EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In this report you will find a sequence of the process for a systemic energy planning for a country. Staring from the load profile and how to categorize the profile and make the selection for the best units for each power according to the capacity and the variation in the load. Energy storage is simply a function in power and time, but almost it is a main trend in the future energy planning process. This report also will point out the energy storage, its types & how to select the best one for your situation. This description will be guided with references. You will sense the difference in the capacity when you use the storage but you have to prepare all the necessary auxiliaries to an energy system equipped with storage system. Energy mix will play an important role in our proposed plan which will achieve about 29 % renewable energy by the year 2050. Also the nuclear energy will share by 30.5 %. Biomass is also included in the energy mix but on a scale of 1 GW increase every ten years since it requires large space and the cost is quite relatively high. On the other hand, interconnection of the unified grid with other countries should be taken into account as it leads to reduce the gap between the capacity and the consumption curves. Our Proposed energy plan for the future has mainly two concepts: Extrapolation of the load curve is based on a recently developed country load curve which is Malaysia. The detailed description for our selection will be introduced later on. The other main concept is that we have to perform some plans for the manufacturing sequence for the components of our energy system, starting from the basic one like bolts, beltsetc. Till achieving the full components as it is not 1

from wise to import all of the energy system components. This is the idea of sustainable development.

INTRODUCTION
This section will discuss information about the sectors of energy and their historical data in this order: 1. Wind energy 2. Solar energy. 3. Nuclear Energy. 4. Hydro Energy. 5. Combined Stations. 6. Gas Turbine Stations. 7. Storage systems. 8. Biomass Energy.

1. WIND ENERGY:
The recent wind stations in Egypt: El Zaafrana wind station 120 M.W. Wind station co-operation with Germany 80M.W. Wind station co-operation with Denmark 120 M.W. Wind station co-operation with Spain 85 M.W. Wind station 140 M.W.

So the total in ElZaafrana of wind energy produced 545 MW.

Fig.1 shows the distribution of wind stations in Egypt. Source: Renewable Energy annual report (2009-10) 3

2. SOLAR ENERGY:
The Solar production gained from only one area till now is Kurymat Table 1 the Kurymat plant Technical Data. Total Plant capacity 140MW 20MW Solar capacity 120MW Combined capacity 852GWh/year Total output energy 34 GWh/year Total solar output energy ~10,000 tone/year Fuel saving Table 2. The available areas in Egypt for Solar Energy and Total power can be produced BORG EL AAB Direct radiation (kwh/m2.year) Available area m^2 Direct radiation (kwh/year) Min. (photovoltaic)= 20% Power output(kwh/year) 2263 2*10^6 4.526*10^9 6TH OF OCTOBER 2590 2*10^6 5.18*10^9 KURYMAT 2630 2*10^6 5.26*10^9 ZAFRANA 2688 80*10^6 2.1504*10^11 Total 46.0012*10 ^9 1.052*10^9 43.008*10^9 15.7 GW Min. (solar thermal collector)= 18% Power output(kwh/year) Total 41.4*10^9 0.81468*10^9 0.9324*10^9 0.95*10^9 38.7*10^9 14 GW Total Cost(table 2) if pv ($) 0.078*10^10 0.078*10^10 0.078*10^10 3.12*10^10 3.354*10^1 0 Total Cost(table 2) if solar thermal collector ($) 0.075*10^10 0.075*10^10 0.075*10^10 3.024*10^10 3.2508*10^ 10

0.9052*10^9

1.036*10^9

3. NUCLEAR ENERGY:
Egypt has only reactor (Anshas reactor) for research subject not for power consumption .But, this report in the planning section will expand in usage of Nuclear Energy to satisfy the increase in energy demand in Egypt.

4. HYDRO ENERGY:
The hydro power has a vital role in the Egypt as the produced power equal 2.8 GW. To see the hydro power production in Egypt in table.3 app.1

5. COMBINED POWER STATIONS:

The total power produced from the combined power plants in Egypt is 9.14 GW. The detail for combined power plants in app.1 table 3.

6. GAS TURBINE STATIONS:

The total power produced from the gas turbine power plants in Egypt is 0.84 GW. The detail for gas turbine power plants in app.1 table 3.

7. STORAGE SYSTEMS:
The storage system technology is not applied in Egypt .But, we will plan to depend on it to improve the load profile and reduce the peak and it will be discussed later.

8. BIOMASS ENERGY:
The biomass technology is not widely used in Egypt according to its higher initial cost and required large space .But we will discuss it and put plans to depend on it and make good use.

PROPOSED ENERGY PLAN LOAD CALCULATIONS The installed capacity usually determined by units of power (GW) and the

consumption, exports or imports usually determined by units of energy (GWH) this is because the variations in the load profile should be accomplished by the installed capacity although the net energy consumption is much lower than the maximum (rated) energy of the installed units. The following curve will illustrate these words.

Fig. (2) installed Capacity versus Consumption The determination of the required power is not an easy matter. We did our estimation for the future electricity demand based on a recently developed country as the current situation of Egypt is going to be the same. In order to achieve this estimation we normalized the power curve for both countries. In other words, we divide the amount of energy consumption (GWH) by the No. of hours per year (8760 hrs.) So we get the 6

average consumed power. Then we divide the power consumption by the country residents every year. Get required power per person (GW/Million person).

Fig. (3) Normalized power curve for many countries First we extrapolated the normalized power curve for many recently developed countries that we are aiming to be like them. Then we selected Malaysia among them as it achieved a great progress in a short time period which is our ambition. We extrapolated the power consumption curve of Egypt parallel to that of Malaysia. By determining the current average daily load consumption curve for Egypt, which is given to be as below. the following load curve has the following characteristics : Has a single peak at about 10 PM. Its average is equal to consumed amount of energy (GWH) per year divided by the No. of hours per years (8760).

