UNIT FOUR AS COMMUNICATION AND DISSEMINATION OF FINDINGS: REPORT WRITING, WRITING SKILLS AND REFERENCING Contents of the Unit:

4.1: Report Writing 4.2: Writing Skills 4.3: Referencing: -----------------4.4 Report Writing and Presentation -----------4.5 Typical Appendices and their Presentation _________________________

4.1: 1.

Report Writing Section/Chapters; If it is a proposal then use sections; if theses, consultancy or (pure) research output use chapters. In each case at least three clusters are identifiable: Preliminaries, Main Report and Appendices, as earlier listed by the three forms of research output: Pure, Academic and Consultancy.

a.

Preliminaries refer to Introducing the reader to the output; like what the research is all about, by whom and for what purpose (Title page), details of contents (table of contents) main highlights (Abstract) and the like. The main Report provides the main work done and reported. It provides the details on what the specific investigation of study has been, why it was chosen, who else has done related works, how the research was undertaken, the main results and conclusions, and the main recommendations for policy and for extending the frontiers of knowledge. References are an indispensable part of the main report; after all the researcher is not (typically) the first one in the universe to undertake a study like this. The main text is double spaced except for references which are usually single space. Appendices provide the peripherals (and outliers) that have facilitated research or are deemed to add/supplement information that enriches the main report. Facilitators to research include the data collection devices, the details of data used, the time Budget the Action Plan and the Financial Budget. Peripherals that enrich the main Report include statements of operationalization of main recommendations from the study, further clarifications on models through detailed algebraic derivations of formulas not typically done in the main text, and supplementary/qualitative data given in support of results of the main text or as alternative scenarios as a result of sensitivity checks, simulations, extensions and forecasting/extrapolations. Contents and links in sections and chapters Each Section/Chapter: a: Must be coherent internally: i.e. must have a mission that can be independent of the rest of the report of the study: i.e. must form part of the answers to the chronology of questions typically answered by research: What, Why, How, What Results, What Conclusions, What Recommendations. Otherwise merging should be considered. If any is too long even for the same question it can be split. Must belong in the relevant location of the sequence: i.e. must be more closely linked

b.

c:

2.

b:

with immediate successor or/and immediate predecessor. e.g. "What" is usually answered before "Why"; "How" cannot come after "conclusion" or "results", etc, etc. c. Must have at least three subsections: an introduction, a main discussion and a short sum-up. Do not worry about some unavoidable repetitions within independent sections or chapters and across the report. Must have the first sentence(s) describing how it relates to the immediate predecessor (if any). Must have the final sentence(s) describing how it successor (if any) relates to the immediate

e: f: 4.2:

Writing Skills 1. General:

Do not ever write a paragraph/sentence you don't need Be able to defend every word/sentence/paragraph written Avoid the use of qualifiers such as Wonderful, Excellent, Extremely,... Politely use first person plural rather than first person singular (i.e. "we intend to do this and that"; rather than "I intend to do this and that" ....; is more conventional). 2. Tenses:

Proposal written in future tenses normally Final report in present participle, present continuous, or past tense, or combination of the three (especially Pre-findings in past; Findings in present participle or present, Interpretation to Recommendations in present simple or present continuous). 3. Spelling:

Remember the aspects of correctness and consistency throughout e.g. British VS American approach in English spelling: Labour, neighbour, programme, modelling, centre, metre, etc. If in doubt use standard dictionary. 4. Syllabication and Punctuations:

Know uses of ,, ;, :, ., :-, ", !, ?, ... (see any standard dictionary).

5.

Abbreviations:

(i) (ii)

First time used: write in full, followed by bracketed initials in upper case letters Use common abbreviations specific in related literature; all other words or concepts should be in full. Common ones include such names in the UN System; eg., UNDP, UN, IMF, FAO, ILO, WHO, UNICEF, etc. Local and Common may include BoT, NBC, Treasury, DSM, PMO, Tshs, UDSM, MUCHS, SUA, etc. If audience of Report may include non-nationals and non-local readers then even the seemingly common local abbreviations should first have their references written out in full. If many in report list them at beginning in the section of preliminaries (List of major Acronyms and Abbreviations) 6. Citation

(iii)

a.

