IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 12, No.

1, Februaly 1997

349

A New Intelligent Hierarchical Fault Diagnosis System

Yann-Chang Huang Hong-Tzer Yani, IEEE Member Ching-Lien Huang, ZEEE Member
Department o Electrical Engineering f National Cheng Kung University Tainan, 701 TAIWAN
Abstract -As a part of a substation-leveldecision support system, a new intelligent Hierarchical Fault Diagnosis System for on-line fault diagnosis is presented in this paper. The proposed diagnosis system divides the fault diagnosis process into two phases. Using time-stamped information of relays and breakers, phase I identifies the possible fault sections through the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) networks, and phase II recognizes the types and detailed situations of the faults identified in phase I by using a fast bit-operation logical inference mechanism. The diagnosis system has been practically verified by testing on a typical Taiwan power secondary transmission system. Test results show that rapid and accurate diagnosis can be obtained with flexibility and portability for fault diagnosis purpose of diverse substations. Keywords: Fault Diagnosis, Transmission & Dishibution P&D) System, Group Method o Data Handling, Object-Oriented Prof gramming

*Department o Electrical Engineering f Chung Yuan Christian University Chung-Li, 320 TAIWAN

sue a large number of alarm signals in a short time and pour them into the control center. The real situation and original cause of the fault is, therefore, hard to be pointed out at once by the operators under stress, if no computer-aided decision support system is relied on [11. With the advent of artificial intelligence, rule-based expert systems offer capabilities of powerful inference and explanation for the symbol-recognizing and knowledge-intensive problem of the fault diagnosis [2-61. But they suffer from some bottlenecks. The process of knowledge acquisition and knowledge base creation and maintenance for a great number of rules is quite tedious and often takes a long time [7,8]. Besides, owing to the nature of conventional knowledge representation and inference mechanism, the on-line response time required by the expert system is not satisfactory in the realtime environment [9]. Furthermore, once the rule-based expert system has been built, it is quite difficult to improve its I. INTRODUCTION performance itself by learning from new experiences recently On May 24, 1995, a fault event of line-to-line short circuit obtained. occurred at the EHV (345kV) transmission line of Taiwan In recent years, research endeavors have been directed to Power (Taipower) System. In the fault event, an protective de- the artificial neural networks (ANN) approaches for power vice in the EHV substation (3451161kV) operated abnormally, system fault diagnosis [lo-131. Basic capabilities of neural resulting in a large area of blackout and loosing load of networks in on-line fault diagnosis environment have been 2,100MW. It took the operators about 4 minutes to find the demonstrated. Nevertheless, some problems still remain real fault section and 25 minutes or so to start correction ac- somewhat of an art or unsolved in practical application so far, tions to restore the power system. As a result, the industrial such as slow convergence in the training process, and deteractivities in the outage area were seriously influenced. The to- mination of the network parameters like the number of hidden t l cost, due to the postponed fault diagnosis and restoration units and layers. In particular, the slow training process often a of the system, exceeds US$4 million. makes the users hesitate to accept the ANN approach in the In the above example, for quick fault diagnosis and effi- fault diagnosis. cient restoration of the system, the Supervisory Control And As a part of a substation-level computer aided operation Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a fundamental tool. system, this paper develops a new data-driven Hierarchical However, while multiple faults or malfunction of protective Fault Diagnosis System (HFDS) to on-line recognize the fault devices take place in the system, the SCADA system will is- situation of a power T&D system. The proposed diagnosis system is capable of locating the fault section of single or multiple faults, even subject to false operation of relay or breaker. To make the large-scale software system easy to set up and flexible to maintain, the object-oriented programming (OOP) [14,15] technique is adopted. Through a friendly-designed man-machine interface, maintenance and extension of the proposed system involve 96 W M 296-4 PWRS A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE only modification of correlated objects and do not affect the Power System Engineering Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering other ones. The proposed diagnosis system can learn new fault Society for presentation at the 1996 IEEE/PES Winter Meeting, January 21scenarios by simply adding sample data via the man-machine 25, 1996, Baltimore, MD. Manuscript submitted August 1, 1995; made interface and reestablishing the diagnosis system available for printing December 18, 1995. 0885-8950/97/$10.00 0 1996 IEEE

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automatically and rapidly, while the power system configuration or protective relaying scheme is changed. The task can be accomplished merely by the experienced dispatchers in the control center. For different power system configurations, high versatility and portability will thus be achieved. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HFDS structure, the system has been tested on a typical secondary transmission system of Tainan area in the Taipower System.

