Key Stage 3 - Succeed in Maths

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Key Stage 3 Mathematics Level by Level Pack C: Level 6
Stafford Burndred
ISBN 1 899603 24 7 Published by Pearson Publishing Limited 1997 Pearson Publishing 1995 Revised February 1997
A licence to copy the material in this pack is granted to the purchaser strictly within their school, college or organisation. The material must not be reproduced in any other form without the express permission of Pearson Publishing.
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Pearson Publishing, Chesterton Mill, Frenchs Road, Cambridge CB4 3NP Tel 01223 350555 Fax 01223 356484
KS3 Mathematics C: Level 6
Number and Algebra
Trial and improvement

You should draw four columns as shown below. In the first column write down your guess. In the second column work out the answer using your guess. If your answer is too big write your guess in the too big column. If your answer is too small write your guess in the too small column.
Guess Answer Too big Too small
Question
Find the value of x correct to 1 decimal place using trial and improvement methods. You must not use the key on your calculator x2 = 78.
Answer
You may have used different values in your calculations.
Guess x 8 is too small. Guess higher 8 is too small. 9 is too big Guess between 8 and 9 8.5 is too small. 9 is too big Guess between 8.8 and 9 8.8 is too small. 8.9 is too big Guess between 8.8 and 8.9 8 9 8.5 8.8 8.9 8.85 Answer x2 64 81 72.25 77.44 79.21 78.3225 8.9 8.85 9 8.5 8.8 Too big Too small 8
8.8 is too small, 8.85 is too big. The answer must be between 8.8 and 8.85. Therefore the value of x correct to 1 decimal place is 88. Note: If the question was Find the square root of 78 without using the square root key () on your calculator you would use exactly the same method.
Pembrokeshire e-Portal Licence exp 31Aug10 Pearson Publishing, Chesterton Mill, Frenchs Road, Cambridge CB4 3NP Tel 01223 350555 Fax 01223 356484
Number and Algebra
Trial and improvement

Exercises
Use Trial and Improvement methods to calculate the following. You must show all of your working. You may use a calculator but you must not use the square root key () or the cube root key (3). 1 Find the value of x correct to 2 decimal places given x2 = 5 _________ 2 Find the square root of 20 correct to 2 decimal places. _________ 3 Find the square root of 17 correct to 2 decimal places. _________ 4 Find the value of y correct to 2 decimal places given y2 = 45. _________ 5 Find the cube root of 35 correct to 2 decimal places. _________ 6 Find the value of x correct to 1 decimal place given x3 = 15. _________ 7 Find the value of x correct to 1 decimal place given x3 = 48. _________ 8 Find the exact value of x in each of the following questions: a c e g i x2 + x = 20 x3 + 5x = 18 x3 - 2x = 980 x2 - 2x + 8 = 296 x3 + x2 = 8400 b x2 + 3x = 54 d x2 - 4x = 21 f x2 + 4x - 3 = 282
h x3 - x2 = 294 j x3 - x2 + 2x = 920
Number and Algebra
Calculating fractions and percentages

To calculate one number as a fraction of another number. Example 10 people out of 25 went to work by bus. Write this as a fraction in its lowest terms.
Without a calculator 10/25 Divide top and bottom by 5 2/5
With a calculator. The calculator should have a fraction key ab/c . Calculator keys: 1 0 ab/c 2 5 = Answer 2/5
To calculate one number as a percentage of another number. Example 284 people out of 800 wore glasses. Write this as a percentage.
Without a calculator. 284/800 x 100 = 35.5% With a calculator. Calculator keys: 2 8 4 8 0 0 % Answer 35.5%
With some calculators you may have to press = at the end.
Questions
1 Find 3/8 of 12 2 A man earns 250 per week. He receives a 4 increase. What percentage increase is this?
Answers
1 2 Of means multiply 3/8 x 12 = 4.50 = 16 %
4 2 5 0 %
Number and Algebra

Exercises
Write the following as percentages. 1 3 out of 20 men have beards. _________ 2 5 people out of 40 wear hats. _________ 3 There are 360 girls in a school with 600 pupils. What percentage are boys? _________ 4 28 people out of 50 people liked pop music. _________ 5 Find 3/8 of these numbers: a d g 18 27 420 b 30 e 16 h 480 c f i 12 360 630
6 A shop had a sale in which all goods were 1/3 off the normal price. What were the sale prices of these goods with the following normal prices? a d g Tie 6 Blouse 7.50 Sweat shirt 12.60 b Shirt 12 e Skirt 6.30 h Trousers 15.90 c f i Handkerchief 4.50 Scarf 7.80 Dress 2130
7 The following list gives the marks obtained by a class of pupils in a history test. The marks are out of 80. Express each mark as a percentage correct to the nearest whole number. a d g j 40 48 27 52 b 20 e 72 h 29 c f i 36 68 33
8 A car dealer bought a car for 3000 and sold it for 3210. What was his percentage profit? _________
Number and Algebra

