Tenses

REMEMBER: Tenses do not directly refer to TIME. Tenses are just grammatical forms of verbs to refer to some point of the timeline or to refer to different situations. Example: Present simple do not necessarily refers to present time; it is also used to refer to future time, or to refer to timeless facts such as laws of nature. Susan cooks a delicious chocolate cake. Susan has a meeting next Tuesday at that time. The ice melts at 0C Happening in present time Happening in future time Timeless fact. (it has no point in the timeline)

Present simple
Grammar structure: In affirmative sentences: In negative sentences: In questions: DO NOT FORGET: 1. In affirmative sentences when the 3rd person singular subject (She, He, it) is used, we add an -s suffix to the verb. E.g.: She runs on the track , Mat washes the dishes 2. When we use the verb be in a negative sentence or in a question, we DO NOT use the auxiliary do. E.g.: Mark isnt too tall, Is she a good teacher?. Uses of Present simple a) Habitual actions: Actions that happen repeatedly or daily routines. For habits, you usually use time expressions such as: every day, every week, etc. Sue plays tennis every weekend b) General or permanent situations. John lives in Canada Jack works at University c) Facts: General timeless truths such as physical laws. The Earth moves around the sun Earthquakes are common in Chile S + V (infinitive) + C S + dont/ doesnt + V (infinitive)+ C (QW) + Do/ does + S +V (infinitive) +C? The moon moves around the Earth She doesnt know anything Do you like barbecue?

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Exercises: 1) Complete the sentences with the present simple of verbs in brackets. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. I do yoga every morning . (do yoga) My parents________. (not work) What time______ lunch? (you/ have) I______ meat. (not eat) When_____ to go shopping? (you/ want) Jim_____ television every morning. (watch) My mother and I _____ .very well. (get on) ______ to the gym every day? (they go) Excuse me, _____ here? (you/ live) She always_____ .a shower before breakfast. (have) How much coffee_____? (you/ drink) We _____ at work. (not smoke) He_____ by plane very often. (not travel) Why_____ at 6.00. (Linda/ get up) They sometimes_____ a taxi home. (get) He_____ work at 5.00. (finish) What kind os music_____? (you/ listen to) They_____ away at the weekend. (not go) She_____ him very often. (not see) Why_____ me? (your father/ not like)

2) Complete with the correct verb in present simple. GET ON NOT HAVE LISTEN LIVE OPEN NOT TALK NOT WORK He lives in a flat A. B. C. D. E. F. _____ the Banks _____ in the afternoon? My sister _____ many friends. We usually _____ to the news in the car. Shes quite shy. She ______ much. _____ Jane _____ well with her boss? My cookers new, but it _____ very well.

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Present Continuous Grammar structure: In affirmative sentences: In negative sentences: In questions: Uses of Present continuous a) Activity in progress: Something that is happening now or close to the time of speaking. He is attending a meeting now Im reading a really good book at the moment b) A temporary situation. He is living with her parents Im sleeping in my grandparents house for this month Some verbs are NOT typically used in the continuous tense. Instead, we prefer to use these verbs in the simple present. These verbs are called STATIVE (or non-action) verbs. Here are some examples: S + am/is/are+ V (-ing form) + C S + am not/isnt/arent+ V (-ing form)+ C (QW) + am/is/are + S +V (-ing form) +C? Im studying for my exams She isnt coming this weekend Am I doing it right?

Want - like love hate know - need see hear - believe - understand - have (possession) forget remember belong (ETC) She has a new house (not Shes having a new house)

Exercises: 3) Write sentences with present continuous IT/ RAIN (-) = It isnt raining 12345678Hey! You/ stand on my foot! (+) =_________________________________ They/ play very well today (-) = ___________________________________ What/ you study at the moment (?) =______________________________ We/ think of you (+) =___________________________________________ She/ wear make up (?) =_________________________________________ They/ make/ a big mistake (+) =___________________________________ Your brother/ work in London now (?) = ____________________________ She/ talk to her father at the moment (-) = ___________________________

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4) Complete the sentences with the following verbs in the correct form. GET HAPPEN LOOK LOSE MAKE START STAY TRY WORK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. You re working hard today Yes, I have a lot to do. I ______________________ for Christine. Do you know where she is? It ______________________ dark. Shall I turn on the light? They dont have anywhere to live at the moment. They _________________________ with friends until they find somewhere. Things are not so good at work. The company ______________________ money. Have you got an umbrella? It ____________________ to rain. You _______________________ a lot of noise. Can you be quieter? I ____________________ to concentrate. Why are all these people here? What __________________________________?