Acvonyms Used
,
GMDH SCADA ANN HFDS T&D OOP MMI APM GUI SMU DPU BOLIM Group Method of Data Handling Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition Artificial Neural Networks Hierarchical Fault Diagnosis System Transmission And Distribution Object-Oriented Programming Man-Machine Interface Alarm Processing Module Graphical User Interface State Monitoring Unit Data Preparation Unit Bit-Operation Logical Inference Mechanism Operating Sequence Akaike's Information Criterion Sequence Comparator

Ip
Legend: GMDH -- Group Method of Data Handling BOLIM -- Bit-Operation Logical Inference Mechanism

Fig. 1 Structure of the Hierarchical Fault Diagnosis System However, in practical application, exist in the symptom patterns due to c false operation of relay or breaker, the problem would be complicated. In these cases, a fault situation may lead to several possible symptom pattems, and vice versa. Consequently even experienced operator may not promptly and precisely identifj what the real situation and the original fault event are.

os

AIC

sc

11. FAULT DIAGNOSIS T&D SYSTEM IN A

The duty of the protective relaying scheme is to perform the functions of monitoring the system status and tripping the appropriate breaker(s) if a fault occurs in the T&D system. When fault occurs in the protective zone of a relay, a control signal is sent to trip related circuit breakers to isolate the faulted section from the rest of the system. Here, a section of a T&D system is meant by a power apparatus, such as a transmission or a distribution line, a bus bar, or a transformer, which can be separated from the rest of the system by breaker@). In order to minimize the service interruption and limit damage to equipment, fast and correct restoration action is needed. The system restoration first identifies the fault situations. Based on the fault situations identified, proper measures can thus be taken to restore the system. When fault occurs, the alarm signals received in an automated control center would be the binary signals of the on/off status of the protective relays and breakers as well as analog signals of bus voltages and line currents. According to these alarm signals, the operator should fulfill the fault diagnosis to judge as soon as possible where the faulted section is and what the fault type is. If all the protective devices operate correctly and data communicate without error, a fault situation would result in a particular symptom pattern (states of relays and breakers). By correctly recognizing the symptom pattern, the possible fault situations can be straightforward identified, a task which is a process of pattern recognition.

111. PROPOSED HIERARCHICAL DIAGNOSIS FAULT SYSTEM

A. OOP Scheme and Modular Design o the System f
Following the OOP scheme [14,15], the physical objects in the T&D system (lines, bus bars, and transformers, etc.) are regarded as the objects that belong to diverse classes in the software. An object in the class has two parts: one is a set of variables describing its current state; the other (in OOP terminology called method) that acce fies the data for the variables. The same type of objects has the same variables and the same methods. Besides, each object is an instance of a class, and the instance is an object for which memory space has been allocated. For example, the instances concerned in t "Line" class have the instance variables of th primary and local protective devices (relays and circuit breakers), the remote protective devices, and the corresponding coordinated protective delay times to each of these devices. By means of the OOP scheme, the diagnosis system is designed and implemented using the C++ language with modules and objects closely integrated in the system via the input/output interfaces. The structure of the proposed object-oriented Hierarchical Fault Diagnosis System (HFDS) is shown in Fig. 1, which consists of Man-Machine Interface (MMI), Alarm Processing Module (APM), Phase I and Phase I1 Diagnosis Modules, and Graphical User Interface (GUI). Detailed description of the individual modules of HFDS is addressed as follows.

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Sample I Fault Section 1 1 Tainan - H.C. M. Line

Table 1 Form of Raw Data Base Generated by the Man-Machine Interface

... 10 ... ...

...

H.C. (S/S) BUS

...

I Primary Relays and Breaker 1 Local Back-up Devices I 1 PR1, CB660-1, CB660-2 I R21-1,R67-1 I ... ... I I I I R21-1, R21-2, CB660-1, CB670-1 I R67-1, R67-2 I
I

Remote Back-up Device R51-I, R51-2, R51-3, CB1550, CB1560, CB1670

...

...

... ...

I
I

...

R51-1, R51-2, R51-3, CB1550, CB1560, CB1670

...

...

...

Legend S/S: Secondary Substation; P R Pilot Relay; R: Relay; CB: Circuit Breaker; Tr: Transformer

S2: Tainan H.C. S. Line S3: H.C. K.Y. Line SIO: H.C. Bus

s20: K Y.5.