July 2010
25

20

15
GW
Load Profile
inter

10

base

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

Time (Hrs)

Fig.(4) Summer Daily Consumption Load Profile (2010)

20 15
GW

April 2010

10 5
0
Fig.(5) Spring Daily Consumption Load Profile (2010)

load profile
inter base

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Time (Hrs)
8

25

Jan 2010

20
15

GW

Peak

10
5
Fig.(6) Winter Daily Consumption Load Profile (2010)

Intermedia

Base

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Time(Hrs)

Table No. 3 estimated hourly load for the year 2020 Winter 2020 base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Max Design values 34.5 34.2 34.2 33.7 33.7 34.5 34.6 34.8 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.3 35.3 35.4 34.4 34.0 34.2 34.8 35.8 35.3 35.0 34.2 33.7 32.9 32.4 35.8 35.8 inter 38.9 37.0 35.7 34.4 34.4 35.8 37.0 37.6 38.1 38.9 39.6 39.9 40.5 41.0 40.9 40.5 40.9 41.5 42.3 41.8 41.5 41.0 40.5 39.4 38.4 42.3 6.5 peak 38.9 37.0 35.7 34.4 34.2 35.8 37.0 37.6 38.1 38.9 39.6 39.9 40.5 41.0 40.9 40.5 40.9 42.8 50.6 49.9 48.6 47.3 46.0 43.4 41.5 50.6 8.3 Summer 2020 base 45.1 44.6 44.6 44.6 44.1 42.8 42.8 44.6 44.6 44.6 44.9 44.6 44.6 44.9 45.1 44.6 44.6 44.1 44.6 44.6 45.7 45.9 44.9 44.1 43.6 45.9 45.9 inter 52.5 48.6 47.3 47.2 45.6 44.6 46.0 48.6 49.3 50.6 51.2 51.4 51.9 52.5 52.4 52.1 51.9 51.2 52.5 52.7 53.7 53.4 51.9 50.1 49.3 53.7 7.8 peak 52.5 48.6 47.3 47.2 45.6 44.6 46.0 48.6 49.3 50.6 51.2 51.4 51.9 52.5 52.4 52.1 51.9 51.2 54.5 55.0 59.7 59.7 57.1 55.1 53.8 59.7 6.0 Spring 2020 base 32.2 31.6 31.1 32.2 31.4 31.1 31.8 32.2 32.4 32.9 33.5 33.2 33.3 33.2 33.2 33.2 33.2 33.6 33.2 35.8 34.8 34.0 33.5 32.4 31.1 35.8 35.8 inter 37.0 35.7 34.4 34.8 33.5 32.2 32.7 34.4 36.3 37.0 38.3 38.4 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 40.5 40.5 42.8 41.5 40.2 38.9 38.1 37.1 42.8 7.0 peak 37.0 35.7 34.4 34.8 33.5 32.2 32.4 34.4 36.3 37.0 38.3 38.4 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 40.9 40.5 48.5 48.6 48.0 46.7 44.7 43.3 48.6 5.8

Design values (Maximum Variables) 10

Fig.(7)Electricity Distribution losses The above curve shows the rate of power loss increased due to extra power generation and transmission. As a consequence we get the following :

Fig.(8)Current and extrapolated curves for consumption and capacity 11

By comparing the Governments and our rate of increase in power consumption we found that our estimations by the year 2030 is more than that of the government, on the other hand, by the year 2050, the power consumptions according to the government annual rate of increase will be more than ours. Which is not logic, our conclusion is that the actual annual rate increase based on of the Governments expectation is decreasing through time; finally the value of the power consumed according to the government will be lower than ours. P (N2) = P (N1) *[1+R] (N1+N2) Where, P (N2): power at year N2 P (N1): power at year N1 R: annual rate of increase The above equation could be used to evaluate the power demand but you have to take into account the decrease in the annual rate of power demand. Our used model for power demand calculations is linear and has the following equation, P (N) =M*N+C P (N): power as a function in year M is the slope of the straight line which is constant C: the intercept So we could determine the maximum capacity required yearly and start to make our analysis. Table No.4 Incremental capacities (GW) (without storage) 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 base 17.7 45.9 69.3 92.8 116.3 Intermediate 3 7.8 11.7 15.7 19.7 peak 3.2 8.3 12.5 16.8 21 Total capacity 23.9 62 93.5 125.3 157

12

Table No. 5 Incremental capacities (with storage) 2008 2020 2030 2040 2050 base 17.7 45.9 69.3 92.8 116.3 intermediate 3 7.8 11.7 15.7 19.7 peak 3.2 6.1 8 9 8.9 Total capacity 23.9 59.8 89 117.5 144.9

Note :The highlighted No. shows the capacity reduction due to storage

Fig.(9)Current and extrapolated curves for the consumption and the capacity (Including Storage) Table No.6 Installed capacities (GW) (without storage) 2010-2020 2020-2030 2030-2040 2040-2050 base 28.2 23.4 23.5 23.5 intermediate 4.8 3.9 4 4 peak 5.1 4.2 4.3 4.2

13

Table No. 7 Installed capacities (GW) (with storage) period 2010-2020 2020-2030 2030-2040 2040-2050 base 28.2 23.4 23.5 23.5 intermediate 4.8 3.9 4 4 peak 5.1 4.2 4.3 4.2 New peak 2.9 1.9 1 -storage 2.2 2.3 3.3 4.3

The above table represents the planned installed capacities for every decade.

30

25

20
Base

15

Intermediate
Peak

10

Storage

0 2020 2030 2040 2050

Fig. (10)Installed capacities per period according to power type

14

25

20
Nuclear

15

Combined Solar Wind

10

Biomass GT

Hydro

0 2020 2030 2040 2050

Fig. (11)Installed capacities per period according to energy type

Table No.8 Installed capacities per period according to energy type (GW) GT 2010-2020 2020-2030 2030-2040 2040-2050 0.8 0 0 0 CC 20 3.9 2.7 0 Nuclear 3.2 9.6 16 17.6 Hydro 0 0 1.8 0 solar 4 6 3 4.4 store 1.6 2.3 2 4 wind 8 8 4 4.5 store biomass RE% 0.7 1 1.3 3.2 0 1 1 1 33.33 52.6 34.4 35.6

15

Installed Renewable energy %

60 50

Renewable Energy %

40 30 20 10 0
Installed Renewable energy %

2010

2020

2030
Year

2040

2050

Fig.(12)Increase in the Installed Renewable energy by period

Renewable Energy
60.00 50.00

40.00
GW

30.00 20.00

10.00
0.00 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Fig.(13)Net renewable energy (GW)

