opposing .effect .good reducing agent =4 they show various oxidation state =5 .they form co-ordination compounds or complexes=6 They are all metals except IIb they are solids having high melting point, B.P

:Colour and physical state

The color for a coordination complex can be predicted using the Crystal Field Theory (CFT). Knowing the color can have a number of useful applications, such as the creation of pigments for dyes in the textile industry. The reasoning behind why coordination complexes display such a great array of colors is merely coincidental; their absorption energy just happens to fall within range of the visible light spectrum. Chemists and physicists often study the color of a substance not to understand its sheer appearance, but more importantly for what the color describes. Color is an indicator of a chemical's physical proprieties on the atomic level. The color for a coordination complex can be predicted using the Crystal Field Theory (CFT). Knowing the color can have a number of useful applications, such as the creation of pigments for dyes in the textile industry. The reasoning behind why coordination complexes display such a great array of colors is merely coincidental; their absorption energy just happens to fall within range of the visible light spectrum. Chemists and physicists often study the color of a substance not to understand its sheer appearance, but more importantly for what the color describes. Color is an indicator of a chemical's physical proprieties on the atomic level. The color for a coordination complex can be predicted using the Crystal Field Theory (CFT). Knowing the color can have a number of useful applications, such as the creation of pigments for dyes in the textile industry. The reasoning behind why coordination complexes display such a great array of colors is merely coincidental; their absorption energy just happens to fall within range of the visible light spectrum. Chemists and physicists often study the color of a substance not to understand its sheer appearance, but more importantly for what the color describes. Color is an indicator of a chemical's physical proprieties on the atomic level.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum (EM) spectrum is made up of photons of different wavelengths. Photons, which are unique as they have properties of both waves and particles, enable us to see light and colors through a small portion of the EM spectrum. This visible light portion has wavelengths from roughly 400 to 700 nanometers (a nanometer, nm, is 1E-9 meters). Each specific wavelength corresponds to a different color (see Figure 1), and when all the wavelengths are together we see white light.

Figure 1

The wavelength and frequency of a wave are inversely proportional--as one gets higher, the other gets lower (this is a consequence of all light traveling at the same speed). Due to this, blue light has a much higher frequency than red light, and consequently has more energy. In general, the farther you go to the right on the EM spectrum, the higher energy the photons have.

:Defination terms :complex ion =1

The complex ion is the metal ion with the Lewis base attached to it through co-ordinate .covalent bond

Or
A charged molecular species consisting of metallic atom or ion to which is attached one .or more charged/uncharged molecule

:A complex or co-ordination compound =2

a compound consisting either of the complex ion and other ions of the opposite charge

:The ligands =3
the charge or uncharged pair of pair of donar molecule which are linked to the central .metal atoms are called ligands :Central metal atoms =4 the metallic atom or ion are attached to the donar molecule around it is called central metal atom or ion

:Lewis acid =5
,lewis acid are those which accept pair of electrons from molecule or ion

:Lewis base =6
.those which donates the pair of electron are called as lewis base

:Co-ordination sphere =8
the central metal atom along with the ligands is called co-ordination sphere it is placed .in a square brackets

:Co-ordination number =9
the co-ordination number of metal is a complex if the total number bonds the metal atom from the ligands

:Charge on co-ordination sphere =10

it is the algebric sum of the charges present on the central atoms,ions and total charge on the ligands

ligands :, monodentate ligands b9-dentate ligands poly-dentate ligands nh3, h2o, rNh2, c n,cl atc =1

,Discocvery of complexes :, formula of complexes

In 1798 b.m tassaert found that the solution of cobalt chloride in aqaous ammonia exposed to the air deposite orange yellow crystals he assigned the formula cocl3.6nh23 to these crystals later on the similar compounds of platinium was assigned the formula of ptcl4.6nh3 because these formula some how suggested that compounds are stable .and later they are called complexes Many attempt are made to solve this side none were found satisfactory In 1898, alfered Werner put forward his theory which was about the nature of these for this great contribution Werner was awarded the nobel prize in chemistry