Notes and Examples
When working with percentages the total is 100%. If we are working with price increases or decreases the cost price or original price is 100%.
Example
A man earns 350 per week. He then receives a wage increase. His new wage is 371. Calculate the percentage wage increase. His wage increase is 371 - 350 = 21 21 His original wage is 350 350 The cost price, original price or total goes on the bottom line
Calculator keys 2 1 3 5 0 % Your calculator should show 6 . If it does not, try pressing the = key. Answer 6% Note: without a calculator 21/350 x 100
Questions
1 A golf club had 1200 members. 840 of the members were males. What percentage of the members were female? 2 A car was bought for 8000 and sold for 5000. Calculate the percentage loss.
Answers
1 The question asks for the percentage of females 1200 - 840 = 360 360/1200 2 Calculator keys:
3 6 0 1 2 0 0 %
30% 37.5%
The loss is 3000. 3000/8000 Calculator keys
3 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 %
Number and Algebra

Exercises
1 In a sale all goods are sold at 20% off the normal price. Calculate the sale price of goods normally sold at these prices. a d g j 30 5 4.50 5.35 b 400 e 3 h 3.60 k 7.65 c f i l 380 16 7.20 20.05
2 An estate agent calculates his fee for selling a house by the following rules. Houses with a selling price under 50,000, selling fee 3% of the house price. House with a selling price over 50,000, selling fee 2.75% of the house price. a Calculate the estate agents fees for the following houses: i iii b Selling price 28,000 Selling price 37,000 ii iv Selling price 58,000 Selling price 125,000
The estate agent received the following fees. Calculate the house prices. i iv 1200 3025 ii v 2200 870 iii 960 vi 2695
3 Two shops are selling identical television sets. The normal selling price is 690. In AA Electrics there is a sale with 1/3 off everything. In Hardys Video and TV store there is a discount of 30%. a b c What is the cost in AA Electrics? _________ What is the cost in Hardys Video and TV? _________ Where should you buy the television and how much cheaper is it in this shop than in the other shop? _______________________________________________
Number and Algebra
Equivalences between decimals and percentages

Converting percentages to decimals
Move the decimal point two places to the left. 38% 30% 5% 27.4% 3 8. 3 0. 5. = 0.38 = 0.30 = 0.05
2 7. 4 = 0.274
Converting decimals to percentages

Move the decimal point two places to the right. 0.52 0.7 0.03 0.365 0.5 2 0.7 0.0 3 = 52% = 70% = 3%
0.3 6 5 = 36.5%
Questions
1 Convert the following percentages to decimals: a 74% b 6% c 42.2%
2 Change these decimals to percentages: a 0.52 b 0.08 c 0.026
Answers
1 2 a 0.74 a 52% b 0.06 b 8% c 0.422 c 2.6%
Number and Algebra
Equivalences between decimals and percentages

Exercise
1 Write the following percentages as decimals: a d g j m p s 38% 26% 45% 7% 48.5% 50% 27.32% b e h k n q t 23% 80% 3% 2.32% 40% 3.6% 36.8% c f i l o r 6% 5% 60% 25% 0.5% 75%
2 Write the following decimals as percentages: a d g j m p s 0.27 0.54 0.03 0.453 0.02 3.72 0.0072 b e h k n q t 0.72 0.63 0.9 0.1 0.24 2.01 0.104 c f i l o r 0.47 0.6 0.272 0.01 0.4 4.1
3 Complete the table and then memorise the following information if you do not already know these equivalences. Fraction a b c d e f g h 1/2 1/4 3/4 1/3 2/3 1/8 1/10 1/100 = = = = = = = = Decimal 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.333 = = = = = = = = 66.7% 12.5% 10% 1% Percentage
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Number and Algebra
Equivalences between decimals, fractions and percentages

Converting percentages to fractions
First convert the percentage to a decimal and then proceed as below.
Converting decimals to fractions