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Present simple or Present continuous? a) Action happening at the moment of speaking v/s a habit. Why are you wearing glasses? (moment of speaking, happening right now) Why do you wear glasses? (Habitual) b) Temporary event v/s permanent situation. Linda is living with her parents (Temporary. Until she gets a better job) Linda lives with her parents (Permanent. Because she cant afford to live alone)

Exercises: 5) Complete the sentences with the present simple or present continuous. The girl in the painting is playing the guitar. (play) 1. My dogs not dangerous. He____________. (not bite) 2. Why _____ you sunglasses? It ________________! (wear, rain) 3. You can turn off the radio. I __________ to it. (not listen) 4. I ___________ to go to the bank. I __________ any money. (need, not have) 5. Be careful! The baby _____________ that pencil in her mouth! (put)
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6. A ________ you usually ___________ at weekends? B No, we normally _____________ out. 7. A What ____________ you ____________ here? B I __________ Emma. Look, there she is. 6) Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

(cook, eat) (do, meet)

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. The water boils. Can you turn it off? is boiling______________ Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. ______________________________ Can you hear those people? What do they talk aobut? ___________________________ The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days. _______________________________ I must go now. It gets late. ________________________________________________ I usually go to work by car. ________________________________________________ Hurry up! Its time to leave. OK, I come. __________________________________ I hear youve got a new job. How do you get on? ______________________________ Paul is never late. Hes always getting to work on time. __________________________ They dont get on well. Theyre always arguing. ________________________________

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Past simple Grammar structure: In affirmative sentences: In negative sentences: In questions: Uses of Past simple a) Completed action/event in the past. Jane taught Tom last week Mike took the 3.00 AM bus b) Habitual or repeated action/event in the past. It snowed almost every weekend in the morning last year Peter baked bread every Sunday Exercises: 7) Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple. Two summers ago we had (have) a holiday in Scotland. We _____ (drive) there from London, but our car _____ (break) down on the motorway and we ______(spend) the first night in Birmingham. When we _____ ( get) to Edinburgh we _______ (not can) find a good hotel they ______ (be) all full. We _______ _________(not know )what to do but in the end we ______ (find) a bed and breakfast and we _____ (stay) there for the week. We ______ (see) the castle, ______ (go) to the Arts Festival , and we ______(buy) a lot of souvenirs. We _____ (want) to go to Loch Ness but we _______(not have) much time and it ____ (be) quite far away. The weather _____ (be) good, but it ______ (start) raining the day we _____ (leave). 8) Re-order the words to make questions Where did you go on holyday? go where holiday you on did? Vancouver. __________________________? time did have you good a? Yes, it was great. __________________________? with did who go you? With some friends. __________________________? stay where did you? In a hotel. __________________________? you it why didnt like? Because it was very modern and quite expensive. __________________________? how did cost plane much the ticket? 500 S + V (past simple form) + C S + didnt + V (past simple form)+ C (QW) + Did + S +V (infinitive) +C? Tommy failed the exam Bill didnt touch anything in your house Did you visit the doctor?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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9) Read what Laura says about a typical working day.

Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura. Write what she did or didnt do yesterday. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. She got up at 7 oclock She _________ a big breakfast. She ________to work. It_______ her half an hour to get to work. She ________ work at 8.45 She _______ lunch She ________ work at 5 oclock She_____ tired when she _____ home. She______ a meal in the evening. She ________ out yesterday evening. She________ to bed at about 11 oclock She ________ well last night.

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Past continuous Grammar structure: In affirmative sentences: In negative sentences: In questions: S + was/were + V (-ing form) + C S + wasnt/ werent + V (-ing form)+ C (QW) + was/were + S +V (-ing form) +C? This time last year I was living in Brazil I waved to Helen, but she wasnt looking What where you doing at 8 oclock?