16

The planning should also include plans for generating electric power out of the government scope. This can be achieved by many methods; one of these methods is expanding the concept of smart grid. Smart grid involves encouraging individuals to sell electric power to the government. This electric power is generated by a renewable energy source on a small scale like using photo voltaic cells or small wind turbines. To encourage individuals to expand in this strategy, the following criteria will be used: 1- People will sell the generated electric power to the government with a price higher than they pay for their consumption of electric power so this will be a profitable business for individuals. 2- For facilities using this strategy, it will get an advantage by reducing the taxes or reducing customs for imported industries or any other issues. This will greatly help in satisfying peak loads without establishing additional power plants this will greatly reduce the cost of establishing and operating power plants to serve these loads and this will increase the percentage of electric power produced through green resources to reduce the amount of CO2. Other method that can be used is encouraging BOOT system which means build, own, operate and transfer. By this strategy private companies can build additional power plants in Egypt and it will operate it for a specified period of time and during this time the company will sell the generated electric power to the government and at the end the government will possess the plant after the agreed period of time ends this will help the government to possess additional power plants without paying any capital costs and of course this plants will be a green energy plants. CO2 trade is a good point that can be used to get more free donations in the fields of energy by giving the extra portion of our co2 share to other industrial countries that need an additional co2 share over their allowed share due to their higher development rate. This will bring free investments in the field of energy for free. Connection of the national power network to other countries networks, this will help in satisfying the peak loads by the help of other countries by exchanging electric power at peak times or even by buying the electric power from the other countries at peak times. also connection with other countries may grab great investments by agreements where these countries will establish energy projects in Egypt in exchange they must provide us with the technology transfer related to establishing or running this projects as Egypt has an outstanding amount of available renewable energy resources that is not available in other regions like solar energy here and for Europe

17

PLANS OF ENERGY TILL 2050 This section will contains the detailed plans of energy in Egypt till 2050 in the next order 1. Nuclear energy . 2. wind energy 3. solar energy 4. Hydro energy 5. Gas turbines 6. Combined cycles 7. Biomass 8. Storage systems

1. NUCLEAR ENERGY P LAN

WHY WE CHOOSE NUCLEAR ENERGY: 1. Fossil fuel in Egypt will end in coming 30 year. [1.5] 2. Generation 3 &4 rectors have very high safety. 3. It will work in base load. 4. It had high capacity. 5. Generation 4 will have the ability to work in peak load also. 6. Cost is low compared to renewable energy for same output [1.4]. 7. Sources of funding will be available from lot countries. 8. It will help us in Possession of nuclear weapons. 9. Nuclear technology available from lot countries

18

GOVERNMENT PLANNING FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY : The government decided to build 4 nuclear reactors in ElDabaa from the type (APWR) each with capacity 1600MW starting from 2012 every year reactor will be build and will inter the service after 7 years.

Table .9 shows the required Energy upon which we have put our plan. place CAPACITY (MW) 1600 1600 1600 1600 APWR APWR APWR APWR 9102 9191 9190 9199 TYPE END DATE Starting DATE 9109 9102 9102 9102 COST (billion $) 10 10 10 10 [1.6] ENERGY REQUIRED: Table .10 shows the required Energy upon which we have put our plan. period 2010 to 2020 2020 to 2030 2030 to 2040 2040 to 2050 Nuclear(GW) 3.2 9.6 16 17.6

19

Table .11 shows the plan of constructing the nuclear reactors distributed on the range from 2012-2050.

PLACE

CAPACITY (MW) 1600

TYPE APWR APWR APWR APWR APWR APWR AGCR AGCR APWR APWR AGCR AGCR AGCR AGCR MSR SCWR SCWR SCWR APWR APWR SCWR SCWR APWR SCWR SCWR SCWR

END 9102 9191 9190 9199 9192 9192 9196 9197 9121 9120 9129 9122 9122 2035 9122 2037 9122 9121 9120 9129 9122 9122 9122 9122 9122 9121

START 9109 9102 9102 9102 9102 9102 9109 9120 9192 9192 9192 9192 9192 2028 9192 2030 9120 9122 9122 9122 9122 9122 9122 9122 9120 9122

COST (billion $) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 02 02 02 18 10 10 18 18 10 20 20 20

1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 2000 2000 2000

2000 2000 1600 1200 1600

1600 1200 9100 2000

2000 2000 2000

2000 2000 2000

20

PLAN FOR COMPONENT MANUFACTURING NUCLEAR REACTORS 1. All concretes, foundation, and construction will be carried out by a company or a group of construction companies and Egyptian Contracting 2. The rest of the ingredients used in the construction of the reactor itself will of the company designed the reactor 3. Beginning in 2020 after receipt of the first reactor at Dabaa and within 5 years will be the production of heat exchangers, pipes from local production 4. from 2025 until 2035 we will be able to manufacture pumps & condenser & compressors 5. from 2035 to 2040 will be able to manufacture turbines & steam generators & reactor vessel 6. From 2040 until 2050 we will be able to manufacture all reactor component

We should take into consideration that not foreign engineers will operate the reactors all time so we must prepare Technical personnel and engineering that will work in reactors and operate it so we must establish Institutes and colleges specializing in nuclear energy as this will save a lot of money and this engineers will get experiences which will be very useful in building other nuclear reactors.

And we must build factories which able to manufacturing these components as it will save a lot of money and Provides employment opportunities.

DISCUSSION OF THE PLAN: 21

We decided to build nuclear reactor from the type of AGCR (Advanced gas cooled reactor) and APWR (Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor) because they have large capacity and they are from generation three which has high safety factors. Adding to that, they are the best available type at this time till 2030. At the beginning of 2030 generation 4 technologies will be ready to be applied, so we choose the types of SCWR (Sodium Cooled Water Reactor) and MSR (Molten Salt Reactor) as they have the advantage of high safety factor and low initial cost and low running cost. SOCIAL: People in Egypt will not refuse the nuclear energy as we have to use it to overcome our electricity consumption to achieve good welfare. And no fair from it as we will build this nuclear plants away as much as we can from any residential zones and our reactors will be from generation (3 & 4) which have a very good safety methods and no afraid from any accident. AVAILABILITY : Nuclear technology is available from a lot of countries as (Russia &Japan & France & USA &Canada& Germany & United kingdom) There are only 2 earthquakes happen in the area of red sea at years (1969 &1995) and the most area where earthquakes happen and effect on us in Egypt is Crete. [1.1] So we can build our reactors in red sea area (Earthquake-resistant) like all reactors in japan which is on the line of earthquakes and volcanoes and we can use (Seismic code). It will be expensive to build Earthquake-resistant reactors but we have to build in this area as we need a source of water We don`t like to build reactors on the Nile as if any accident happen in the reactors our only source of water will Contaminate. So there are sites which is suitable for our planning 22