0.3 = 3 10
One nought
0.3 7
37 100
Two noughts
One number after the decimal point
Two numbers after the decimal point
0.3 7 1
371 1000
Three noughts
0.0 3
3 100
Two noughts
Three numbers after the decimal point
Two numbers after the decimal point
Converting fractions to decimals

Divide the top number by the bottom number. 3/4 17/20 3/40 means means means 34 1720 340 = = = 0.75 0.85 0.075
Converting fractions to percentages

First convert the fraction to a decimal, then convert the decimal to a percentage.
Questions
1 Convert the following decimals to fractions: a 0.4 b 0.24 c 0.02 d 0.027
2 Write these fractions as decimals: a 3/5 b 17/25 c 5/8
Answers
1 2 a 4/10 =2/5 a 0.6 b 24/100 = 6/25 b 0.68 c 2/100 = 1/50 c 0.625 d 27/1000
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Number and Algebra
Equivalences between decimals, fractions and percentages

Exercise
1 Write the following decimals as fractions: a d g 0.78 0.6 0.07 b 0.93 e 0.8 h 0.98 c f i 0.47 0.05 0.63
2 Convert the following fractions to decimals: a d g 1/4 5/8 29/50 b 3/5 e 3/10 h 87/100 c f i 7/8 28/40 23/80
3 Complete this table: Fraction a b c d e f 7/8 9/16 = = = = = = 0.04 0.224 0.34 Decimal = = = = = = 25.5% Percentage
4 Write the following fractions as percentages: a d g 3/4 4/5 15/16 b 1/2 e 1/10 h 5/8 c f i 3/8 1/5 17/20
5 Convert the following percentages to fractions: a d g 25% 37% 60% b 47% e 39% h 30% c f i 28% 42.7% 8%
12
Number and Algebra
Ratio 1
Questions
1 This is a recipe for soup for four people. 800 cc water 2 tomatoes 100 g beef 8 g salt How much of each ingredient should you use for: a b two people six people
2 Simplify these ratios: a 4:18 b 30:45
3 The scale of a map is 1:1,000,000 a The distance between Longton and Hilton is 18 cm on the map. What is the actual distance? The distance between Bursley and Higham is 142 km. What is the distance on the map?
Answers
1 a Two people will need half the ingredients: 400 cc water, 1 tomato, 50 g beef and 4 g salt b Six people will need one and a half times the ingredients: 1200 cc water, 3 tomatoes, 150 g beef, 12 g salt 2 a 4:18, divide both sides by 2 2:9 b 30:45, divide both sides by 15 2:3 3 1:1,000,000 means 1 cm on the map represents 1,000,000 cm on the ground 1,000,000 cm = 10,000 m = 10 km Therefore 1 cm on the map represents 10 km on the ground a 18 cm on the map means (18x10) km on the ground 180 km b 142 km is represented by (142 10) cm on the map 14.2 cm
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Number and Algebra
Ratio 1
Exercises
1 This is a recipe for Yorkshire pudding for four people: 120 g of flour 480 ml of milk 2 eggs How much of each ingredient should you use for: a 2 people b 6 people c 10 people
2 This is a recipe to make hot pot for four people: 440 g of beef steak 50 g of flour 2 onions 600 g of potatoes 350 g of cube stock How much of each ingredient should you use for: a 2 people b 6 people c 10 people
3 Simplify these ratios: a d 3:12 10:4 b 4:8 e 18:12:9 c f 15:9 150:250:350
4 The scale of a map is 1:100,000. What are the actual distances between the following towns? Give your answer in kilometres. a b c d e Ayton is 8 cm from Beeton on the map Beeton is 12 cm from Ceeton on the map Ceeton is 3 cm from Deeham on the map Deeham is 4.5 cm from Exford on the map Exford is 7.6 cm from Effingham on the map
5 These are the actual distances between the following towns. What are the distances on the map? a b c Kayham is 5 km from Elton Elton is 8.2 km from Emton Emton is 13.5 km from Newtown.
14
Number and Algebra
Ratio 2
You use ratio every day of your life. A simple example is making a glass of orange squash. You use undiluted orange and water in the ratio 1:4 1 part 4 parts
4 parts water 1 part undiluted orange
Produces 5 parts squash
Example
How many litres of squash can be made with a three litre bottle of undiluted orange? The ratio is undiluted orange 1 one part One part is 3 litres Therefore five parts is 5 x 3 = 15 litres : water 4 four parts squash
5 five parts
Question
A man leaves 5000 in his will. The money is to be divided between his three sons Adam, Ben and Carl in this ratio 2:3:5. How much does each son receive?
Answer
Adam receives Ben receives Carl receives 2 parts 3 parts 5 parts 10 parts
10 parts is 5000 Therefore 1 part is 500
Adam receives Ben receives Carl receives
2 parts 3 parts 5 parts
1000 1500 2500
15
Number and Algebra
Ratio 2
Exercise
1 Express the following as ratios in their simplest form: a b c d A school has 200 boys and 300 girls A tennis club has 250 female members and 300 male members A factory has 900 men and 600 women A ship has 800 passengers and 160 crew
2 Express these scales as ratios in their simplest form: a b c d e f The scale of a map is 1 cm represents 50 cm The scale of a map is 1 mm represents 1 m The scale of a map is 1 cm represents 20 m The scale of a map is 5 cm represents 10 m The scale of a map is 5 cm represents 80 m The scale of a map is 2 cm represents 15 m
3 In a will, money is left to three daughters, Angela, Barbara and Carolyn in the ratio 3:4:5. If the total amount of money is 4500, how much will each daughter receive? 4 A sum of money was left to three sons Adam, Ben and Calvin. The money was divided in the ratio 3:5:6. If Adam received 2100, how much did the other two sons receive? 5 Sweets were divided between Paul, Sarah and Tony in the ratio 2:4:5. Sarah received 40 sweets less than Tony. a b What was the total number of sweets? How many sweets did each person receive?
6 A model of a sailing ship was made. The model of the sailing ship was built to a scale of 1:400. Complete this table. Model (centimetres) a b c d e Length Breadth Height of main sail Length of rudder Width of main sail Full-sized ship (metres) 200 metres 7.5 centimetres 10 metres 2 metres 3 centimetres
16
Number and Algebra
Explore number patterns