Fig. 2 Example Data Structure of Data Base I B. Man-Machine Interface

The MMI works as a vital communication medium between the experienced operators and the proposed fault diagnosis system. The MMI creates the off-line training data by interacting with the experienced operators. These training data are used to set up the APM and the phase I & I1 diagnosis modules. The MMI requires the experienced operators to input the data for the instance variables of each object class in an interactive manner. The form of the raw data base generated by the MMI is shown in Table 1. For brevity, the coordination delay times between primary and local back-up, or between local back-up and remote back-up protections are not shown in this Table. Based on the raw data base, the MMI automatically creates two data bases, Data Base I and Data Base I1 for construction of the APM and the two-phase diagnosis modules. Example structures of these two data bases are given in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. As shown in Fig. 2, each protective device (a relay or a breaker) is related to the basic sections (a line, a bus bar, or a transformer) in its protective zone, no matter its role of primary, local or remote protection of the basic section. By virtue of Data Base I, the APM can accordingly identify whether or not there is overlap of protective zone (Le., basic sections) between the coming alarm of some protective device C. Alarm Processing Module and the previous alarm just received, a fact which is used to Receiving the time-stamped alarm signals from SCADA determine the waiting time of the State Monitoring Unit interface in on-line environment, the APM is intended to ini(SMU) in the APM (to be described later in this paper). tiate the diagnosis process, and compile the alarm data into Set I: Symptom Pattern Data
CB660-lCB660-2

Displayed in Fig. 3 is the example data structure in the created Data Base I1 corresponding to one section in a T&D system. As noted in this Figure, the structure is separated into three data sets. Set I is the potential symptom vectors for diverse fault situations, which comprise the odoff states of the relays and the breakers. To comply with the purpose of the phase I diagnosis module in identlfying the fault section, format of reduced relay and breaker signals in data set I is used in the diagnosis process. For example, alarms from each phase of the distance relays, directional overcurrent relays, differential relays, and overcurrent relays are reduced as a single alarm signal. Set I1 is the associated states of protective devices and the failure device if existing. In addition, based on the protective coordination scheme, each protective device is assigned an ordinal operating sequence (OS), which means the operating priority of the protective devices if a fault occurs. For instance, the devices with the OS = 1 can not operate later than those with OS = 2, but actual operating timing for the devices with the same OS number will be ignored to consider the little time difference in practical tripping operations. Set 111 is the corresponding possible fault types of the section. In data sets I1 and 111, two pointers of address, pointer I and pointer 11, are given to spec@ the address in the comment base. The comment base serves to provide linguistic explanations of the operating status of protective devices and the detailed fault situation to the operators. In Data Base 11, each section in the T&D system has a data structure shown in Fig. 3. The Data Base I1 is then used wt to set up the phase I (with data set I) and phase I1 ( i hdata sets I1 and 111) diagnosis modules.

Set I:Operating Status of Protective Devices I

Pomter I CB660-lCB660-2
100000I

Set III: Fault Type Code

PomterII
120000I

1 1 1

I...I1I...IH

PRI

R51-3

Failure Device Correctly Operating Devices & Their Operating Sequence

ag

I ...I I

b-g

I...I

abcg

Note: 1. OS stands for Operating Sequence of protective devices 2. "1" denotes "operate"or "opened";"0" denotes "not operate" or "closed"

Fig. 3 Example Data Structure of Data Base II for One Basic Section

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the format required by in the two-phase diagnosis modules. The APM consists of State Monitoring Unit (MU) and Data Preparation Unit (DPU) to perform these two tasks.
State Monitoring Unit