Uses of Past continuous a) An action in progress at a specific point of time in the past He was walking to school at 8.30 this morning John was running that day b) Past action simultaneous with some other event in the past: We often use past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else. Matt phoned when we were having dinner It was raining when I got up Note the difference: using past simple and past continuous v/s using past simple and past simple

Exercises: 10) Complete with a verb in the past continuous. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. He met his wife when he _______________ in Japan. (work) They _____________ for us when we arrived. (wait) ________ she _____________ a coat when she went out? (wear) What ______ you _________ at 7.30 last night? (do) I ___________________ when you gave the instructions. (not listen) I _____________________ when you phoned me. (drive) It _____________________ when I woke up this morning. (not rain)

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Past simple or past continuous? a) Past continuous indicates incomplete action v/s complete action She was drowning in the lake, so the lifeguard raced into the water He drowned in the lake. We didnt see him again

(incomplete) (complete)

b) Using past simple and past continuous v/s using past simple and past simple He was leaving when I came in (I saw him when I came in) He left when I came in (He left before I came in) Exercises: 11) Put the verbs into the past simple or past continuous. She arrived when we were having dinner. 1. I __________ my arm when I _____________ football. 2. _______ you __________ fast when the police ___________ you? 3. It _____________ when we ____________ the pub. 4. I ______________ the match because I _______________. 5. When you ____________ me, I _____________ to my boss. 12) Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. (arrive, have) (break, play) (drive, stop) (snow, leave) (not see, work) (call, talk)

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Referring to the future. In English Language, theres no tense directly related to the future time. But there are ways to refer to the future time using modal auxiliaries and tenses already mentioned. a) Modal auxiliary Will (contracted form < ll > , negative contracted form <wont> ) I. Instant decisions: We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. Oh, Ive left the door open. Ill go and shut it. What would you like to drink Ill have an orange juice, please II. Offering to do something ( for offer questions we use the auxiliary shall) That bag looks heavy. Ill help you with it. Shall I open the window? (Not Will I open the window?) III. Promising to do something. Thanks for lending me the money. Ill pay you back on Monday. I wont tell anyone what happened. I promise. IV. Future predictions. (you can also use be going to more informal-)

It will rain tomorrow (= Its going to rain tomorrow) b) Be going to + verb: I. Future plans. Randy and Joyce are going to get married in October. Decisions: We have already decided to do something, we had time to think and plan. Were going to see a movie at the cinema on Saturday. III. Prediction based on present evidence. Look at those black clouds! Its going to rain.

II.

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Will or be going to?

Exercises: 13) Complete the sentences using will (ll) or be going to.

1. A: Why are you turning on the TV? B: Im going to watch the news. (I/watch) 2. A: Oh! Ive just realised. I havent got any money. B: Havent you? Well, dont worry , ___________________________ you some. (I/lend) 3. A: Ive got a headache. B: Have you? Wait a second and _____________________ an aspirin for you. (I/get)
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4. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water? B: _____________________ the car. (I/wash) 5. A: Ive decided to repaint this room. B: Oh! Have you? What colour _________________________ it? (you/paint) 6. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping? B: Yes, ___________________________ something for dinner (I/buy) 7. A: I dont know how to use this camera. B: Its easy. _________________________________ you. (I/show) 8. A: What would you like to eat? B: ______________________________ a sandwich, please. (I/ have) 9. A: Did you post that letter for me? B: Oh, Im sorry. I completely forgot. ______________________________ it now. (I/do) 10. A: The ceiling in this room doesnt look very safe, does it? B: No, it looks as if _____________________________ down (it/fall) 11. A: Has George decided what to do when he leaves school? B: Yes. Everything is planned. ________________________________ a holiday for a few weeks. (he/have) Then _____________________________ a computer programming course. (he/do)

c) Present simple tense: We use present simple to talk about timetables, programs, etc. (for public transport, cinema, etc.) Usually with a future-time expression. My train leaves at 11.20 pm, so I have to say goodbye. What time does the film begin this evening? You can use the present simple to talk about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable. I start my new job on Monday d) Present continuous tense: Used for personal future arrangements (plans we have planned for a fixed time or place). What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow? Im seeing my friends tonight.