Example
a b Describe how to find each term in the pattern 5, 8, 11, 14, 17. What is the tenth term?
Method: a Term 1st 5 2nd 8 3rd 11 4th 14 5th 17
Find the difference 3 3 3 3
The difference is 3. This is what you multiply by: 1st term is 2nd term is 3rd term is 3 x1=3 3 x2=6 3 x3=9 What do you have to do to find the answer? Add 2 3+2=5 6+2=8 9 + 2 = 11
The rule is multiply the term by 3, then add 2. b The tenth term is 3 x 10 + 2 = 32
Question
a b c Find the rule to produce this pattern: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 What is the 20th term? What is the 362nd term?
Answer
a Term 1st 2 2nd 9 3rd 16 4th 23 5th 30
Find the difference 7 7 7 7
Multiply each term by 7.

1st term is 2nd term is 3rd term is 7 x1=3 7 x2=6 7 x3=9 What do you have to do to find the answer? Subtract 5 7-5=2 14 - 5 = 9 21 - 5 = 16
The rule is multiply the term by 7, then subtract 5 b The 20th term is 7 x 20 - 5 = 135 c The 362nd term is 7 x 362 - 5 = 2529
17
Number and Algebra
Explore number patterns

Exercise
a Find the rule to produce each pattern
b Find the 15th term c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Find the 127th term 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 3, 8, 13, 18, 23 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 -3, 1, 5, 9, 13 -5, -2, 1, 4, 7 27, 32, 37, 42, 47 6, 11, 16, 21 3, 11, 19, 27, 35, 43
The rules below will produce sequences. Produce the first five terms for each sequence. 13 14 15 16 17 18 Multiply the term by 3 then add 2 Multiply the term by 4 then add 7 Multiply the term by 2 then add 1 Multiply the term by 6 then subtract 1 Multiply the term by 3 then subtract 4 Multiply the term by 2 then subtract 10
18
Number and Algebra
Solving linear equations

+ is the opposite of - is the opposite of + x is the opposite of is the opposite of x
Rules for solving equations

1 3a means 3 x a 2 The sign in front of a number is attached to that number. eg -3 + 6a The - is attached to the 3, the + is attached to 6a 3 Always keep the equals signs in straight columns. Work down the page not across 4 When you take a number from one side of the equals to the other. + becomes - becomes + x becomes becomes x 5 Do the addition and subtraction parts before the multiplication and division.
Question
1 a+5=8 4 y/3 = 6 2 a - 2 = -7 5 5a + 7 = 27 3 6 -7y = 28 a/3 - 5 = 1
Answer
Keep equals signs in straight columns
a+5=8 a = 8 -5 a =3 -7y y y = 28 = 28/-7 = -4
a - 2 = -7 a = -7+2 a = -5
y/ 3
y y
=6 =6x3 = 18
5
Deal with the add first Now deal with the multiplication
5a + 7 = 27 5a = 27 -7 5a = 20 a = 20/5 a =4
a /3 a /3 a/ 3
-5=1 =1+5 =6 a =6x3 a = 18
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Number and Algebra
Solving linear equations