The MU fulfills its initiation function based on the information accessed from Data Base I and the received alarm signals. Receiving the first alarm signal, the SMU assigns a proper waiting time (according to the longest protective coordination time among all the basic sections it protects) to a A: first threshold self-selection; B. second threshold self-selection, watch dog and successively gathers the alarm signals. When C: selection fiom all solutions; D: threshold optimization the waiting time elapses (meaning that the fault has been in Fig. 4 Structure of Group Method of Data Handling steady state), the watch dog sends an initiation command to As shown in Fig. 4, one threshold self-sele the phase I diagnosis module to start the diagnosis. layer in the network is employed to filter out the PG elements During the waiting time, if the SCADA interface receives another signal which belongs to completely different protec- which are harmful (least useful) to the estimation of the cortive zone (no overlap between these two protective zones), the rect final output value. Only the values of the eleme watch dog is reset and reassigned a new waiting time if the Y,, Y,, ..., Y, in Fig. 4) which exceed the self-selectio longest delay-coordination time of this protective zone is old of that layer are allowed to pass to the next layer. In other longer than that of the previous one. These two time-stamped words, only the best network combinations of the input varitransfer forward to the succeeding layalarm signals are, therefore, regarded as coming from inde- ables are pe ers where layer structure is constructed. The pendent fault events in the fault diagnosis process. feature of GMDH is capable of approximating any order of Data Preparation Unit polynomials as given below [16-IS]. n n n The DPU compiles the time-stamped alarms into two sets F = a,+g a X l + i a,aSr;X,+C C C a,a,akX,XJk + ... (2) r=l 1=1l=l 1=17=1kl of data for the two-phase diagnosis module. For phase I diagFor each possible fault section (regarded as an object in nosis module, the relay and breaker signals are reduced into the format as in data set I of Data Base 11. For phase I1 diag- this paper), one GMDH network depicted in Fig. 4 is relied on nosis module, according to the time-stamped alarm signals re- to estimate whether or not a fault occurs in this section, acceived, two-piece information for each protective device is cording to the input binary alarm signals represented by XI,, prepared: the former indicates the operating state (on or off) X,, ..., X,,. The output is expressed by F with "1" and "0" espectively. The coefof the protective device, the latter is its actual operating se- standing for "faulted" or "no mial generator in the quence in this fault event. Time resolution of alarm signals ficients, a,, a , , ..., a,, of each using an optimization network (as shown in (1)) are est from the SCADA system is in 10 ms. Besides, a buffer is designated to temporarily sample and algorithm to search for the parameters with minimum AIC hold the alarm signals of another fault event which appear (Akaike's Information Criterion)-like criteria [19]. The cr during the working period of the phase I diagnosis module for ria prefer the model with both higher fitting accuracy and less complexity of the model structure to avoid the overfitting the previous event. problems encountered in general modeling process. Detailed D. Phase I Diagnosis Module network structure determination and parameter estimation loying the GrvlDH netInitiated by the MU, the phase I diagnosis module begins method can be referred to [ 16- 181. the MMI module, the with estimating the possible fault sections using the data pre- work and the training data compil pared by the DPU. To circumvent the problems of the conven- phase I diagnosis module is imple tional multi-layer ANN in excessive training efforts required, E. Phase I1Diagnosis Module the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) [16-181 is On the basis of the possible fault sections provided by the employed to achieve the same purpose on fault diagnosis. The phase I diagnosis module and the alarm signals GMDH models the input-output relationship of a multiinputhingle-output system using a multilayered perceptron- ing sequence provided by the DPU, the phase like network structure as shown in Fig. 4. Each element in the module accomplishes the fault diagnosis through network stands for a second-order (or lower-order) polynomial Mication of the fault type and detailed explanation of the fault function of the related inputs. For example, the polynomial situation. To acheve this purpose on-line and real-time, the proposed fast bit-operation logical inference mechanism is function of an element in one of the layer is expressed as: Y=PG (X)= a, + a, X , + a z X , + a3X: + a,X, X , + a,X,2 (1) employed in the phase I1 diagnosis module. The inference where PG denotes a second- (or lower-) order polynomial mechanism of the bit-operation logics is described below. generator of the input X I and X,, where a,, a,, ..., as 2 0 . Bit-Operation Logical Inference Mechanism

f .