:Werner theory
metal posses two types of valency primary valances =1 secondary valances =2 every element tend to satisfy both its primary and secondary valancy. The primary valancy is satisfies by the positive and negative ions. The compound are united by the .primary valancy are ionizable ..Example- posses one primary valancy satisfied by cl The secondary valancy are satisfies by the the group of atoms or simple molecule which are capable of independent existence the negative ions are also present in the secondary ..valancies but they not able to ionize ..Example agcl.2nh2ag has two secondary valency posses by the ammonia molecule Each complex has metal atom situated in center are called central metal atom .The number of secondary valancy are fixed The secondary valancy are pointed out along specific direction around c.m atom

:Application Let we apply the Werner theory to explain these are :given below
According to this theory we can describe the following co-ordination compounds Hexaminecobalt(III)chloride =1

pentamminecobalt(III) chloride =2 .

.tetramminecobalt(III)chloride =3 According to the werner theory primary valancy are ionizable so 1,2,3, the chlorine ion is dissolved in AgN03 :Example .2nd thing the secondary valancy or the co-ordination number remains fixed

:The electronic interpretation In 1923 sidgwick made a attempt to explain the structure of the co-ordination
:compound with the help of the electronic theory The main idea of the this electronic theory" the formation of the co-ordination compounds involves donation of the lone pairs of electrons from ligands to the central metal atoms where ligand acts as a lewis base and central metal atom acts as a lewis .acid Hexaminecobalt(III)chloride =1 pentamminecobalt(III) chloride =2 . .tetramminecobalt(III)chloride =3 :The above compounds could be structured as

As CO posses 3+ oxidation state in and cl so the algebric sum +3-1=+2 and nullified .by 2cl- ions in pentamminecobalt(III) chloride

Valence Bond Theory Assignment Help

Valence Bond theory of coordination compounds
(i) The suitable number of atomic orbitals of central metal ion (s, p, d) hybridise to provide empty hybrid orbitals. (ii) These hybrid orbitals accept lone pair of electrons from the ligands and are directed towards the ligand positions according to the geometry of the complex.

(iii) When inner d-orbitals i.e. (n-1) d orbitals are used in hybridization, the complex is called inner orbital or spin or hyperligated complex. (iv) A substance which do not contain any unpaired electron is not attracted by 2 magnet. It is said to be diamagnetic. On the other hand, a substance which contains one or more unpaired electrons in the electrons in the d-orbitals, is attracted by a magnetic field [exception O2 and NO]. It is said to be paramagnetic. Paramagnetism can be calculated by the expression, s = n(n+2), where magnetic moment. s= spin only value and n= number of unpaired electrons. Hence, if n = 1, s = 1(1+2) = 1.73 B.M., If n = 3, s = 3(3+2) = 3.87 B.M. and so on On the basis of value of magnetic moment, we can predict the number of unpaired electrons present in the complex. If we know the number of unpaired electrons in the metal complex, then it is possible to predict the geometry of the complex species.

Nomenclature of the co-ordination compounds:

The coordination compounds are named in the following way. A. When naming coordination compounds, always name the cation before the anion. This rule holds regardless of whether the complex ion is the cation or the anion. (This is just like naming an ionic compound.) B. In naming the complex ion: 1. Name the ligands first, in alphabetical order, and then name the central metal. Note: In the chemical formula the central metal is written before the ligands. 2. The names of some common ligands: Anionic Ligands BrF O2OHNames bromo fluoro oxo Hydroxo Neutral Ligands NH3 H2O NO CO Names ammine aqua Nitrosyl Carbonyl

CN C2O42CO32CH3COO-

cyano oxalato

O2 N2

dioxygen dinitrogen pyridine ethylenediamine

carbonato C5H5N acetato H2NCH2CH2NH2

Anionic ligands end in "-o." For anions that end in "-ide"(e.g. chloride, hydroxide), "ate" (e.g. sulfate, nitrate), and "-ite" (e.g. nirite), change the endings as follows: -ide -o; e.g., chloride chloro and hydroxide hydroxo -ate -ato; e.g., sulfate sulfato and nitrate nitrato -ite -ito; e.g., nitrite nitrito