Present simple or present continuous? (future)

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Exercises: 14) Put the verb into the more suitable form, present continuous or present simple. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. I _____________ (go) to the cinema this evening. ____________________ (the film/begin) at 3.30 or 4.30? We ______________________________(have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come? The art exhibition __________________(finish) on 3 May. I ______________________ (not/go) out this evening. I ___________________(stay) at home. _____________________________ (you/do) anything tomorrow morning? We ___________________(go) to a concert tonight. It ________________(start) at 7.30. I______________________ (leave) now. Ive come to say goodbye. A: Have you seen Liz recently? B: No, but we __________________(meet) for lunch next week. You are on the train to London and you ask another passenger: Excuse me. What time ___________________ (this train/ get) to London? You are talking to Helen: Helen, I ________________ (go) to the supermarket ____________________ (you/come) with me? You and a friend are watching TV. You say: Im bored with this programme. What time ____________________ (it/end)? I___________________ (not/use) the car this evening, so you can have it. Sue _____________________ (come) to see us tomorrow. She ______________________ (travel) by train and her train ________________________ (arrive) at 10.15.

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Present perfect Grammar structure: In affirmative sentences: In negative sentences: In questions: S + have/has + V (past participle) + C S + havent/hasnt + V (past participle)+ C (QW) + Have/Has + S +V (past participle) +C? Ive never seen Star Wars. She hasnt done her homework yet. Have you worked in a bank?

Uses of Present perfect: a) A situation that started in the past and continues into the present (and maybe into the future) Ive been a teacher since 2006 (I started working in 2006 and now Im still doing it) When we use present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now. Where is your key? I dont know. Ive lost it (= I dont have it now)

You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet. (adverbs) Just = a short time ago Are you hungry? No. Ive just had lunch. Already = sooner than expected What time Mark is leaving? Hes already gone. Yet = until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet ONLY in questions and negative sentences and in the end of them. Has it stopped raining yet?

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b) Past experiences: Use present perfect to talk past experiences when you dont say exactly when they happened. Ive been to London (not Ive been to London last year) When we talk about experiences, we often use the present perfect with ever and never. Have you ever been to London? No, Ive never been there. Compare the present perfect of go and be. Hes gone to Paris = Hes in Paris now Hes been to Paris = He went to Paris and came back.

Use How long ..? + Present perfect to ask about an unfinished period of time (from the past until now). Use for + a period of time, e.g. for two weeks. Or since with a point of time, e.g. since 1990.

Exercises: 15) Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs. ARRIVE BREAK FALL GO UP GROW IMPROVE LOSE 1. Tom is looking for his key. He cant find it. He has lost his key. 2. Margaret cant walk and her leg is in plaster. She_____________________________________ 3. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. The bus fare ______________________________ 4. Marias English wasnt very good. Now it is better. Her English_________________________________ 5. Dan didnt have a beard before. Now he has a beard. He________________________________________ 6. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now a have it. The letter__________________________________ 7. The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 12. The _______________________________________

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16) Youre asking people questions about things they have done. Make questions with ever using the words ins brackets. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (ride/horse?) Have you ever ridden a horse? (be/California?) Have_____________________________________________________________. (run/ marathon?) __________________________________________________________________. (speak/ famous person?) _____________________________________________________________. (most beautiful space/visit?) What is the __________________________________________________.

17) Complete Bs sentences. Use the verbs I brackets + just/already/yet

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18) Complete Bs answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use the following verbs.

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Past simple or Present perfect? a) The past simple often occurs with specific time information (such as last year, in 1990, that day, etc.) while the present perfect occurs with more general time information (such as already, since, yet, etc). The plane has just arrived. The plane arrived at 3.00 pm. b) The past tense is used for a completed historical period v/s an incomplete one in present perfect. My father lived here all his life (complete-The father has left or is dead) My father has lived here all his life (incomplete-the father still lives there) c) Present perfect is used for general questions (often when we start a conversation) and Past simple is used for specific questions (questions asking specific details). A: Have you ever been to Mexico? B: Yes, I have. A: When did you go to Mexico? B: I went last year.

Use past simple to ask/say EXACTLY when something happened.