MOST SUITABLE PLACES FOR REACTORS: [1.2] 1. Shalateen Area South Marsa Alam: As it is far from the line of earthquakes and if there was an explosion to the reactor, the fallout will fall in the Red Sea will not reach to Saudi Arabia 2. The Sidi Barani East Salloum: As it is away from Cairo about 600 km 3. west of El Arish: As we will ensure that Israel will seek to repair any malfunction in the reactor, it would be affected by the first. 4. Qattara Depression: If we implement the project to the Qattara Depression, the reactor can be a place southwest of low lake dropper in this case will not affect the tsunami. 5. Halaib ANALYSIS Costs : Initial cost =10 billion /1600 =6.25 (million$/MW) Running cost= 10 (cents/kwh) Environmental issues : AGCR produce 19 (g-CO2/kWh). APWR produce 21 (g-CO2/kWh) Time of construction: 7 years at least for reactor in developing country [1.7] [1.3]

WHY WE CHOOSE THESE TYPES OF REACTORS : We choose (APWR) & (AGCR) as they are most suitable reactors in generation 3 as they have: 23

APWR: 1. 2. 3. Very stable & easier to operate from a stability standpoint. The water in the secondary loop is not contaminated by radioactive materials. Maintenance easier and much safer.

AGCR: 1. Use natural uranium as fuel. 2. No need to enrichment fuel so it will be less expensive. 3. Designed for large capacity power plants. 4. U.k is the leader in this type. So it will be easy to get this technology. We choose (SCWR) & (MSR) as they are most suitable reactors in generation 4 as they had: 1. High capacity than other types of generation 4. 2. Their cost will be law by comparison with other types of generation 4. APWR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION: Table .12 shows the specifications of (US-APWR) [1.3] REACTOR PARAMETERS Electric Power Core Thermal Power Reactor Fuel Assemblies Reactor Fuel Active Core Length Coolant System Loops Coolant Flow Coolant Pressure Steam Generator Type Number of Steam Generators Reactor Coolant Pump Type Number of Reactor Coolant Pumps REFERENCE VALUE 1600~2000 MWe 4,451 MWt 257 Advanced 17x17, 14 ft. 4.2 meters 4 2.75x104 m3/h/loop 15.5 MPa 90TT-1 4 100A 4 24

FEATURES OF THE US-APWR INCLUDE: [1.3] 1.Enhanced Safety: A four-train safety system for enhanced redundancy. An advanced accumulator. An in-containment refueling water storage pit.

2.Enhanced Reliability A steam generator with high corrosion resistance. A neutron reflector with improved internals. A 90% reduction in plant shutdowns compared to other four-loop PRWs.

3.Attractive Economy A large core with a thermal efficiency of 39%. Building volume per MWe that is four-fifths that of other four-loop PWRs.

4.More Environment Friendly A 28% reduction in spent fuel assemblies per MWh compared to other four-loop PWRs. Reduced occupational radiation exposure. Capacity to use mixed oxide (MOX) fuels made from reprocessed nuclear fuel waste. (SCWR) = Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor (MSR) = Molten Salt Reactor

25

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF SCWR: Table .13 shows the specifications of (SCWR)[1.4] REACTOR PARAMETERS Plant Capital Cost Unit Power And Neutron Spectrum Net Efficiency Coolant Inlet And Outlet Temp. And Press. Average Power Density REFERENCE Fuel ~100 MWth /m3 UO2 with austenitic or ferritic-martinstic stainless steel Fuel Structural Materials Cladding Structural Materials Burn Up /Damage Advanced high-strength metal alloy are needed 45 GWD /MTHM;10-30 DPA REFERNCE VALUE $900/KW 1700 MW THERMAL SPECTRUM 44% 280 C /510 C/25 MPa

Technical specification of MSR: Table .14 shows the specifications of (MSR)[1.4] REACTOR PARAMETERS Net Power Power Density Net Thermal Efficiency Fuel- Salt Inlet Temp.-Outlet Temp.Vapour Preesure Moderator Power Cycle REFERENCE VALUE 1000 MWe 22 MWth/m3 44 to 50% 565 c - 700 c (850 c for hydrogen production)<0.1 psi Graphite Multi reheat recuperative helium Bryton cycle 26

2. WIND ENERGY Table .15 shows amount of energy required period 2010 to 2020 2020 to 2030 2030 to 2040 2040 to 2050 Wind (GW) 8 8 4 4.5

CRITERIA OF SELECTION THE LOCATIONS FOR THE WIND PROJECTS FROM 2010 TO 2050 : The site average speed determines which locations have the first priority than other locations (fig 2-2). According to this approach the main sites selected for the plan : - Gulf of Suez and Red Sea Governorate - Area east of the Nile - West Nile THE POSSIBILITY OF CONNECTING THE LOCATION TO THE NETWORK: There are three main areas for wind power generation are: - Gulf of Suez and Red Sea Governorate - Area east of the Nile - West Nile The facility will be connected to terminals in the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea and the east of the Nile in the Eastern Desert with main power grid in order to serve the increasing load in various parts of the Republic, there are pre-connected in the Zaafarana wind station in the Red Sea Isolate the stations which established in the west of the Nile area from the main power grid and that match with the polarization of industrial projects and the establishment of huge industrial city far from residential areas in Western desert. And that will save the cost of electricity transmission in the west of the Nile area with main power grid. But in return we must establish energy storage plants to store energy for reuse at maximum load of that industrial city The topology & environmental properties of the regions: The Gulf of Suez is limited for further expansion projects as it considered as a touristic region and the nature of topology is limiting the use of the entire region in further plants.