Of individual authors: Last name(s), then year/date of publication (may be followed by the relevant pages being cited, if necessary: but remember, once used in that format then the whole Report should consistently follow the same format). If names coincide then use initials or other given names before surnames; e.g. Mtatifikolo (1990 if no coincidence or F. Mtatifikolo (1990), not Mtatifikolo F. (1990), where there are coincidences. If both initial and surname coincide, e.g. Felix and Fidelis, both with surname Mtatifikolo, and both with articles/citations in 1990 then write first names in full, followed by last names, then year of citation. If no details of first initials exist go on to second initials, etc, until you find some name or initial to distinguish them. Geographical Names: (i) Use new with old; e.g. Beijing (former Peking), Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta), Ukraine Republic (formerly a Republic in former USSR), etc: Unless new names are really not new anymore, i.e. readers know them well; (ii) use titles in their official languages with those in English being in brackets: e.g., Cote^d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Den Hague (The Hague), Campuchea (Cambodia). 7. Foreign Words and Colloquial language:

b.

These should be avoided as much as possible. If used they must be underlined or italicized: e.g. inter alia, mutatis mutandis, ceteris paribus, modus operandi and other words from the Biblical language and from the legal Profession. 8. Tautology and Negations:

To be avoided as forcefully as possible. Some Examples are the following: Poverty eradication/alleviation is lifting people out of poverty (tautology) Poor people are those below the poverty line (tautology)

It is not uncommon to see that.......(double negation) It may not seem very uninteresting.....(double negation) It would not be unimportant to...... (double negation) Note: With respect to negations: Unfortunately in language, especially in American English language (as opposed to mathematics), double negation does not produce a positive. e.g. I don't want no children does not mean I want children. It is simply colloquial American English meaning I don't want children. Similarly I don't want nothing to do with you: means I don't want anything to do with you (American "street" language). "... you ain't seen nothing yet ..." means "... you have not seen anything much yet ..." ; etc, etc. 9. a: Quotation:

Short (3 lines or less): (i) put it within the flow of text, include quotation marks at beginning and at end with three dots at beginning if quote is from middle of sentence quoted, three dots at end if quote ends at middle of cited sentence (ii) At end of quote put page number of quoted statement, or both date and page number (Typically author and date at beginning of quote, page number at end of quote) (iii) Add emphasis in quotation by underlining, bolding or italicizing relevant line(s) or words, adding, "emphasis added" or "emphasis mine" in bracket. If emphasis is in original say "emphasis in original" in brackets (no quotation marks). (iv) If quote within a quote: use single quotation marks for the inner quote.

b:

Long, Block or Paragraph: (i) Set off from text, indent whole quote, with 3 dots at beginning if words, phases or clause are omitted at beginning of quote, 3 dots at end if quote ends omitting words, phrases or clause at end. (Note: word, phrases or clauses, not sentences: If quote takes on whole sentence then no dots are needed (ii) No quotation marks at beginning or end, except for quotes within the main quote (iii) the rest as in 9 above.

10. a.

Referencing and Illustrations within the text (Text page or Text section of Footnotes): Footnotes on page: Use superscripts as numbers for cross referencing with notes. More than one number can appear in one sentence, preferably at end of sentence. Footnote can appear at bottom of page, indented and single spaced. Separate text from footnote with line. If footnote spills over to next page it will still stay at bottom and as separated by line from the main text. If what is being cited is a quotation by other writer from a third source then use your reference of the writer not the original works. References to a quote will be as per

details in 9a and 9b above. b. Footnotes in the Footnotes Section of Text, at end, just before Bibliography or list of References. This is more conventional, sometimes these notes preempt the need for a separate section of references but in Economics it is not typical (i.e., typically References and Footnotes in Economics publications are separate) (i) Use format of 9a above (but note that sometimes the names are followed by a number that refers to their location in the list of References/Bibliography. The problem in the latter is that if Bibliography is changed (added to or reduced) it affects the complete numbering system. Thus it is more conventional to use surnames and date of cited reference in the Text. Consistency is important: If dates or numbers are used then the whole Report should be in that same form. for a footnote which is itself a quote use format in 9a above.

