March | April 2012 Feature title: PRODUCT SHOWCASE 2012

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FEATURE FEATURE tolerance to low O2 conditions table 2: temperature (C) conditions for aquatic species and inducing stress comparable lower lethal Preferred Upper lethal to suffocation. Species temperature temperature temperature An increase in CO2 may also decrease the pH, which can lead to toxicity of nitrite. If plants in rainbow trout 0 13 - 17 24 - 27 the water absorb too much CO2 nile tilapia 8 - 12 31 - 36 42 for photosynthesis during the day, tra catfish 9 23 27 33 the pH will increase, and the Crucian carp 0 25 - 32 38 fish and shrimp are subjected to Channel catfish 9 22 29 37 higher un-ionized toxic ammonia (NH3) concentrations. Cobia 1 21 - 27 33 Carbon dioxide concentratiger prawn 14 25 - 30 36 tions above 60 ppm may be White shrimp 14 > 20 40 lethal. In an emergency, CO2 can be removed by table 3: toxicity of H2S to various aquatic organisms adding liming agents such Common name Species name lC50 (ppb) as quicklime, hydrated lime or sodium carbonate to the pond water. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 846.7 pH is a measure of Indian prawn Penaeus indicus 179.3 acidity (hydrogen ions) or oriental river shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense 51.0 alkalinity of the water. It non-food grade livestock by-products; 2) According to maintain Portunus trituberculatus 31.5 is important to research report and various Crab surveys it was found that there are 100 feed- plant oilseed and grain legume meals; 3) cereal Black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 62.6 a stable pH at a safe and 4) miscellaneous promills in Bangladesh affects range because it that produce aquaculture by-product meals; vannamei Pacific white shrimp litopenaeus 60.2 tein sources such as single-cell proteins, leaf feed and poultry feed together. the metabolism and other It is clear that there is no specific study daylight hours. pH is generally lowest at physiological processes of culture organisms. protein concentrates, invertebrate meals, etc. However, to eventual success of these emphasising sustainability/ feasibility of feed- sunrise (due the respiration and release of It can create stress, enhance the susceptibility based aquaculture, especially in Bangladesh. CO2 during the night) and highest in the to disease, lower the production levels and potential feed resources as fishmeal replaceIn poor growth and of aqua-feeds has afternoon when algae utilization of CO2 is at cause fact, the production even death. Signs ment in aquafeeds will depend upon the been widely recognised as one of the fast- further development and use of improved of sub-optimal est are besides expandpH ing agricultural others increased industries in mucus on the gill the world, with surfaces of fish, annual growth unusual swim23-24 May 2012 rates in excess ming behavior, Aviemore, Scotland of 30 percent fin fray, harm per year (Tacon, to the eye lens 1996). On the as well as poor basis of differphytoplankton ent categories and zooplankton of species, 25 growth. Optimal percent of total pH levels in the aqua-feed propond should be duction was in the range of for shrimp and 7.5 8.5. prawn. The CO2 The efforts concentration have been in the water placed on the also influences use pH, e. g. an the of by-products from the increase in CO2 much larger and decreases the faster-growing pH, as already terrestrial agrimentioned cultural proabove (Diagram duction sector, 1). As phytoincluding: the plankton in 1) terrestrial aniThe UKs major Aquaculture exhibition and conference water utilizes mal by-product featuring the latest aquaculture products and innovations. CO2 for photomeals resultsynthesis, the pH Visit www.aquacultureUK.com for further information or ing vary natuwill from the contact info@aquacultureUK.com processing (i.e. rally throughout rendering) of

Monitoring pond water quality to improve shrimp and fish production

by Elisabeth Mayer MSc, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Austria

quality parameters such as oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity and nitrogen compounds are described with insights on how these parameters influence each other. Table 1 gives an overview of the water quality parameters with their standard values. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important parameters in aquaculture. Maintaining good levels of DO in the water is essential for successful production since oxygen (O2) has a direct influence on feed intake, disease resistance and metabolism. A Unbalanced levels of temperature and sub-optimal level is very stressful for fish and pH can increase the toxicity of ammonia shrimp. It is therefore important to keep DO and hydrogen sulfide. Thus, maintaining bal- at optimum levels of above 4.0 ppm. The dynamic oxygen cycle of ponds fluctuanced levels of water quality parameters is fundamental for both the health and growth ates throughout the day due to phytoplankton of culture organisms. It is recommended to photosynthesis and respiration (Figure 1). As shown in Figure 1 maximum DO monitor and assess water quality parameters will occur in the late afternoon due to the on a routine basis. In this article the most important water buildup of O2 during the day through photosynthesis. As phytoplankton table 1: Water quality parameters and their standard values (microscopic algae) usually Parameter Standard values consumes the most O2 and since photosynthesis does not occur during the night, (Dissolved) oxygen >4.0 mg/l DO levels decline. Critically temperature Species dependent low DO occurs in ponds pH 7.5 8.5 specifically when algal blooms Salinity Freshwater: < 0.5 ppt crash. The subsequent bacBrackishwater: 0.5 30 ppt terial decomposition of the Saltwater: 30 40 ppt dead algae cells demands a optimum: 15 25 ppt lot of oxygen. Managing the Carbon dioxide (Co2) < 10 ppm equilibrium of photosynthesis ammonia (nH4+/nH4-n) 0 0.5 ppm and respiration as well as the algae growth - is an impornitrite (no2-) < 1 ppm tant task in the daily work of Hardness 40 400 ppm a farmer. alkalinity 50 300 ppm When feeding the fish H2S 0 ppm and shrimp, oxygen demand BoD < 50 mg/l is higher due to increased

he proper management of pond water quality plays a significant role for the success of aquaculture operations. Each water quality parameter alone can directly affect the animals health. Exposure of shrimp and fish to improper levels of dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite or hydrogen sulfide leads to stress and disease. However, in the complex and dynamic environment of aquaculture ponds, water quality parameters also influence each other.