27

Fig (14) wind Atlas for Egypt

Fig (13) wind distribution Velocity map

28

Fig (15) main wind regions in Egypt

GOVERNMENT TIME PLAN FOR WIND Wind station capacity of 120 MW at oil Mountain, the project will run in October 2013 Wind station capacity of 220 MW at oil Mountain, the project will run in mid2014 Wind station capacity of 200 MW in the west Gulf of Suez, the project will run In mid-2016 Two Wind stations capacity of 700 MW at West Nile region, the project still under studying phase Projects of Wind station capacity of 1370 MW in the west Gulf of Suez for the private sector, the project still under studying phase [2-1] TIME PLAN FOR WIND TILL 2050 2010-2020 Wind station capacity of 250 MW at oil Mountain, the project will run in mid2014 Wind station capacity of 500 MW at oil Mountain, the project will run in October 2013 Wind station capacity of 250 MW at red sea region, the project will run at the end of 2013 Two Wind stations capacity of 1000 MW at West Nile region, the project will run at the end of 2013 and that match start in attracting industry in West Nile, where you start to create the industrial city 29

Wind station capacity of 2* 1000 MW in the west Gulf of Suez, the project will run at the end of 2017 and that match reduction in the initial cost of the project due to locally manufacture the tower Wind station capacity of 1500 MW at West Nile region, the project will run in mid-2017 and that to cover the increase of required load at industrial city Wind station capacity of 1500 MW at red sea region, the project will run in mid2018 Wind station capacity of 1000 MW at East Nile region, the project will run at the end of 2019

2020-2030 Wind station capacity of 2* 2000 MW in the west Gulf of Suez, the project will run at the end of 2023 and that match reduction in the initial cost of the project due to locally manufacture the tower and rotor blades Wind station capacity of 2000 MW at East Nile region, the project will run at the end of 2026 and that match reduction in the initial cost of the project due to the wind turbine manufacturing fully locally Wind station capacity of 2000 MW at West Nile region, the project will run in mid-2028 and that to cover the increase of required load at industrial city

2030-2040 Wind station capacity of 2000 MW at red sea region, the project will run in mid2034 Wind station capacity of 2000 MW at West Nile region, the project will run at the end of 2038 and that to cover the increase of required load at industrial city

2040-2050 Wind station capacity of 2000 MW in the west Gulf of Suez, the project will run in mid-2042 Wind station capacity of 2000 MW at West Nile region, the project will run at the end of 2049 and that to cover the increase of required load at industrial city Wind station capacity of 500 MW at East Nile region, the project will run at the end of 2046 30

TIME PLAN FOR MANUFACTURING WIND TURBINE IN EGYPT

Fig (16) Cost percentage of different components of wind turbine

There are 3 parts of 14 make 61.41% of total cost of wind turbine Tower: 26.3% of total cost Rotor blades: 22.2% of total cost Gearbox: 12.91% of total cost From 2011 to 2015 import all parts of the wind turbine from the outside and during this period start to construct factories for the manufacture of the tower for local consumption and for exporting. From 2015 to 2020 start to construct factories for the manufacture of the rotor blades for local consumption and for exporting. From 2020 to 2025 start to construct factories for the manufacture of the gearbox and the remaining parts in wind turbine as (rotor hub, shaft, bearing) as well as at the end of 2025 the wind turbine will be fully manufactured in Egypt and exported to the outside and this will give a great opportunity to reduce the initial cost at the creation of new wind power plant

31

WIND TURBINE ECONOMICS

AVAILABLE ENERGY ANALYSIS: Total area for wind turbine projects= 656+1229+6418=8303 Km2 Total Area = 8000 km2 The mean wind speeds predicted are between 7 and 8 m/s and the power densities between 300 and 400 W/m2, estimated at height of 50 m a.g.l. total efficiency = 0.25 available area = (Total area)/4 Available power generated= available area * power density * efficiency = 2000*106 * 400* 0.25= 200 Giga watt Approximate Installed Cost of Wind Energy Facility = $1.5 Million / MW [2.3] For the Available power generated (200 Giga watts): The Approximate capital cost = $300 Billion From the previous data we conclude that using the total available wind energy is very expensive GENERATED ENERGY ANALYSIS: Annual capital cost = 60 US $ / MWh [2-4] Annual operating cost = 13 US $ / MWh [2-4]

Total cost of wind turbine projects over every 10 years of the plan: Time 2011-2020 2020-2030 2030-2040 2040-2050 Table .16 the total cost of wind turbine project Capacity(GW) Capital Running cost cost(billion $) (billion $) 12.6 2.75 8 8 4 4.5 12.6 6.3 7 2.75 1.4 1.55 Total cost (billion $) 15.35 15.35 7.7 8.55

TYPES OF WIND TURBINES: onshore wind turbines offshore wind turbines All our planned wind projects till 2050 are based on onshore wind turbines because offshore wind areas in Egypt are concentrated in the Gulf of Suez, one of the most important tourist areas in Egypt that rich with coral reefs

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Fig.(17) Off shore wind atlas of Egypt [2-2]

CRITERIA OF WIND TURBINE SELECTION: The average speed of the site compared to the rated speed of the turbine The capacity factor of the turbine while working in the site C.F= The power density of the turbine based on the output power of the turbine per unit area of the site this will determine the number of turbines installed in the site power density PD where turbine area = 5D * 8D PD : power density (KW/m2) The total cost of a single turbine multiplied by the total number of turbines in the site is used as a factor for the economic comparison between different types of Turbines Total cost = number of turbines * total cost of each turbine

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Technical specifications For Siemens Wind Turbine SWT-3.6-

34

3. SOLAR ENERGY ANALYSIS The Solar Atlas was issued in 1991, indicating that Egypt as one of the sun belt countries is endowed with high intensity of direct solar radiation ranging between 1970 2600 kwh / m2 / year from North to South. The sunshine duration ranges from 9 11 hours with few cloudy days all over the year.

Fig.18 average annual direct radiation (normal incidence) in Egypt in KWh/m2/day [3.1] This table includes the available solar Energy in each site.

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Fig. (17) Solar thermal plant potential in Egypt [3.2]

SITE Zafrana Koraimat 6th of October 2590 2*10^6 5.18*10^9 Borg El Arab 2263 2*10^6 4.526*10^9 Near to Lake Nasser 3212 5.25*10^9 1.68*10^1 3 3.36*10^1 2 383[GW] western desert 2920 136.2*10^ 9 3.97*10^1 4 7.94*10^1 3 9051.6[G W] 7.146*10^ 13 8146 [GW] 5.3*10^13 El wadi El gdeed 3285 75.3*10^9 2.47*10^1 4 4.94*10^1 3 5631.6[G W] 4.446*10^ 13 5016 [GW] 2.93*10^1 3 2.8*10^13

Direct radiation (kwh/m2.year) Available area (m^2) Direct radiation (kwh/year) Min. (photovoltaic)=2 0% Power output(kwh/year) Min. (solar thermal collector)= 18% Power output(kwh/year) Cost(table 2) if PV($) Cost(table 2) if solar thermal collector ($)

2688 80*10^6 2.1504*10^ 11 43.008*10^ 9 4.9[GW]

2630 2*10^6 5.26*10^9

1.052*10^ 9 0.12[GW]