(ii) (iii)

Note: Footnotes may be specific to chapter or for the whole text. If specific to chapter they appear at chapter end as chapter notes, numbered chronologically. Each chapter will have own numbering. c. Illustrations: These relate to Tables, Charts and Figures. Each such an Illustration: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Must have a number Must have a title/heading Should have capital letters for Headings/Titles; lower case letters for units of measurements Should have source explicitly written down at bottom of Table/Chart/Figure, etc. e.g. copied from, derived from, computed from survey data, or from another Table, Chart or Figure within the text. The word "Source" should be Bold or underlined. Should include notes, if any: e.g. numbers or stars (*) at points needing clarifying notes; with such notes appearing at bottom. Give names to items in the table/chart/figure.

4.3.

Referencing:

Four main kinds of references a. Articles from Journals, magazines, monographs and newspapers

b. c. d.

Books with Authors and Editors Unpublished and Published papers Theses and Dissertations.

In each there are about four styles of writing references (see Tyler (1988). Only one, the more conventional and almost universal in Economics, is elaborated upon here. a. General Notes: For all references only 1st line of reference starts at margin, the rest are indented. References are single spaced, separated by double space from others, References appear in alphabetical order by Surname of First Author (if unauthored then first word in title). Articles 1. In Journal

Surname, coma, initial(s) with full stops (but no blank spaces between such initials), space, Year/date of publication in brackets, comma, title of article in quotation marks, comma, title of Journal (underlined), comma, volume number, comma, pages, full stop. e.g. Bell, F.W. (1967), "An Econometric Model for a Region", Journal of Regional Science, 7, pp. 705 - 28. 2. In Magazine:

As in Journal but instead of Volume you will have date of magazine; e.g. Ward, Barbara (1969), "The Poor World's Cities," The Economist, 6 December, Pp. 52 - 56. 3. Unauthored Article in Newspaper:

Title of Article in quotation marks, full stop, title of Newspaper (underlined), comma, date, comma, page(s), full stop. e.g. "Toeing Party Line in Livestock". The Daily News, 24 November, 1978, p. 4. 4. Authored Article in Newspaper:

As for magazine but no page number is given

e.g. Swantz, Marja L. (1974), "Women's Economic Position in Relation to Marital Status", The Daily News, 20 November. 5. In a Monograph Series: As for Article in Journal but Editors and Publishers are added e.g. Blacking, J. (1965), "The Role of Music in the Culture of the Venda of the Northern Transvaal", Studies in Ethnomusicology, Vol.II, pp. 20 - 35. Ed. M. Kolinksy, New York, Oak Publications. 6. In an Edited Book (Author may or may not be Editor/Coeditor

As for article in monograph series, omit volume only, while Editors and Publishers come at end of citation. No quotation marks on title of book, just underlining. e.g., Wachsmann, K.P. (1973), "Musical Instruments in the Kiganda and their place in the East African scene". Essays on music and History in Africa, ed K.P. Wachsmann. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, pp. 93 134 (Author as Editor). Format the same if author is not editor. b. 1. Books: By author(s) As in a 6 above on name, date, title, location of press, Title of Press. If more than one author then other authors have first initials before their surnames e.g. Nketia, J. H. K. (1974), The Music of Africa, New 2. Editors as Authors: As for author(s) above but add eds, in relevant slot e.g., Radcliffe - Brown, A. R. and D. Forde, eds. (1950), African Systems of Kinship and Marriage, London, University of London Press. c: Papers (Published and unpublished) York: W.W. Horton.

1. Published: As for Journal articles, listing paper series that publishes it instead of Journal, with publisher and date e.g. Kuuya, Massette, P. (1977), "Transfer of Technology: An overview of the Tanzania Case", Economic Research Bureau Paper Series, 77.3, University of Dar es Salaam. (Note here ERB uses the paper series marked by calendar year; so 77.3 will be the third such a paper released independently in the year 1977) Sampson, G.P. and A. J.Yeats (1970), "On the use of Belgium - Netherlands coefficients of Effective Protection: An Analysis, "Oxford Economic Papers", Vol. 3, pp. 496 - 507. (Note here, Volumes may be specific to the year, No. 3 may stand for 3rd release of that year with more than one article: e.g. monthly or quarterly; hence the need to include pages). 2. Unpublished: After author, date and title state forum of Release of Article with date and view if possible. e.g. Ndawula - Kajumba, W. (1970, "A Sociological Description of the Tanzania Sisal Industry", Paper presented at the Social Science Conference of East African Universities. Mtatifikolo, F. (1994), "Adjustment Processes, Social Service delivery and the Environment: Some Macro - Micro linkages in Tanzania", Paper presented at the 9th Economic Policy Workshop, organized by the Economics Department and Economic Research Bureau of UDSM, DSM, November 28 - 30. (Note the second reference is more complete as it adds date, organizers, location oforganizers and location of workshop, in addition to the standard in formation containedin the former. If such workshops are regular and they are known to yield proceedings in the form of monographs, booklets, books or other published outputs then the words Economic policy workshop may be underlined). d. Theses and dissertations (These are all unpublished) Author, date and title as in published paper. To these are added nature of thesis/dissertation (MA, MPhil, Phd, MSc, etc), the relevant University and location. eg. Mapolu, H. (1973), "The Social and Economic Organization of Ujamaa Villages," M.A.