Solve these equations: 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 x+4=7 x - 8 = -13 3x = 12 8x = 16 8x = -8 -3x = -12 -5 x = 30 4a + 3 = 23 6e + 3 = 15 8a + 25 = 3a +10 d/3 = 5 y/4 = 3 3a/4 = 12 5x/2 + 1 = 11 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 x-5=8 x + 3 = -8 5x = 35 6x = 3 5x = -30 -4x = -20 -2x = 1 5c - 3 = 7 5a + 12 = 3a + 20 5a - 3 = 2a - 12 a/8 = 4 6a/3 = 4 5x/3 = 15 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 x - 5 = -3 x + 10 = -4 7x = 42 10x = 2 7x = -21 -8x = 32 3y + 1 = 13 8d -1 = 31 7a + 2 = 4a + 20 4a - 8 = 3a - 3 c/7 = 2 5a/2 = 20 3x/4 - 3 = 3
20
Number and Algebra
Formulating linear equations

You must understand a problem before you can write an equation to solve it. Try putting numbers in for the letters. This will help you to understand what the question is asking.
Question
1 A man buys a apples at 8p each. The total cost is 96p. a b Form an equation to show this. Solve the equation.
2 I think of a number N, I double it and add 15. The answer is 31. a b Form an equation to show this. Solve the equation.
Answer
1 a Try putting numbers in for the letters. How would you work out the cost of: 5 apples 6 apples 7 apples a apples 8 x 5 = 40 8 x 6 = 48 8 x 7 = 56 8 x a = 96
The equation is 8a = 96 b 8a = 96 8a = 96/8 8a = 12 2 a Choose numbers. See what happens: if N = 3 3 x 2 + 15 = 21 if N = 4 4 x 2 + 15 = 23 if N = 5 5 x 2 + 15 = 25 Try N N x 2 + 15 = 31 The equation is N x 2 + 15 = 31 or 2N + 15 = 31 b N x 2 + 15 Nx2 Nx2 N N = = = = = 31 31 - 15 16 16/2 8
21
Number and Algebra
Formulating linear equations

Exercise
Form an equation for each question and solve it. 1 Jayne buys x kilograms of sugar at 75p per kilogram she pays 5.25. How many kilograms did she buy? Mr Adams works for x hours per week at 4 per hour. How many hours does he work if he earns 144? A woman bought Y apples at 8p each and 12 oranges at 15p each. She spent 2.52. How many apples did she buy? John has x sweets, David has five more than John, Paul has twice as many as David. They have 51 sweets altogether. How many sweets does John have? Here are some instructions: Start with a number, double the number, then add 3. What is the start number if the result is 55? The cost of hiring a car is 45 plus 8p per mile. Mrs Johnson hires a car and the cost is 65. How many miles did she travel? Mrs Shaw walks 2K kilometres and runs 5K kilometres. She travels a total of 56 kilometres. How far did she walk? Mr Davis is four times as old as his daughter. Six years ago he was ten times as old. How old is Mr Davis now? A number N is chosen. Five times the number minus 4 is equal to three times the number plus 12. What is the number Paul and Mark worked as waiters. Paul worked for 2H hours and Mark worked for 7H hours. The wage rate was 5 per hour. Mark earned 100 more than Paul. How much did Paul earn?
10
22
Number and Algebra
Graphical representation
This is the y axis and the line x=0
4 3 2 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1
x = -5
y=
-2
y=2
This is the x axis and the line y=0
-2 -3 -4
y
-x
-x
Question
Complete this table of values and draw the graph of y = -x2 + 4 Note: Sometimes the question states draw the function f(x) = -x2 + 4 x y -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Answer
If the question asks for the function f (x) = -x2 + 4 the table and graph will be the same with f(x) instead of y. When x = -3 y = -(-3)2 + 4 = -5
x y -3 -5 -2 0 -1 3
y 4x x 3 2 1 -3 x -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 1 x 2 3 x x
0 4
1 3
2 0
3 -5
23
Number and Algebra
Graphical representation
Exercise
1 You will need graph paper. Draw the x-axis from x = -10 to x = 10 Draw the y-axis from y = -10 to y = 10 Draw the following lines on your graph and label the lines. a d g j y=0 y=3 y=x y = -x + 4 b x=0 e x = -5 h y = -x k y = 1/2 x c f i l x=4 y = -7 y=x+3 y3x
2 Complete the following tables of values and then draw the graphs: a y = x2 - 4 x y x y x y 3 Complete the following tables of values and then draw the graphs of the following functions: x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 a f(x) = -2x + 3 y x y
2 f(x) = x + 3 2
-3
-2
-1
y = 2 - x2
-3
-2
-1
y = 1/2 x2 - 6
-3
-2
-1
f(x) = 3x2 - 5
-3
-2
-1
x y x y
-3
-2
-1
f(x) = x2 + 2x + 3
-3
-2
-1
24
Shape, Space and Measures
2-D Representations of 3-D Shapes