1.036*10^ 9 0.118[GW ] 0.9324*10 ^9 0.106[GW ] 0.078*10^ 10 0.075*10^ 10

0.9052*10^ 9 0.103[GW]

38.7*10^9

0.95*10^9

0.81468*10 ^9 0.092[GW] 0.078*10^1 0 0.075*10^1 0

3.024*10^ 12 344 [GW] 2*10^12

4.4[GW] 3.12*10^10

0.1[GW] 0.078*10^ 10 0.075*10^ 10

3.024*10^1 0

1.9*10^12

5.14*10^1 3

Table .15 show the plan The main reason for the different types of solar panel is what the energy is eventually used for. As PV cells directly convert solar energy into electricity, these can be fitted to remote objects with no direct power supply. As solar thermal cells need a steam turbine they are static energy producers, like a regular power plant. Although PV cells are also used on mass to generate electricity, they are also fitted to solar powered cars, the space shuttle and to other solar powered objects such as traffic signs and emergency telephones. They are very rarely used on privet buildings, although some offices use them. Solar thermal cells are either used as a power plant to supply direct electricity or on the roofs of homes to heat water. Table .18 System net present Value costs ($/sq.m)in 10 years System PV(Stationary) S.TH.Trough Installation 305 270 Operation 85 108 Total 390 378 36

The two previous types have been proven their suitability and effectiveness in operation in many countries including Egypt. The other technologies of solar energy arent widely used due to economic reasons, Moreover, the space under the collector might be used in different applications like (agriculture, animals barns..etc).

PROPOSED ENERGY PLAN Making and running any solar energy station dont take more than 6 months. Table .19 shows required capacity up to 2050 Period (years) 2010 to 2020 2020 to 2030 2030 to 2040 2040 to 2050 Solar (GW) 4 6 3 4.4

Table .20 shows relation between different technology and the required capacity Installed capacity[MW] CSP Technology Type Appropriate capacity Till 2009 under construction and proposed [MW] 500 Parabolic through >10,000 40 Central receiver >3,000 <1 Parabolic dish-sterling >1500 According to the required capacity to be installed based on our plan and the above table, we have chosen parabolic trough (80 MWe) in our projects. 2010 TO 2020 Table .21 shows the plan of 2010 to 2020 Location Near to lake Nasser Installed Capacity 4[GW] Available Energy 334[GW] Type of Collectors Parabolic Trough Number of Module 8 Capacity of each Module 500[MW] Duration of installation of each module 8 month Total Period of construction 64 month Start(yr)/End(yr) 2014/2019

2020 TO 2030 37

Table 22 shows the plan of 2020 to 2030 Near to lake Nasser Location 6[GW] Installed Capacity 330[GW] Available Energy Central receiver heliostat Type of Collectors 12 Number of Module 500[MW] Capacity of each Module 8 month Duration of installation of each module 72 month Total Period of construction 2020/2026 Start(yr)/End(yr)

2030 TO 2040

FIRST STAGE Table .23 shows the first stage of plan of 2030 TO 2040 Location Koraimat Installed Capacity 0.05[GW] Available Energy 0.1083[GW] Type of Collectors Parabolic Trough(hybrid) Number of Module 1 Capacity of each Module 0.05[MW] Duration of installation of each module 8 month Total Period of construction 8 month Start(yr)/End(yr) 2031/2032 SECOND STAGE Table .24 shows the second stage of plan of 2030 TO 2040 Western desert Location Installed Capacity 1.45+1.5[GW] Available Energy 8146[GW] Type of Collectors Central receiver heliostat Number of Module 6 Capacity of each Module 500[MW] Duration of installation of each module 8 month Total Period of construction 48month Start(yr)/End(yr) 2035/2039 2040 TO 2050 38

FIRST STAGE Table .25 shows the first stage of plan of 2040 TO 2050 Location Western desert Installed Capacity 2[GW] Available Energy 5.3[GW] Type of Collectors Parabolic Trough Number of Module 4 Capacity of each Module 500[MW] Duration of installation of each module 8 month Total Period of construction 32 month Start(yr)/End(yr) 2040/2043 SECOND STAGE Table .26 shows the second stage of plan of 2040 TO 2050 New Valley 1[GW] 5000[GW] Parabolic Trough 2 500[MW] 8 month 16 month 2043/2046 Location Installed Capacity Available Energy Type of Collectors Number of Module Capacity of each Module Duration of installation of each module Total Period of construction Start(yr)/End(yr)

THIRD STAGE Table .27 shows the third stage of plan of 2040 TO 2050 Location New Valley Installed Capacity 1[GW] Available Energy 4999[GW] Type of Collectors Parabolic Trough Number of Module 2 Capacity of each Module 500[MW] Duration of installation of each module 8 month Total Period of construction 16 month Start(yr)/End(yr) 2047/2049 The application of the suggested plan will save 78 million ton of fuel and will reduce carbon dioxide emissions to 209 million ton per year. 39

GOVERNMENTS PLAN (A)PHOTOVOLTAIC STATIONS: Photovoltaic systems are considered the most suitable systems to be used in countryside and far areas which are away from the national network although it is a high cost kind of technology. One of the advantages of Photovoltaic solar energy is that it has fixed costs and its lifespan is about 25 years. In Egypt the total ability of the Photovoltaic cells systems is between 4 and 4.5 MW, As it can be used in lightning, pumping water ,wireless connections, cooling systems and commercial advertisements in fast roads. The Egyptian governments plan in next five years (2012-2017)will be two Solar thermal power stations , the capacity of each is 50MW Photovoltaic power stations of 20MW KOMOMBO(1) With the cooperation between the Natural renewable energy authority and the German of finance have been chosen KOMOMBO location 100MW KOMOMBO(2) 20MW Photovoltaic station in KOMOBO in cooperation with France HURGADA The studies is being deducted on the location of Urgada Photovoltaic station of 20 MW in Cooperation with Japan CAIRO SUEZ DESERT ROAD The Arabic Authority of industrialisation has been establish 600MW One Axis tracked Photovoltaic Cells in the Campos of the Factory in Cairo Suize desert road and this project was connected to the unite grid, 33% of the component is Egyptian made parts in that project, they installed and running it by now. They are trying to increase it to 55% Project of Remote settlement electrification by PV systems in cooperation with Italian Government NREA signed a protocol for cooperation with the Italian Ministry of Environment to electrify 2 remote settlements in Matrouh Governorate (50 houses, 2 medeical clinic units, a school, 3 masjeds and 40 street lighting units) . The project will iclude PV systems of about 43 kW. It is planned to finalize the project by the end of 2009. PVsystem to light of remoot sites at Matrouh Government The total capacity of 2 PV systems is 424W Peak for 9*11W (DC) Efficient lamps, and TV set of 60W (AC)