Thesis, University of DSM; DSM. Mtatifikolo, F. (1983), "The Economic Consequences of International commodity Agreements on Less Developed Countries", Phd (Economics) Dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. Notes: If academic Institution is not named after a major city you need in expand on location. Typically an M.A. from IDM Mzumbe would need to expand location to IDM, Mzumbe, Morogoro, Tanzania, an MSc from SUA, will need to add Morogoro, Tanzania. Even the Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), if it offers separate MSc and PhD, will need to add DSM in specifying location. The second citation above reflects the need for locational details. e. 1. Other Aspects/Problems in Referencing Names with prefix e.g. de Clark (is it d or c) answer C de Cuiller (is it d or c) answer C von Waisacker (Is it v or w) answer W dia - Wamba (is it d or w) answer W Then in referencing write Clark, F. de (.) Cuiller J.P. de (.) Waisacker, J. von (.) Wamba, W. dia (.)

2.

Combined names to form one names as the surname e.g. Radcliffe - Brown, A.R. (.) Michael - Rosen, P.D. (.) These are referenced as they appear, i.e., Alphabetically as dictated by the combined name.

3.

Standard initials that are identical but meaning different things when written out in longhand

10

ECA - Economic Commission for Africa ECA - Economic Commission for Asia Write in long form and list accordingly (In the text if it is too cumbersome you may be innovative, e.g. ECAf for Africa and ECA for Asia). 4. Standard initials which are different but would appear in different slottings if in long form VS in short form: USA: United States of America USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (When it existed) In short form USA would come before USSR In long form USSR would come before USA Solution: Use discretion. If initials are very standard stick with them and slot in reference accordingly. 5. Names of places, countries, rivers, etc, appearing equally conspicuous in different languages. e.g. Cote^d' Ivoire and Ivory Coast Congo River and River Zaire Den Hague and The Hague Campuchea and Cambodia Solution: Use UN listing in the language of your report but where necessary use other name in bracket (as stated in the writing skills part). 6. Controversial and conflict names of places, etc. eg. Kashmir (India and Pakistan) Somaliland (With Somalia) Solution: Use UN listing 7. Changed Editions of Books with marginal changes in Titles or with changes in Author's names (not the Authors themselves). Solution: Refer each edition as a different book. You may add a qualifier that the citation is a different edition of some other referenced book (note the other book). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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4.4 : Report Writing and Presentation: Here one should note the subtopic covered under each "tailored report", the details of which appear in the various Modules in the text. A I: Pure Research (Non-Academic, Non-Consultancy) 1. Preliminaries

i. Title Page ii. Table of Contents iii. List of Tables/Figures/Charts iv. Acknowledgements v. Abstract vi. Notes and Principal Abbreviations 2. Main Report

Chapter 1: Introduction (Mainly Summary of Proposal) 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Background and Statement of the Problem Objectives and Significance of the Study Related Literature (Main Contributions to Area) Scope and Limitations Outline of (the rest of) the Report

Chapter 2: Literature Review (Expanding L.R. in Proposal) 2.1 Analytical Literature 2.2 Empirical Literature 2.3 Gaps and Missing Links (and anticipations from this study) Chapter 3: Conceptual Framework and Models 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Theory and Major Hypotheses Applicable Models and Qualifications Model Justification for the Environment Supplementary Analytical Verifiers/Tools

Chapter 4: Methodology of Study 4.1 Data: Types, collection methods, quality, adequacy, etc. 4.2 Data: Preliminary Explorations and Observations

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4.3 Data Analysis (Modelling) 4.4 Data Analysis (Supplementary Verifiers and Tools) Chapter 5: Major Findings and Interpretation 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Summary Model and Main Findings: Quantitative Major Qualitative Findings and Supplementary Evidence Interpretation of Findings and Hypotheses Tests Comparison With Related Studies/Literature

Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.5 Theory vs Evidence from this Study Limitations of this Study Main Conclusions Policy Implications and Recommendations Agenda for Further/Future Research

Bibliography (Selected and Relevant; including ALL cited) 3. Appendices i. ii. iii. iv. v. Data Collection Devices Data Used Analytical Models Used Supplementary Evidence Major (algebraic) Derivations

A II: Academic Research: Theses and Dissertations 1. Preliminaries i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. Title Page Declaration Dedication Copyright Table of Contents List of Tables/Figures/Charts Acknowledgements Abstract Notes and Principal Abbreviations

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The rest as in A I except 1. 2. 3. Normally here there is an overdose of Theory at MA and, particularly, at PhD levels There is more emphasis here on academic proofs and less on verbalism and simple claims and unwarranted verifiers/qualifiers If research is heavily applied in nature there may be a need for a whole chapter dealing with the environment under discussion (e.g., economy, industry, region, etc.)

A III: Consultancy, Commissioned Study/Report 1. Preliminaries i. Title Page ii. Table of Contents iii. List of Tables/Figures/Charts iv. Acknowledgements v. Notes and Principal Abbreviations 2. Section/Volume One: Executive Summary 1.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Summary Terms of Reference Brief Interpretation of the Terms of Reference Methodology (Plus Limitations and Scope) Major Findings (and Qualifications) Major Conclusions and Recommendations

3. Section/Volume Two: Main Report Chapter 1. Introduction and Interpretation of Terms of Reference 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Overview Terms of Reference Interpretation of the Terms of Reference Report Outline (to address each of TOR)

Chapter 2: Methodology of the Study and Major Limitations 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Summary Objectives as per TOR Data and Data Collection Devices (Plus Qualifications) Data Analysis Major Limitations

14

Chapter 3 - end of List of Terms of Reference . . . Final Chapter: Summary and Recommendations - Major Findings - Major Conclusions - Major Recommendations Main References 4. Section/Volume Three: Appendices Appendix 1. Data Collection Devices Appendix 2. Data Used Appendix 3. Operationalization of Major Recommendations (Time Budget and Action Plan) Appendix 4. Alternative Scenarios and Implications Appendix 5. List of People Interviewed/Visited Appendix 6. Team Members and Qualifications (If Commissioned Team, Task Force, Consultancy Group, etc.) ------------------------------------------------------------------4.5 Typical Appendices and their Presentation 4.5.1: Introduction on Appendices: The following are typical Appendices in a Research Proposal: (1) Time Budget, (2) Action Plan, (3) Financial Budget, (4) Proposed Chapterization, and (5) Annex Model(s). For the Pure and Academic research output (non-Consultancy) the following are typical Appendices: (1) Data Collection Devices (2) Data Used (3) Analytical Models Used (4) Evidence (5) Major (algebraic) Derivations Supplementary

The Appendices relevant for the Consultancy and Commissioned research report are the following: (1) The Terms of Reference for the Study (2) Data Collection Devices (3) Data Used (4) Operationalization of Major Recommendations (Time Budget and Action Plan) (5) Alternative Scenarios and Implications (6) List of People Interviewed/Visited and Study Team Itinerary (7) Team Members and Qualifications (If exercise was done by a Commissioned Team, Task Force,

15

Consultancy Group, etc., as opposed to a single Consultant.) In this Module two Appendices are highlighted in detail: Time Budget and Action Plan. Other typical Appendices such as Data Collection devices have been discussed in the other Modules (e.g., Module 4 for the Questionnaire and other data collection tools). The rest of the possible Appendices are summarized in 9.3 below. 4.5.2: Presentation of Time Budget and Action Plan: 1. Time Budget: Preparation of Proposal to Final Report weeks/months/quarters/etc.
Time (C) Activity (R) 1. Problem Specification 2. Reviewing Literature 3. Developing Methodology 4. Data Analysis 5. Draft 1 Final Report 6. Bibliography and Appendices 7. Final Report 8. Submission and Defense 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Notes: (1) (2) Entries in the Table (By Arrows or x's) would be referring to the actual duration of a particular Activity The activities may be split into sub-activities. Typically the following are noted: a. Problem Specification would include such sub-activities as Background Overview and Statement of the Problem, Statement of Objectives, and Statement of Significance b. Reviewing Literature might cover, sequentially i. Theoretical Literature; ii. Empirical Literature; and iii. Consolidation and Discussion c. Developing Methodology: This has aspects of: a. Data Generation: Secondary (documentation) and Primary (Field work) b. Data Compilation, c. Preliminary