2-D and 3-D shapes
This net folds to make a cube
Cube This net folds to make a cuboid
Cuboid
This net folds to make a square based pyramid
Square based pyramid
This net folds to make a triangular prism
Triangular prism
Question
Answer
Draw an accurate 2-D net of this cuboid.
1 cm 1 cm 2 cm
25
2-D Representation of 3-D shapes

Exercise
1 What 3-D shape will this net form?
2 Which of these nets will fold to form a cube?
3 Draw an accurate 2-D net of this cuboid.
2 cm
4 cm 3 cm
4 Draw an accurate 2-D net of this triangular prism.

2 cm 2 cm
60 60
2 cm
60
3 cm
2 cm
26
Properties of quadrilaterals
Example
A quadrilateral is a four sided shape. The angles add up to 360. Rhombus
Parallelogram
Opposite sides are parallel and the same length. Opposite angles are equal. Diagonals bisect each other. Rotational symmetry order 2.
This is a parallelogram with four equal sides. Diagonals bisect each other. Rotational symmetry order 2.
Rectangle
Square A rectangle with all sides equal length. Rotational symmetry order 4.
A parallelogram with all angles equal (ie 90). Rotational symmetry order 2.
Trapezium
Kite
A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides. No rotational symmetry. Two pairs of equal length sides adjacent to each other. Diagonals cross at right angles. One diagonal bisects the other. No rotational symmetry.
27
Axes of symmetry Rhombus Rectangle
Square
Kite
Parallelogram
Usually none.
Trapezium
Usually none.
28
Exercise
1 Give the name of the quadrilateral best described by the following statements: a b c d e All angles equal, opposite sides parallel All sides equal, diagonals bisect each other at right angles One pair of parallel sides Two pairs of parallel sides All angles equal, all sides equal
2 Name each quadrilateral. a b c
3 Find the sizes of the following angles.

a x
110
b b 50
a
62 70
d 30 e 50
29
The Quadrilateral Game

Rules: This is a game for two players. You need two dice. Each player starts with six rhombus, five kites, four trapeziums, three parallelograms, two rectangles and one square. Cut out the shapes at the bottom of the page. Choose one different number from 2 to 12 for each shape. Suppose you choose 8 for the kite. Each time you throw an 8 you can get rid of one kite. The first player to get rid of all of their shapes wins. Use a pencil to complete the table, then you can change your numbers for the next game.
Example
Quadrilateral Rhombus Kite Trapezium Parallelogram Rectangle Square Dice total 5 8 3 11 9 7
Player A
Quadrilateral Rhombus Kite Trapezium Parallelogram Rectangle Square Dice total
Player B
Quadrilateral Rhombus Kite Trapezium Parallelogram Rectangle Square Dice total
Player A
Player B
Rhombus
Rhombus
Rhombus
Rhombus
Rhombus
Rhombus
Rhombus
Rhombus
Rhombus
Rhombus
Kite
Kite
Kite
Rhombus
Rhombus
Kite
Kite
Kite
Parallelogram
Parallelogram Kite Kite
Parallelogram
Parallelogram Kite Kite
Parallelogram
Square
Parallelogram
Square
Trapezium
Trapezium
Trapezium
Trapezium
Trapezium
Trapezium
Rectangle
Rectangle
Trapezium
Rectangle
Rectangle
Trapezium
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Regular polygons
A regular polygon has all of its sides the same length and all of its angles the same size.
E
I E
I = Interior angles
I
E = Exterior angles The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360
I E
I E
Interior angle + exterior angle = 180
Questions
1 Find the size of an exterior and an interior angle of a regular octagon. 2 Find the size of an exterior and an interior angle of a regular hexagon.
Answers
1
E I E I E I E I E I E I E I E I
An octagon has 8 sides, 8 exterior angles, 8 interior angles 8 exterior angles = 360 Therefore 1 exterior angle = 360 = 45 8 Interior angle + exterior angle = 180 Interior angle + 45 = 180 Interior angle = 135
This question can be solved using the above method. An alternative method is to split the shape into triangles.
4 triangles are formed Therefore the sum of the interior angles is 4 x 180 = 720 6 interior angles = 720 1 interior angle = 120 Interior + exterior = 180 120 + exterior = 180 Exterior = 60
31
Intersecting and parallel lines