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Fig.(20) pv System [3.3] The international bank estimated that the cost of the production of KW.hr from Photovoltaic cells will be equal to the cost of production of KW.hr from conventional methods by 2014

(B)SOLAR THERMAL POWER SATIONS: Kuraymat staion for generating electricity using solar energy. Kuraymat Solar Thermal Power Plant (140 MW). The project site at Kuraymat nearly 90km South Cairo, has been selected due to (1) an uninhabited flat desert land (2) high intensity direct solar radiation reaches to 2400 kWh /m2 / year (3) an extended unified power grid and expanded natural gas pipelines (4) near to the sources of water (the River Nile).

TYPICAL COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT CONSISTS OF: One Gas Turbine (79 MW) firing Natural Gas as fuel to generate electricity, One Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) that uses the exhaust gases from the gas turbine to produce superheated steam. One steam turbine (63 MW). Cooling system in which the steam turbine exhaust will be condensed in the condenser and pumped to dearator and then to the HRSG Table .28 shows Capacity of Solar portion of combined cycle Capacity of Solar portion (MWe) Capacity of gas turbine (MWe) Capacity of steam turbine (MWe) 20 79 76.5 41

Net electric energy (GWhe/a) Solar electric energy (GWhe/a) Solar share (%) Fuel saving due to the solar portion (T.O.E / a) CO2 reduction (T / a)

852 33 4% 10000 20000

SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL PARAMETERS Parallel rows of parabolic troughs Solar Collectors. The trough focuses solar energy on an absorber pipe located along its focal line of a heat Collection Element. The solar collectors are connected in series and parallel to produce the required heat energy by tracking the sun from east to west while rotating on a north-south axis A heat transfer fluid (HTF), (typically synthetic oil) is circulated through the receiver heated to 393 oC at 20 bar. The fluid is pumped to a heat exchanger to generate steam that can be superheated in the HRSGs and integrated with the steam generated from the Combined Cycle (CC) before introducing it to the Steam Turbine (ST) to generate electricity.

Fig.(21) shows Koraimat Layout [3.5]

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(C)SOLAR WATER HEATING Cooperation with the International Medical Center at Cairo/Ismailia high way, to erect solar water heating system for domestic purposes, in terms of technical consultancy services and supervision of the implementation.

Fig.(22) shows Solar Water Heating

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PLAN FOR MANUFACTURING OF SOLAR ENERGY COMPONENTS IN E GYPT According to the point of view of the local manufacture we can divide the levels of local manufacture of renewable energy components to three elements as shown in the following table: category Table .29 renewable energy components manufacturing categories Description Local manufacturing RET components can be produced directly with current resources A of the Egyptian industry. After innovation and r&d, RET components can be produced with current resources but B with help of innovation and r&d need about 3 years. Import-joint venture with foreign companies ,RET components can be produced by Egyptian industry only when a joint C ventures with big universal companies takes place (transfer of know how takes about 5 years)

Its important to mention that researches, development, and inventions should be continuous for the alternatives A , B and C: as for the element A, the researches and development will enable the local producers to reduce production costs and to improve the quality at the same time. (A)PHOTOVOLTAIC MANUFACTURING PLAN Due to the Global increasing of Photovoltaic cells it is logic to start in manufacturing a portion of its components, and through time we will increase this portion till we reach a full scale production in Egypt to satisfy the local demand then we will start to export our production to help in supporting our economical situation specially after the current going situation after 25th revolution for better future to the successive generations. Since Egypt has a huge reserve of silica due to the wide area of the desert, this silica in exported by low cost and then we import it as a products like photovoltaic and many other semi-conductors , so we have to start constructing this factories here in Egypt with the help of the international leading countries in this field. And do not export it as raw materials, and to learn from them some of this technology and make research centers in this field, so as to be able to manufacture it totally in Egypt, to reduce the initial cost, to produce low energy cost from this technology.

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ACTION PLAN FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC

Fig.(23) shows the Local PV manufacturing plan[3.6]

(B)PARABOLIC TROUGH MANUFACTURING PLAN Since the demand on the parabolic trough solar collectors starts to increase in the recent years specially in North Africa like (Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt), it this technology is used for high capacity energy generation, therefore Egypt should make a gradual comprehensive manufacturing project for manufacturing its components locally. So, we have developed the coming action plan, and we are hoping by the end of this plan to manufacture the whole components locally.

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Fig. (24) Shows action plan for parabolic trough components manufacturing in Egypt [3.6]

(C)SOLAR HEATER MANUFACTURING PLAN The last few years have witnessed a great progress in the solar heater manufacturing in Egypt, many factories are currently producing different capacities of this solar heaters for domestic and business needs, and they are widely used in Touristic resorts.

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4.HYDROPOWER GENERATION

Hydropower plants installed (2008/2009) [4.1] 5 power plants connected to the network of power 2784.9 MW Participation percentage of total power =12.8% The generated electric energy 0222242 million KWhr

Fig. (25) shows hydro generation in Egypt [4.2]

HIGH DAM [4.3] Number of turbines = 12 unit The power of each unit is 175 * 103 KW Total capacity =2100 MW The electricity produced = 10 billion KW.Hr Unit type: Francis turbine Net generation (MWh) 9018 1395 1729 382 11 12535 Table .30 Main Sites of power generation Installed capacity Units (MW) (number*MW) 2100 12*175 322 7*46 270 4*67.5 86 6*14.3 5 3*1.8 2783 Station name High dam Aswan 1 Aswan 2 Esna Nagaa hamadi Total 47

Table 31. Sites of power generation (small capacities) Power (MW) Site 32 Assiut barrage 13 Damietta 5 Zefta 1 Elmokhtalat 2.45 Tawfiki rayah 1.85 Edfina barrage 3 Assiut regulator 1.85 Abbasi rayah 1.55 ibrahimia canal intake 2.2 Beheri rayah 1.8 Menoufi rayah 1.85 Shwarkawia canal 1 Bahr yousef canal 68.55 Total QATTARA DEPRESSION Power generation: 1800 MW Execution duration of the project: 15 years Overall cost of the project: 14 billion dollar Pumping storage: A pumped system is used to cover the needs of power at peak loads. Additional costs are piping systems, initial cost for pumps and maintenance The tank is at an elevation = 215 m So for the peak loads we can reach 4000 MW, but the inclusion of this project has not been done from 2002 to 2020 [4.4],[4.5] HIGH DAM OVERHAUL PLAN It was completed to update the 10 units of 12 units with investments of about one billion and 700 million pounds from the dam generators and the planned completion of all units by the end of the middle of this year ATAKA MOUNTAIN Capacity 2100 MW Year Hydro