16

Exploration, d. Developing models and Justifying, and e. Discussing data generated in relation to the Model proposed. d. Data Analysis; split into: a: Preliminary Model Analysis; b. Summarizing findings; c. Interpreting findings; and d. Writing chapter on Methodology and findings Writing final Draft Report and discussing it; specified in Chapters or Sections

e. f. (3)

Compiling and writing Bibliography and Appendices, split into the two components (Bibliography and Appendices) Remarks: Reading columns shows concentration of work at each given time point. Reading rows shows accomplishment of activities across time passage.

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2.
Week or Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Action Plan: Proposal to Report write-up

Activity Proposal Proposal Lit. Rev. Lit Rev. Develop Methodology Fieldwork Fieldwork Data Compilation Data Analysis Data Analysis Draft Final Report Submission and Defence Final Report Submission Verifiers Draft Proposal Formal Proposal Lit. Rev. Chapter Lit. Rev. Chapter Model and Data Instruments Data Collected Data Collected Model Runs and Tables Summary Outputs Chapter on Data Analysis Report Report Report Report Main Actors Researcher Researcher Researcher Researcher Researcher RAs and Researcher RAs and Researcher RAs and Researcher Computer Analyst Researcher Researcher Researcher, Peers, Client Researcher Researcher Remarks***

Note: *** Remarks take the form of Qualifiers to the activities listed in each Row. Note on Action Plain: Plan your actions so they exhaust the time budget action plan is about time Budget read along column and added with role of verifiers, other actors and some remarks and qualifications At end time Budget should coincide with Action Plan in terms of accomplishments.

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3.

Financial Budget:-

Five main components* a. Equipment b. Travel and subsistence c. Labour payments (Costs) d. Expendables and miscellaneous (Clerical, data analysis, stationery, etc). e. Honoraria and Remuneration to (Talent of) Researchers Notes: 1. The five above are the universally minima for all forms of research except for academic research where Talent is not rewarded financially but by the certificate it earns later. 2. When writing Budget for proposal include relevant preProposal expenditures 3. When writing Final Report include financial budget of Proposal 4. Quotations in local currency and convertible currency. Be specific on relevant exchange rate(s) * These are typical components. Variations may be reflecting specific requirements; e.g. standard Formats of Sponsoring Organizations, special UN specifications, etc. These usually prempt the use of the standard generaic formats. 4.5.3: Other Appendices: Presentation: 1. Data collection Devices: Write up the detailed Questionnaire as developed under the Methodology section: Include all the four blocks. If other devices were also used provide relevant details. 2. Data used, lengthy Derivations, models and alternative scenarios explored or used will appear in the format developed in Module 10 below for presentation of tables, charts, figures and diagrams. Formulas are derived in ordinary forms like in algebra, with all details. So are models. For alternative scenarios and qualitative information: use the format that appears in the main text for main model results for easy cross-referencing. Proposed chapterization (in academic Proposals) Reproduce anticipated Table of Contents, and for each section stop at subsection only; e.g. 1.1 1.2 7. Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview The Premises (no (1.1.1 Theoretical Premises or/or 1.1.2 Empirical Premises) Overview List of people Interviewed/Visited

6.

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Use format: By Region/Country; Ministry; Office; then Names and Titles of Interviewees (list by seniority) Or by date first, the rest follow as above. If time slotting was necessary then seniority will be pre-empted. 8. (a) (b) (c) 9. List of Team Members: Chairman first, Executive Secretary, rest of Team: each with Affiliation, or Chairman and Rest of Commission/Team, then Secretariat: each with Affiliation, or Team leader, then the rest by seniority (in a typical Consultancy) Operationalization of Recommendations (in Consultancy and Commissioned Studies): Set up as in the Action Plan : - Replace Activity by Recommendation - Include column of Activities per Recommendation - Note sequencing and the starts-and-stops of each activity.

Plenary to work on Complete Proposals and follow-through the logic behind each section of the Proposal as the questions: What, Why, How, etc., are addressed in successive such sections

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