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their operating sequence fire the AND gate. The operating priority is confirmed by the unit of sequence comparator (SC) in front of the inputs of AND gate. Only when the operating .... sequence matches the priority list stored in the sequence comCB3 parator, the output of the SC is "1"; otherwise the output of the AND gate is inhibited. Since for a single fault type,e.g., a phase-a-to-ground fault, several fault situations, i.e., different combinations of protective device status, may exist, the outN I puts of AND gates should thus be synthesized through the OR gate. Since the outputs of the AND gates and OR gates are designed to be linked to the comment base according to the adDRla : 18oO80 Iphases-to-ground cdresses given by pointer I and pointer 11, respectively, the fault situation and type can be explained by using the lin180400 I a-b-c-to-ground guistic comments in the comment base. Unlike the traditional DRlc AND expert system approach [2-61, no rule matching and searching Legend C B circuit breaker; CO: overcurrent relay; D R differential relay; are required in our diagnosis system. AND: logical AND gate; O R logical OR gate; a, b, c: line phase; In this manner, the time-stamped alarms can be on-line and SC: protective device operating sequence comparator real-time processed to obtain the conclusions of the fault type Fig. 5 Fast Bit-Operation Logical Inference Mechanism and detailed explanations of the fault situations. The BOLIM Corresponding to each basic section, a fast BOLIM is de- has the advantage of faster inference than the conventional veloped using the information offered by data sets I1 and I11 in symbolic processing through the rule base of the expert systhe Data Base 11. As shown in Fig. 5 , the BOLIM comprises tem, partly because the BOLIM only deals with the judgment two-layer architecture of AND and OR gates. The BOLIM is of a few alarm signals which are related to the fault sections built in the following steps: previously identified in the phase I diagnosis module. ConseStep 1: Set up the AND-gate layer with number of AND gates quently, the proposed fast BOLIM not only improves the inamounting to the number of fault situations considered (with ference performance but also greatly reduces the processing or without false device), i.e., the number of records in the data time. set I1 of Data Base I1 for one basic section. F. Graphical User Interface Step 2: The number of input nodes of each AND gate is equal In order to have the operator clearly understand what final to that of associated protective devices of this section, including primary, local back-up, and remote back-up diagnosis results are, an object-oriented Graphical User Inferprotective devices as well as their individual operating ence (GUI) is developed. The function of the GUI is to show sequence. The protective device whose state should be off the final diagnosis results about multiple or single fault, fault in (i.e., state of "0") a particular fault situation is connected to section, fault type, correctly and/or falsely operating devices, the input node of the AND gate via an inverter which changes and processing time along with the one-line diagram of blackout area. the state of "0" into I' 1." The one-line diagram of blackout area and the final fault Step 3: Construct the OR-gate layer with number of OR gates situation identified are displayed on the terminal of the conequal to number of fault types concerned, i.e., the number of sole. The operators can also store the diagnosis results in the records in the data set I11 of Data Base 11. data file, and rapidly finish the fault event diagnosis report Step 4: Link the outputs of AND gates to the input of OR gate through the printer. The fault event diagnosis reports are useaccording to the relationship indicated in Fig. 3 between data ful for post-fault examination and log in the system operation. sets I1 and 111. Also, the outputs of the AND gates are linked to the addresses pointed by the pointer I of data set 11, as IV. PRACTICAL SYSTEM TEST shown in Fig. 5. Step 5: Link the outputs of OR gates to the addresses pointed A. Test System Description by the pointer I1 of data set 111. The practical Taipower secondary transmission system As mentioned above, the time-stamped alarms prepared by adopted to test the effectiveness of the proposed HFDS is DPU include the two-piece information indicating on-off sta- shown in Fig. 6. The corresponding distribution system is not tus of the protective device and its operating sequence, The included in this figure, and nor is its fault diagnosis by using two-piece information for each protective device from the our proposed system demonstrated in this paper. The practical DPU is fed forward to the inputs of the AND gates in the BO- system, located in Tainan, Taiwan, was composed of one priLIM. What is to be identified is the fault situation whose m r substation (P/S, 161kV/69kV), and 7 secondary substaay symptom pattern (on-off status of the protective devices) and tions (S/S, 69kV/11.4kV), 9 line sections, 7 bus bars, and 17
....................

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Shan-shangPIS
Lung-Clu EIS

Table 2 The Number of Training Samples and Training Tune

Subnetwork Subnetwork 1 Subnetwork 2 Subnetwork 3 No Training Samples 17 45 76
Of

Training Time (sec) GMDH ANN 1 11 45 538 106 1227

Table 3 Composition of Test Cases*

single fault case double fault case triple fault case A B A B A B 80 95.0% 80 93.8% 40 92.5% singlephasetoground phasetophasefault 45 91.1% 40 92.5% 25 920% doublephasetoground 45 93.3% 40 95.0% 25 96.0% 20 90.0% 15 93.3% three-phaseshortcircuit 25 92.0% 20 95.0% 15 93.3% three-phasetoground 25 96.0% Note: A No. of testing cases. B - Correct rate of fault t w e identification * The correct rate of fault section identification for the testing cases reaches as high as 100%. Category