[4.6] 2025/2026 4.4

Table .32 Percent of installed capacity 2005/2006 2010/2011 2015/2016 2020/2021 13.6 10 7.3 5.6

From the previous table it is clear that the contribution of hydro power decreases and this is because the resources of this type is limited while other types of energy increase rapidly. 48

Libya Jordan

Table 33 Existing transmission interconnections Voltage ( KV) Design Exports capacity (MW) (GWh) 220 600 123 400 550 823

Imports( GWh) 91 77

Table 34 C/Cs of proposed interconnection with Ethiopia and Sudan Option (2) smaller scheme Option (3) larger scheme 1200 1200 Ethiopia Sudan 700 2000 Ethiopia Egypt 500 AC 800 DC Voltage (KV) One double circuit One circuit pole line One single pole line 1120 2385 Length of connection Merowe (Sudan)- Nagaa Mandaya (Ethiopia)-Assiut Egypt connection route Hamadi

Table 35 Economics C/Cs of proposed interconnection with Ethiopia and Sudan Option (2) smaller scheme Option (3) larger scheme 1200 1200 Ethiopia Sudan capacity (MW) 700 2000 Ethiopia Egypt (MW) US $ 1.22 billion US $ 2.89 billion Investment cost interconnection 1660 1200 Net present value 1.8 3.9 b/e price of gas US $ /MMBTU From the previous it is clear that we can make interconnection with other countries so we can reduce the capacity of the units.

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5. BIOMASS Table .36 shows the required Biomass Energy upon which we have put our plan. period 2010 to 2020 2020 to 2030 2030 to 2040 2040 to 2050 bio (GW) 0 1 1 1

Table .37 shows the energy plan for biomass till 2050 location west of Almenia East of Almenia south of Almenia West of Qena West of Qaroun lake South of Alameen 20 50 2041-2050 number of stations 6 6 8 10 10 capacity M.W 50 50 50 50 50 2031-2040 2021-2030 period

DISCUSSION Technology of biomass In Egypt the total biomass resources potential reaches 60 million Ton / year in 2006 It is not widely spread in egypt the digester volume ranging between 5 and 50 m3. One of the large plants in Egypt is a 170-m3 digester in EL-Giza Army Camp

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5. GAS TURBINE Table 38 shows the required Gas Turbine Energy upon which we have put our plan. period 2010 to 2020 2020 to 2030 2030 to 2040 2040 to 2050 GT (GW) 0.8 0 0 0

Table 39 shows the required Gas Turbine units. Year 2014 2016 Capacity 400 MW 400 MW

7. COMBINED

Table .40 shows the required Combined Cycles Energy upon which we have put our plan. period 2010 to 2020 2020 to 2030 2030 to 2040 2040 to 2050 Advanced Combined (GW) 20 3.9 2.7 0

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Table 41 shows the sequence of construction of Advanced combined cycles units. Year 2011 to 2020 2021 2024 2027 2031 2035 Capacity 2000 MW unit every year 1300MW 1300MW 1300MW 1500MW 1200MW

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8. STORAGE ENERGY SYSTEMS Why we choose to use storage energy system? Energy storage devices can accommodate a number of network requirements. These are: 1. Load management 2. Spinning reserve 3. Transmission and distribution stabilization. 4. Transmission upgrades deferral 5. Peak generation 6. Renewable energy integration 7. Enduse applications 8. Emergency backup 9. Demand Side Management (DSM) Table 42 Types of storage method & capacity capacity M.W number of stations 2011-2020 2021-2030 2031-2040 2041-2050 1000 100 1000 100 1000 100 1000 100 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 South of Sinai South of Sinai Gamasa Gamasa Port of Safaga Port of Safaga Peer Shalteen Peer Shalteen Pumped Hydro fuel cell(molten carbonate fuel cell) Pumped Hydro fuel cell(molten carbonate fuel cell) Pumped Hydro fuel cell(molten carbonate fuel cell) Pumped Hydro fuel cell(molten carbonate fuel cell) location Type of storage method

Initial cost =0.86( million $/MW) Running cost=6 (cent/kwh) Time of construction =8 years Discharge time =5 hrs.

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List of references [1.1] http://masress.com/youm7/115227 [1.2]http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/377697 [1.3]http://www.mnes.us.com/htm/usapwrdesign.htm [1.4] Dr. Aya lec.notes [1.5]http://www.shorouknews.com/contentdata.aspx?id=451370 [1.6]http://alfanonline.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=415790&pg=62 [1.7] japan pdf [2.1] Annual report of renewable energy authority [2.2] Wind Atlas of Egypt [2.3] The economics of wind energy Charles Vaughan,Regional director, Eastern united states,Clipper Wind power, Inc. [2.4:] Egypt energy strategy [3.1](IMP)START_Egypt.pdf [3.2] NREA [3.3]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy [3.4]Renewable Energy Development Strategy_AR.pdf [3.5]http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/arabi/Ahram/2011/1/8/EGFL1.HTM [3.6] http://ejabat.google.com/ejabat/thread?tid=708b531899ef8eb7 [4.1] (Book Annual Bulletin of Statistics of Electricity and Energy) [4.2] Egypt energy strategy pdf [4.3] http://www.tkne.net/vb/t58582 [4.4] http://www.hppea.gov.eg/English%20Version/stations/other_stations.htm [4.5] http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E0a.ht [4.6] http://www.hppea.gov.eg/arabic_site/2.projects_studied.htm [5.1] Renewable Energy Sector in Egypt, By Energy Research Center (ERC) Faculty of Engineering Cairo University. [5.2]Biomass Energy Economics Presented by John R. Martin, P.E. [5.3]Implementation of Renewable Energy Technologies, Opportunities and Barriers report By NREA Egypt. [5.4] Dr. Aya lec.notes [6.1] Overview of energy storage methods, by Leonard Wagner, http://www.moraassociates.com

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