Intersecting lines
a + b = 180 b + c = 180 c + d = 180 d + a = 180 Angles on a straight line add up to 180 a=c b=d Vertically opposite angles are equal
a b d c
Parallel lines
Look for shapes. Angles at corner of shapes are equal.
or
or
Questions
40 a c b
1 Find the missing angles:

d g e f
50
2 Find x:
110
3 Find y:
20
Answers
1 2 a = 140, b = 40, c = 140, d = 40, e = 140, f = 40, g = 140. It often helps to extend the parallel lines to produce Z shapes.
70 50 20 20 y = 70
3 Try adding an extra parallel line.

50
110 70 x = 70
32
Regular polygons, intersecting and parallel lines

Exercise
1 Find the size of each exterior and interior angle of the following: a b c d e A A A A A regular regular regular regular regular pentagon hexagon nonagon (9 sides) decagon (10 sides) 12 sided polygon
2 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the size of each exterior angle is? a 45 b 24 c 18
3 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the size of each interior angle is? a 170 b 168 c 160
4 Find the angles indicated. a b

f g e d a b 50 c
60
y x
x y 45
110
e
c
120
f
x
10
b a 100
140
33
Circumference and area of a circle, areas and volumes

Ci rc
You must learn these formulae. Circumference of a circle = 2 x x radius = x diameter Area of a circle = x radius x radius
nce fere um
Ra diu s
Diameter
Volume of a cuboid = length x width x height Volume of a cuboid = 6 cm x 3 cm x 4 cm = 72 cm3 Note: Area is in units2 eg cm2, m2 Volume is in units3 eg cm3, m3
4 cm 3 cm 6 cm
Questions
1 Find the circumference and area of a circle radius 8 cm. 2 Find the area.
8m
5m
2m 1m 3m
3 This is a diagram of a garden with a lawn and a path around the edge. The path is 2 m wide.
Path Lawn 10 m
16 m
Answers
1 Circumference = 2 x x r = 2 x 3.14 x 8 = 50.24 cm Split the shape into three parts. Area = 32 m2 Area = x r x r = 3.14 x 8 x 8 = 200.96 cm2
1 m x 5 m = 5 m2 4mx3m = 12 m2 5mx3m = 15 m2
Find the area of the large rectangle = 10 x 16 = 160 m2 Find the area of the small rectangle = 6 x 12 = 72 m2 Take away = 88 m2
34
Circumference and area of a circle, area and volumes

Exercise
1 Find the circumference and areas of the following circles: a d g radius 5 cm radius 3.2 cm diameter 9 cm b radius 12 m e diameter 12 cm h diameter 4.8 m
Path
c f
radius 7 m diameter 20 m
2 Find the area of a circular path 2 m wide which goes all the way around a pond radius 20 m.
20 m
80 m
3 a b
Find the distance around this cycle track. Find the area of the cycle track
12 m
4 This is a diagram of a garden. a b What is the perimeter? What is the area?