Exercises: 19) Right or wrong ? Correct the wrong sentences. Hes got up late this morning. He got up late this morning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Weve been to Ireland last year. ___________________________________ Have you ever gone to Paris? ______________________________________ Janes gone to the bank. Shell be back soon. ____________________________ I like your shoes. Where did you buy them? _______________________________ Ive seen that film last week. ___________________________________________ I spoke to him a minute ago. ___________________________________________ My sisters a writer. Shes written five novels. ______________________________ World War II has ended in 1945. ________________________________________

20) Complete the dialogues with the past simple or present perfect. Ive already seen that film twice. (already/see) 1. A: How long ________________ at university? (you/be) B: I _________________ two years ago. Im in my third year now. (start) A: Do you live with your parents? B: I _____________________ with them for the first two years but then I ______________________ into a student hostel last September and I _______________________ there since then. (live, move, live) 2. A: ________________ _______a job yet? (your brother/find) B: Yes, he _____________________ work in a hotel. (just/start)
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3. A: ______________________ to Nobu that new Japanese restaurant? (you/ever/be) B: Yes, we ___________________________ there for my birthday. (go) A: What was it like? B: The food _____________________ fantastic but it ___________________ a fortune! (be, cost) 21) Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets using present perfect or past simple.

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Past perfect Grammar structure: In affirmative sentences: In negative sentences: In questions: S + had + V (past participle) + C S + hadnt + V (past participle)+ C Shed gone when I arrived. He was nervous. He hadnt flown before.

(QW) + has + S +V (past participle) +C? Had you seen this movie before?

Uses for past perfect a) An action that occurred in the past before some other past event. The telephone wasnt working because we hadnt paid the bill. There was nothing in the fridge. I could see that Peter hadnt done the shopping.

We use the past perfect after when, to show that something is completely finished in the past. When I had watered all the flowers, I sat down and had a cool drink. She went to visit her sister when Susan had done her shopping.

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Exercises: 22) Make past perfect sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. I couldnt get in because ___________________________ my keys .(forget) (+) Ann wasnt at home. Where ________ she ____________? (go)(+) The woman told me that she ________________ in China a few years before. (work) (+) Everything in the garden was brown because it _____________________ .(rain) (-) The bathroom was full of water. What _____________________? (happen) (+) I knew I ______________________that man somewhere before. (see) (+) We were surprised to see Mark, because we __________________ his letter. (get) (-) After three days the dogs came back home. Where ______________ ___? (be) (+) They gave me some money back because I __________________ too much. (pay) (+)

23) Make sentences using the past perfect after <when>.

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Present perfect or past perfect?

Past simple or past perfect? Remember that an event that occurs in past perfect means that it happened before some other past event.

Exercises: 24) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Put in the simple pas or past perfect. Bill didnt tell anybody how he had got into the house. (not tell/ get) Emma _________ to France last year. Before that she _____never ________ outside Ireland. (go/be) When their mother _________ home, the children _______________ all sweets. (get/eat) Yesterday I ______________ man who _____________ at school with my grandmother. (meet/be) It _____________ to rain, and I ________________ that I ___________ my window. (start/remember/not close) I __________________ a letter on my desk that I___________ never _____________. (find/open) I _____________________Bob I couldnt go to the theatre, but he _________ already ________ the tickets. (tell/buy)

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25) Circle the correct answers.

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Zero conditional The zero conditional is a structure used for talking about general truths things which always happen under certain conditions. If you freeze the water, it turns into ice. Structure A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an if clause and a main clause: if clause If you heat water to 100 degrees, main clause it boils.

If the if clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the if clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:

main clause Water boils

if clause if you heat it to 100 degrees,

We use the same verb form in each part of a zero conditional: the simple present tense: if clause main clause if + subject + simple present verb subject + simple present verb

Uses for Zero Conditional. The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are always true such as scientific facts and general truths:

Example If you cross an international date line, the time changes. If it rains, the grass gets wet. Wood doesn't burn if there is no air.

Explanation This always happens every time you cross a date line. This is basically always true the rain makes the grass wet. This is a scientific fact wood needs air in order to burn. No air = no fire.

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Exercises: 26) Make a zero conditional sentence using the words. 1. You/not/eat/you/die. If you dont eat, you die.__________________________________________ 2. My daughter/ eat/too much chocolate/she/ get/sick. _____________________________________. 3. Ice/float/you/drop/it/in water. _______________________________________________________. 4. Iron/rust/it/get/wet. _______________________________________________________________. 5. If/no/rain/the grass/not /grow/_______________________________________________________.