by using the package of AIM networks [18] was the phase I diagnosis module. A PCSubnetwork 2 tem was also used to test the SCAD The practical system was first separated into three subnetSubnetwork 3 works as shown in Fig. 6. To each subne Data Bases I and I1 were generated by th In the data-driven system co Fig. 6 The Practical Taipower Transmission System (Tainan area) required to express the system configuration b main transformers (3 transformers in the 161kV/69kV P/S, plicit rules as done in the conventional expe and the rest for 69kV111.4kV S/S). Associated with these 33 Configuration of these three subnetworks is s basic sections, total 33 objects are constructed in the two- Total number of training samples in D phase diagnosis system, belonging to 3 object classes: line, time required to establish the diagnosis system are given in bus bar, and transformer classes. Table 2. For reference of comparison, in Table 2 the time needed by the ANN is listed as well. In contrast, the tim B. Protective Relaying Scheme of the Practical System quired by the ANN is almost 10 times longer than that The protective relaying scheme of the practical system in- demanded by the GMDH network [18] adopted in the procludes primary, local back-up, and remote back-up relays and posed diagnosis system. circuit breakers. Each line section in the system employs the pilot relays (85) as the primary protection, and the directional D. General Tests overcurrent (67) and ground overcurrent relays (67N) as local To test the effectiveness of back-up protection. Distance relays (2 1) are additionally testing data is created. The test equipped as local back-up protection of the subtransmission cluding 220 single-fault, 100 d lines from the Tainan P/S to Jong-Shiaw SIS and to Hou-Chia SIS. They are also used as the remote back-up protection of the downstream line sections. Besides, relays of 67 and 67N act as the primary protection of the bus bar and the remote back-up protection of the downstream line sections and the transformers in the S/S. The can identify the fault type differential relays (87) and the overcurrent relays (51) are the formation on fault situation. In some of the test primary and the local back-up protections of the main trans- due to lack of more informat former in the SIS, respectively, The circuit breakers tripped by lot relays offered, the HFDS the protective relays are used to separate the sections in the tion estimation but fails to identfy the fault type. power system. As noted, there is no bus protective relays in In the above test cases, the processing time, from t the 69kV S / S bus bar in typical Taipower T&D system. stamped alarm signals arriving at final steady state to playing of the fault situations in the screen of the C. Implementation o the HFDS f took an average of only 21.63 ms. Rapid and accurate The HFDS has been developed on a PC-586 computers in sis results make the proposed HFDS feasible in on-line and C++ OOP language environment, which integrates all the real-time application for the practical Taipower modules of HFDS into a hierarchical and tightly-coupled It is emphasized that in the proposed HFDS cooperative system, where the GMDH network implemented mission error or loss occurs, the fault section may still be
..
~

355

Jong-Shiaw SIS and Nan-Men SIS relay, 85, and Jong-Shiaw SIS relays, 67b and 67N, operated to trip circuit breaker, CB7, arriving at a faulty steady state. According to the above time-stamped alarm signals, the HFDS provides the following diagnosis results which are displayed in Fig. 7(b). Triple faults occurring simultaneously were detected. First, line from Nan-Men S / S to Guang-Jou S / S had a phase-a-to-ground fault; directional overcurrent and ground overcurrent relays, 67a and 67N, in both substations, and breakers, CB9 and CBlO, operated correctly; the primary protective pilot relay (85) failed and was replaced by local correctly identified by the GMDH of phase I diagnosis module, but the fault type may not be identified due to incomplete back-up relays, 67a and 67N, at the two ends of this line information on the BOLIM of the phase I1 diagnosis module. section. Nan-Men S / S Tr. 1 had a phase-b-to-ground fault; the priIn such cases, the final diagnosis results of the HFDS can promary differential relay (8%) operated correctly, CB 11 failed vide at least the estimated fault section to operators. However, in the conventional expert system, such fault situation with to be tripped, and the local back-up overcurrent relay (51b) data-transmissionmror or loss will result in no conclusion or operated correctly later. However, the fault was still not isoa large number of possible solutions owing to no exact match lated. The task was left to Jong-Shiaw S / S relays, 6% and 67N, as the remote back-up protection. Unfortunately, the of rules in inference process. Jong-Shiaw S / S to Nan-Men S / S line also had a fault at the E. Case Study same time; primary protective pilot relay (82) and breaker, CB7, operated correctly, but CB8 failed to be tripped. The reThe case study to be further demonstrated is a simulated example of triple faults occurring at the same time. The fault lays, 6% and 67N, also tripped correctly as the remote backsituation of the case study is shown in Fig. 7(a). The time- up protection of the Tr. 1 in the Nan-Men S/S. It took a very stamped alarm signals received in the control center from the short time (43.85 ms) to deal with the complicated fault SCADA interface are described in Table 4. Nan-Men S / S to situations. Guang-Jou S / S line phase-a-to-ground fault took place first. F. Maintenance ofthe Diagnosis System The Nan-Men S / S relays, 67a and 67N, and Guang-Jou S / S In cases the transmission system is expanded or the prorelays, 67a and 67N, operated, and circuit breakers, CB9 and tective relaying scheme is changed, learning new scenarios or CB10, were tripped by the relay signals. In the mean time, the protective relay of Nan-Men S/S Tr. 1, 87b, operated and then modifying the older ones in the HFDS can be accomplished local back-up relay 5 lb also tripped in sequence. Finally, through the following procedure: interactively input data for Table 4 The Time-stamped Alarm Signals of the Case Study
Time 15:21:07.03 15:21:07.05 15:21:07.08 15:21:07.13 15:21:07.15 15:21:07.30 15:21:07.48 15:21:07.49 15:21:07.53 15:21:07.58 Date 950305 950305 950305 950305 950305 950305 950305 950305 950305 950305 Statement Operating Sequence 67a, 67Ntrip (Nan-Men S/S) 1 2 67a, 67N trip (Guang-Jou S/S) 3 87b (Nan-Men S/S Tr. 1) 4 CB9 operate (Nan-Men S/S) 5 CBlO operate (Guang-Jou S/S) 6 5lbtrip (Nan-Men S/S Tr. 1) 7 85 trip (Jong-Shiaw WS) 8 85 trip (Nan-Men S/S) 9 67b, 67N trip (Jong-Shiaw S/S) 10 CB7 operate (Jong-Shiaw S/S)

