Stream Drainage System: - The main stem is the principal channel in a drainage basin- A drainage system is the pattern

formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes- Dendritic drainage: Formed by homogeneous material- Parallel drainage: Formed when there are slopes in surfaces- Trellis drainage: Formed by folded topography (mountains). Synclines are downturns where the main channel resides- Rectangular drainage: Formed by regions that have faulting. Streams follow paths of least resistance and are concentrated where exposed rock is weakest- Radial drainage: Formed around a central point. Sometimes volcanoes.- Centripetal drainage is the opposite of radial and flows down a central depression- Deranged or contorted drainage is formed from disruptions of pre-existing drain patterns- A tributary is a stream or river which flows into a main stem river (doesnt flow directly into a sea, ocean, or lake)Tributaries serve to drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater by leading the water out into an ocean or other large body- V-shaped valleys are formed by strong streams through down cutting- A drainage basin is where a stream receives runoff, through flow, and groundwater- Drainage basins are separated from each other by watersheds- Watersheds represent all of the stream tributaries that flow to some location on a channel Channel Type: - A stream is a body of water that transports rock particles and dissolved ions and flows downslope on a path called a channel- The deepest part is where the velocity is highest- A straight channel is straight- A meandering channel is curved- A braided channel has islands- Knick point: Change (rapid) in slope Sediment: - Laminar flow is when all water travels along similar parallel paths- Turbulent flow is when they take irregular paths- Streams erode because rock fragments are transportedTurbulent flow keeps fragments in suspension longer- Streams may erode by undercutting the banks River Valley Forms and Processes: - Long profile is a plot of elevation vs. distance- Long profiles show a steep gradient near the source of the stream and a gentle one towards the mouth- If there is a dam, velocity decreases upstream so that deposition of sediment occurs causing the gradient to be come lower- Base level is the limiting level below which a stream cannot erode its channel- For streams that empty into oceans, base level is sea level- Local base levels can occur where streams meet a resistant body of rock or artificial dam- As streams overtop banks, velocity will be high but then decreaseBecause of this, the coarser grained suspended sediment will be deposited along the riverbank to make a natural levee- Terraces are exposed former floodplain deposits that result when the stream begins down cutting into its flood plain (regional uplift of lowering the regional base level)- Alluvial fans are deposits formed due to gradient/velocity changes like that of mountain streams that enter flat valleys- When a stream enters a standing body of water, there is a decrease in velocity, and the stream deposits sediment in a delta (finger-like projections) Stream Flow:

- Mannings Equation:(left) and Chezy Formula (right)- Stream discharge: Q = A x V- As the amount of water in a stream increases, the stream must adjust its velocity and cross sectional area in order to form a balance- Discharge increases as more water is added to the system- As discharge increases, depth and velocity increase- The rock particles and dissolved ions carried are the load- Suspended load are particles carried in the main part of the stream- Bed load is with coarse an dense particles on the bed of the stream but move by saltation (jumping) as a result of collisions- Dissolved load is when ions have been introduced by weathered rocks- Floods occur when the discharge is too high, the stream widens, and the flooded areas are known as floodplains Groundwater: - The surface below which all rocks are saturated with groundwater is the water table- Rain falls on the surface and seeps into the soil into a zone called the zone of aeration (unsaturated zone) where pores are filled with air- They are eventually filled up to form saturated zones- Porosity is the percent of volume of the rock that is open pore space- Well rounded, coarse sediments have high porosity while fine sediments dont (basically how much water can fit between the rocks)- Poorly sorted sediments have low porosity because fine granules fill spaces- Porosity is low in igneous and metamorphic rocks because the minerals are inter grown unless theyre fractured