For neutral ligands, the common name of the molecule is used (e.g. H2NCH2CH2NH2

(ethylenediamine)). Important exceptions: water is called aqua, ammonia is called ammine, carbon monoxide is called carbonyl, and the N2 and O2 molecules are called dinitrogen and dioxygen. 3. The Greek prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are used to designate the number of each type of ligand in the complex ion. If the ligand already contains a Greek prefix (e.g. ethylenediamine) or if it is a polydentate ligand (i.e. it can attach at more than one coordination site), the prefixes bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, and pentakis- are used instead. Name of Metal Iron Copper Lead Silver Gold Tin Name in an Anionic Complex Ferrate Cuprate Plumbate Argenate Aurate Stannate

4. After naming the ligands, name the central metal. If the complex ion is a cation, the metal is named same as the element. For example, Co in a complex cation is called cobalt and Pt is called platinum. If the complex ion is an anion, the name of the metal ends with the suffix -ate. For example, Co in a complex anion is called cobaltate and Pt

is called platinate. For some metals, the Latin names are used in the complex anions (e.g. Fe is called ferrate and not ironate). 5. Following the name of the metal, the oxidation state of the metal in the complex is given as a Roman numeral in parentheses. C. To name a neutral complex molecule, follow the rules of naming a complex cation. Remember: Name the (possibly complex) cation BEFORE the (possibly complex) anion.

Examples:
1. [Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3]Cl3 Answer: triamminetriaquachromium(III) chloride Solution: The complex ion is found inside the parentheses. In this case, the complex ion is a cation. The ammine ligands are named first because alphabetically, "ammine" comes before "aqua." The compound is electrically neutral and thus has an overall charge of zero. Since there are three chlorides associated with one complex ion and each chloride has a 1 charge, the charge on the complex ion must be +3. From the charge on the complex ion and the charge on the ligands, we can calculate the oxidation number of the metal. In this example, all the ligands are neutral molecules. Therefore, the oxidation number of chromium must be the same as the charge of the complex ion, +3. 2. [Pt(NH3)5Cl]Br3 Answer: pentaamminechloroplatinum(IV) bromide Solution: The complex ion is a cation, and the counter anions are the 3 bromides. The charge of the complex ion must be +3 since it is associated with 3 bromides. The NH3 molecules are neutral while the chloride carries a 1 charge. Therefore, the oxidation number of platinum must be +4. 3. [Pt(H2NCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]Cl2

Answer: dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)platinum(IV) chloride Solution: Since Ethylenediamine is a bidentate ligand, the prefix bis- is used instead of the prefix di-. 4. K4[Fe(CN)6] Answer: potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Solution: Potassium is the cation, and the complex ion is the anion. Since there are 4 K+ associated with the complex ion (each K+ having a +1 charge), the charge on the complex ion must be 4. Since each ligand carries 1 charge, the oxidation number of Fe must be +2. The common name of this compound is potassium ferrocyanide. 5. Na2[NiCl4] Answer: sodium tetrachloronickelate(II) Solution: The complex ion is the anion so we have to add the suffix ate to the name of the metal. 6. Pt(NH3)2Cl4 Answer: diamminetetrachloroplatinum(IV) Solution: This is a neutral molecule because the charge on Pt+4 equals the negative charges on the four chloro ligands. If the compound is [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]Cl2, even though the number of ions and atoms in the molecule are identical to the example, it should be named: diamminedichloroplatinum(IV) chloride because the platinum in the latter compound is only four coordinated instead of six coordinated.

7. Fe(CO)5

Answer: pentacarbonyliron(0) Solution: Since it is a neutral complex, it is named in the same way as a complex cation. The common name of this compound, iron carbonyl, is used more often