AaI La*
Tainan P/S

..................................................................
Fault Case: Triple faults (1) Fault Section: Nan-Men S/S to Guang-Jou S/S Line Fault type: phase-a-to-ground fault Primary Protection: CB9 (Nan-Men S E ) , CBlO (Guang-Jou S/S) Primary Failure: 85 (Nan-Men S/S), 85 (Guang-Jou S/S) Local Back-up Protection: 67% 67N (Nan-Men S/S) 67a, 67N (Guang-Jou S/S) Remote Back-up Protection: 67a, 67N, CB7 (Jong-Shiaw S/S) 67a, 67N, CB14 (Jiann-Kang S/S) (2) Fault Section: Nan-Men S/S Tr. 1 Fault type: phase-b-to-ground fault Primary Protection: 8% (Nan-Men S/S Tr. 1) Primary Failure: CBl1 (Nan-Men S/S Tr. 1) Local Back-up Protection: 5 1b (Nan-Men S/S) Remote Back-up Protection: 67b, 67N, CB7 (Jong-Shiaw S E ) 67b, 67N, CBlO (GUang-JOU S/S) (3) Fault Section: Jong-Shiaw S/S to Nan-Men S/S Line Fault type: ***** Primary Protection: 85, CB7 (Jong-Shiaw S/S), 85 (Nan-Men S/S) Primary Failure: CB8 (Nan-Men SIS) Local Back-up Protection: 67% 67b, 67c, 67N (Jong-Shiaw S/S) 67% 67b, 6 7 ~ 67N ("-Men , S/S) Remote Back-up Protection: R21-3, R21-4, CB630, CB640 (Tainan S/S)
67% 67b, 67c, 67N, CBlO (Guang-Jou S / S )

Final Fault Diagnosis Result

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: Protective Zone

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Total Diagnosis Time: 43.85 ms Fig. 7 Example of Fault Diagnosis Case Study