energy expenditure (also known as specific dynamic action). To face this higher oxygen demand, several measures can be taken: Other sources of oxygen than photosynthesis are diffusion or transfer from air to water. Wave action or mechanical aeration is forcing this oxygen diffusion. Paddlewheel aerators accomplish this by breaking water into small droplets and increasing contact of water surface with air. Aspirator aerators compel air into the water through a venture and a propeller. Another reason for aeration is the circulation of aerated water through the pond. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the pond can affect the oxygen cycle and thus, the oxygen equilibrium. Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is the amount of DO needed by aerobic biological organisms in the water to break down organic material present at a constant temperature during a 5-day period. BOD5 is an important water quality variable that may be required to demonstrate compliance with water quality permits issued by the governments and to achieve farm certification. The BOD5 of pond aquaculture effluents usually ranges from 5 to 20 mg/l. The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted. Also, the O2 cycle and thus, the DO levels can be affected by changes in the environment; a cloudy day will diminish the photosynthetic O2 input to DO. Correspondingly, uncommonly high temperatures will decrease the solubility of O2 in water and hence lower DO. When a pond is in equilibrium DO will not change drastically. Temperature is another important water quality parameter. It can affect fish and shrimp

feeding started in the country in late 1990s when semi-intensive shrimp farming of brackish water started in the southeastern part of the coastal area and in the beginning of last decade in fresh water, when Thai catfish farming started getting popular. Before that a few farms used rice bran and oil cakes mash from in aquaculture. Figure 1: The daily cycle of oxygen in Supplemental feeds in pellet form for semia pond intensive Peneaus monodon farming were mostly imported and a joint venture company started producing several thousand tonnes annually in the country. However, semi-intensive Peneaus monodon farming started and vanished like bubbles, aquaculture feed imports ceased to exist and the joint venture company switched over to producing low-cost aquaculture feeds for fishes. Since than pellets became familiar and several companies and private farm owners Figure 2: The daily cycle of oxygen and are now producing pellets for fish and shrimp carbon dioxide in a pond in the way they like. Most of the pellets produced as feed contains more junks than nutritionally required proportional ingredients. Improper feeds provided to a terrestrial animal may cause harm to it or the animal can deny consuming and provider has an option to change or modify to make it palatable. In case of aquaculture once feed (sinking) is provided, it is difficult to know that percentage of feed being consumed by target animal.

The impact of poorer quality feeds

To make things pH correlation, Diagram 1: CO2 and worse uneaten feed/ particles partly used as fertiliser in aquatic ecoinfluencing the toxicity of NH3 system and pollute the water body rapidly, if water exchange is not and the degree of metabolism, feeding rates practiced (Tacon, 1996). In Bangladesh aquaculture most ponds ammonia toxicity. Temperature also has a are rain fed and hardly has any scope of water direct impact on biota respiration (O2 conexchange. sumption) rates and influences the solubility of Therefore, cost effective quality O2 than O2 (warmer water holds less feed is a must for aquaculture. cooler water). Bad quality feed translated into poorer Temperature cannot obviously be conproduction performance, pollutes water bodtrolled in a pond. Aquatic animals modify ies, degrade eco-system and environment and their body temperature to the environmay lead to out break of disease in aquaculment and are sensitive to rapid temperature ture farms (Barua et al, 2011). variations. For each species, there is a range of It is very much difficult to find 2). It is temperature conditions (Table out the time when formulated feed was introduced in therefore important to adapt fish and shrimp aqua farms of Bangladesh, but it is well known progressively when transferring them from that during the introduction of semi intensive tank to pond. method supplementary feed was introduced. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in ponds is priEspecially in shrimp farms located in Coxs marily produced through respiration by fish/ Bazaar used fishmeal, rice bran and different shrimp and the microscopic plants and animals types of oil cakes as supplementary feed. that constitute the pond biota. Local farmer started to (and this mixture Carbon dioxide levels use toxicity) are in 1987-1988. The Meghna Farm of Coxs highest when DO levels are lowest (Figure bazar first used the pelleted feed in 1989. 2). Thus, dawn is a critical time for monitorSaudi Bangla Fishfeed Ltd, first manufactured ing DO and CO2. High CO2 concentrapelleted feed the 1990. In 2001, and shrimp tions inhibit in ability of fish Bangladesh Integrated Fishery and Poultry Limited first to extract O2 from the water, reducing the introduced floating feed which is very costly.

Aquaculture UK 2012

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