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First conditional Structure: A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:

if clause If you study hard,

main clause you will pass the test.

If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:

main clause You will pass the test

if clause if you study hard.

We use different verb forms in each part of a first conditional:

main clause You will pass the test

if clause if you study hard.

if clause main clause

if + subject + simple present verb subject + will + verb infinitve

Uses. a) Events that are possible to happen after a cause. If I have time this weekend, Ill go out with my friends. If you dont study for the exam, youll fail. b) Superstitions If you break a mirror, youll have bad luck for 7 years. c) Threatening If you touch it, Ill kill you!

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Exercises: 27) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Complete the sentences with the correct form of verbs. You _________________ better if you turn on the lamp. (see) If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee, it ____________ bitter. (taste) If we don't protect the elephant, it ________ extinct. (become) You won't pass the course if you ________. (not study) You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat. (get) She ________ completely different if she cuts her hair.(look) You'll pay higher insurance if you ________ a sports car. (buy) If you ________ an apple every day, you'll be very healthy. (eat) If a deer ________ into your garden, it ________ all your plants.(get/eat) If I ________ some eggs, how many ________? (cook/eat)

28) Match the sentence halves.

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Second conditional Structure If + past simple , would + verb infinitive If I didnt have parents, Id live in an orphanage. I wouldnt get married if I had little money. Would you take the managers job if they offered it to you? Uses Use the second conditional to talk about an improbable/impossible or hypothetical future situation and its consequence. If a bear attacked me, Id run away. = Im imagining this situation. Its very improbable. With the verb be, you can use were (instead of was) after I and he/she/it. If he was/were here, hed help you. The contraction of would is d (Id, youd, shed, etc.) and the contraction of would not is wouldnt. Remember with can, use could + infinitive, not would can. If I had a car, I could drive there.

Use were (not was) in the expression: If I were you

We often use this expression for advice.

Exercises: 29) Match the sentence halves.

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30) Complete with the correct form of the verbs If I found a good job, I d move to the USA. (find, move) 1. We______________ the house if it __________________ a garden. (buy, have) 2. If I __________________ his number, I ________________ him. (know, phone) 3. You __________________ more if you _______________ harder. (learn, work) 4. If you _________________ for a week, you ______________ see everything. (stay, can) 5. I ________________ to the doctors If I _____________ you. (go, be)

First conditional or second conditional? Use the first conditional for possible future situations If I have time tomorrow, Ill help you. (=maybe I will have time). Use the second conditional for improbable/impossible or hypothetical situations. If I had time tomorrow, Id help you. (=I wont have time).

Exercises: 31) First or second conditional? Complete the sentences. If you tell her anything, she ll tell everybody in the office. (tell) Wed have a dog if we had a garden. (have) 1. Itll be quicker if we ___________ a taxi to the airport. (get) 2. If you stopped smoking, you ______________ better. (feel) 3. What would you do if you _____________ your job? (lose) 4. If you buy the food, I ____________ tonight. (cook) 5. I think hed be happier if he ____________ alone. (not live) 6. Ill be very surprised if Marina ______________ coming here. (not get lost) 7. Where will he live if he ___________ the job in Moscow? (get) 8. If she didnt have to look after her mother, she _____________ life more. (enjoy)

Guillermo Caete G., Estudiante Ped. En Ingls UDEC, 2011

Passive voice

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. The active voice says what the subject does: My grandfather built his house in 1935. The passive voice says what happens to the subject: This house is quite old. It was built in 1935. When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is often unknown or irrelevant. A lot of money was stolen in the robbery (somebody stole it, but we dont know who) Is this room cleaned everyday? (does somebody clean it? Its not important who) If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by at the end of the sentence. This house was built by my grandfather. Two hundred people are employed by the company. The passive structure is: Be + Verb (past participle) Lada cars are made in Russia.

Guillermo Caete G., Estudiante Ped. En Ingls UDEC, 2011

32)

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35)

Guillermo Caete G., Estudiante Ped. En Ingls UDEC, 2011