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356 the changed objects by following the indications of the MMI, then actions of revision of the Data Bases I & 11, and reestablishment of the GMDH network and the fast BOLIM are executed automatically by the proposed diagnosis system. The above procedure from inputting new data on the changed objects to obtaining new diagnosis modules only takes several minutes in comparison to tens of hours needed for the previous ANN trained by back propagation algorithm Analysis," IEEE Trans. on PWRS, Vol. 1, 1986. [5] S. Kumano, H. Ito, T. Goda, Y. Uekubo, S. gi, and Y. Ariura, "Developmentof Expert System for Operation at Substation," IEEE Trans. on P W , Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 56-65, 1993. [6] K. Tomsovic, C.C. Liu, P. Ackerman, and S. Pope, "An Expert System as a Dispatchers' Aid for the Isolation of Line Section Faults," IEEE Trans. on PWRD, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 736-743, 1987. [7] B.F. Wollenberg and T. Sakaguchi, "Artificial Intelligence in Power System Operations,'' Proceedings o The IEEE, Vol. 75, f NO. 12, pp. 1678-1685, 1987. [SI S.I. Gallant, "Connectionist Expert Systems", Communica oftheACM, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 152-169, 1988. [9] C.A. Protopapas, K.P. Psaltiras, and A.V. Machias, "AnExpert System for Substation Fault Diagnosis and A a m Processing," lr IEEE Trans. on P W D , Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 648-655, 1991 [lo] E.H.P. Chan, "Application of Neural-Network Computing in Inlr f telligent A a m Processing," Proceedings o 1989 Power Industry Computer Application Conference, pp. 246-251, 1989. Ell] E.H.P. Chan, "Using Neural Network to Interpret Multiple A a m , IEEE Computer Applications in Power, pp. 33-37, lrs" April 1990. [12]H.T. Yang, W.Y. Chang, and C.L. H u g , "A New Neural Networks Approach to On-line Fault Section Estimation Using Information of Protective Relays and Circuit Breakers," IEEE Trans. on P W , Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 220-230, 1994. [13]H.T. Yang, W.Y. Chang, and C.L. Huang, "On-line Fault Diagnosis of Power Substation Using Connectionist Expert System," IEEE Trans. on PWRS, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 323-331, 1994. [14] S.C. Ladd, C++ Techniques B Applications, M&T Books, 1990. [15]A.F. Neyer, F.F. Wu and K. Imhof, "Object-Oriented Programming for Flexible Software: Example of Load Flow," IEEE Trans. on PWRS, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 689-696, 1990. [ 161A.G. Ivakhnenko, "Polynomial Theory of Complex Systems," IEEE Trans. on Syst., Man, Cybern., Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 364-378, 1971 [17] G.E. Fulcher and D.E. Brown, "A Polynomial Network for Predicting Temperature Distributions,"IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, Vol. 5 , No. 3, pp. 372-378, 1994. [18]AIM User's Manual, AbTech ,1993. [191H. Akaike, "A New Look at Model Identification," IEEE Trans. on Automahc C 19, pp. 719-723, 1974.
Hong-Tzer Yang received the B.S. and M.S degrees in electrical engmeering &om National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan in 1982 and 1984, respectively. He received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering &om National Tsing-Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan in 1989. He was a technical superintendent of Chung Shan and Technology &om 1989 to 1995. He is now an associate a1 Engineering Department at Chung Phi, and the IEEE PES and CSS.
Ym-Chang Huang received the B.S.E.E. degree from National Taiwan Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1993. He is currently working toward his Ph.D. degree at E.E. Department of National Cheng-Kung university, Tainan, Taiwan. His research interests are on the planning and automation of power transmission and distribution syste

WI.
V. CONCLUSIONS

A hierarchical diagnosis system for on-line and real-time fault diagnosis in an intelligent substation-level decision support system has been proposed and demonstrated. Presented are novel knowledge representation and inference mechanism by hierarchically using the data-driven GMDH network and as diagnosis tools. Knowledge acquisition and knowledge base revision which usually demand the participation of knowledge engineers are avoided in our system. Also, the problems of the conventional ANN trained by back propagation, in particular the problem of slow convergence, are circumvented in this paper. The practical test results in a typical Taipower secondary transmission system have verified the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis system. Moreover, due to very short time needed to reestablish the diagnosis system, the fault diagnosis system can adapt flexibly to frequent changes in the power system configuration from maintenance and expansion. The work reported in this paper will be incorporated with the Restoration Support Subsystem and the Fault Location Subsystem to form a complete substation-level computer aided decision support system. Due to the flexibility, inheritance, and reusable coding features of QOP scheme, the proposed system can be expected to be easily integrated into the more and more complicated and increasing functions of energy management system in the future.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are greatly indebted to the operators of the Tainan substations of Taipower Company for their help in providing data and supporting the tests of the diagnosis system. Financial supports from the National Science Council, TAIWAN, R.Q.C. are gratefully acknowledged. VII. REFERENCES [l] W.R. Prince, B.F. Wollenberg, and D.B. Bertagnolli, "Surveyon Excessive Alarms," IEEE Trans. on PKRS, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 950-956, 1989 [2] T. Sakaguchi and K. Matsumoto, "Development of a knowledge-based system for power system restoration," IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. 102, No. 2, pp. 320-329, 1983. [3] C. Fukui and J. Kawakami, "AnExpert System for Fault Section Estimation Using Information from Protective Relays and Circuit Breakers," IEEE Trans. on P W , Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 83-90, 1986. [4] S.N. Talukdar,E Cardozo, and T. Perry, "The Operator's Assistant - An Expandable Program for Power System Trouble

Ching-Lien Huang received B.S e in electrical engineering &om National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, in 1957, and M.S.E.E. degree from Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, in 1973. Since 1964, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, where he is now a professor. His major research interests are on high voltage engineering, power system switching surge and protection, and power system planning.