5m
18 m
5m
2m 4m
4m
5 This is a garden. It has a lawn with a path, 3 m wide around the outside. What is the area of the path?
20 m
12 m
35
Enlargement
Questions
1 Enlarge the triangle ABC by a scale factor of 2. Centre of enlargement is the point (2, 1).
5 4 3 2 1 a b c
2 R1 is an enlargement of R. a b What are the coordinates of the centre of enlargement? What is the scale factor of the enlargement?
10 8 6 4 2 R1
10
36
Enlargement
Answers
1
8 c1
5 4 3 2 1 x 2 a 1 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 b c
a1
b1
Count the distance from the centre of enlargement to each point scale factor Point a Point b 1 up 2 along 1 up 3 along 3 up 4 along x2 8 along x2 6 along 6 up x2 4 along 2 up 2 up
Point c
10 8 6 4 2 R1
10
a Use a ruler to join the corners. The dotted lines cross at (1,2). Therefore the centre of enlargement is the point (1,2) b Scale factor = Scale factor =
new length original length 6 2
=3
37
Enlargement
Exercise
30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
1 Enlarge L by a scale factor of 2, centre of enlargement (9,18). Label this A. 2 Enlarge L by a scale factor of 3, centre of enlargement (15,16). Label this B. 3 Enlarge L by a scale factor of 4, centre of enlargement (12,10). Label this C. 4 D is an enlargement of L. Find the centre of enlargement and the scale factor. 5 E is an enlargement of L. Find the centre of enlargement and the scale factor.
38
Handling Data
Collect and record continuous data in frequency tables and frequency diagrams
Continuous data is data which can have any value eg distance between two places, height of a person. The height of a person can be measured to any degree of accuracy. A person could be 1.783642 m tall. Discrete data is data which can only have certain values eg the number of people in a room can only have whole number values. You cannot have 3.2 people in a room. If you are asked to collect data you must choose an appropriate method. Usually a survey or an experiment. You must record your data and then present it in tables, diagrams and graphs.
Questions
The following are the times taken by 20 people to complete a jigsaw. The times are in minutes. 8.62, 28.4, 48.13, 30.1, 26.03, 47.42, 36.01, 25.23, 22.6, 29.97, 18.63, 30.00, 42.73, 38.62, 20.01, 19.99, 27.6, 16.32, 8.7, 12.58 a Record the information in a frequency table. Choose suitable equal class intervals.
b Show this information in a frequency diagram.
Answers
a
Minutes 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 Minutes 0 - under 10 10 - under 20 20 - under 30 30 - under 40 40 - under 50 Tally II IIII IIII II IIII III Frequency 2 4 7 4 3
A common error is:
Where would you record 20? In the 10-20 or 20-30?
b
7 6 5 Frequency 4 3 2 1 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time in minutes
39
Handling Data
Collect and record continuous data in frequency tables and frequency diagrams
Exercise
1 The data below shows the height of 20 children in a class. Height is in centimetres. a b c Choose four suitable equal class intervals. Record the information in a frequency table. Show the information in a frequency diagram. 137 168 148 157 164 162 150 154 136 146 156 149 148 153 139 167 156 139 159 140
2 The data below shows the mass of 20 adults. Mass is in kilograms. a b c Choose suitable equal class intervals. Record the information in a frequency table. Show the information in a frequency diagram. 80 58 62 54 58 72 72 60 49 58 63 71 74 63 68 61 82 59 63 71
3 The data below shows the distance 12 pupils travel to school. The distance is in kilometres. a b c Choose suitable equal class intervals. Record the information in a frequency table. Show the information in a frequency diagram. 078 013 032 124 183 173 224 164 168 113 132 087
4 Collect data for the following: a b c The height of each pupil in your class. The mass of each pupil in your class. The circumference of each pupils wrist.
5 A task of your own choosing eg the time taken to complete a task. a b c Record the information. Present the information in a frequency table. Show the information in a frequency diagram.
40
Handling Data
Constructing pie charts

Question
Thirty people were asked what sort of holiday they would choose. 5 said a mountain resort, 10 said a beach holiday, 7 said an activity holiday and 8 said a cruise. Show this information in a pie chart.
Answer
There are 360 in a circle. The pie chart must represent 30 people. 360 30 = 12. Therefore 12 represents 1 person.
Holiday choice Mountain resort Beach holiday Activity holiday Cruise
Frequency 5 10 7 8
Multiply by 12 x 12 x 12 x 12 x 12
Angle at the centre of the pie chart 60 120 84 96
How to draw the pie chart

1 Draw a circle. Draw a line from the centre to the edge.
60
2 Place the protractor on the circle. Place the centre of the protractor on the centre of the circle. Make sure 0 is on the line. Measure the angle, 60.
180
60
Mountain resort
3 Draw a line from the centre to the edge at 60. Label the sector mountain resort write 60.
0
4 Move the protractor as shown. Measure 120. Draw a line from the centre to the edge.
120
5 Repeat for 84. Check the remaining angle is 96. Label each sector.
Pembrokeshire e-Portal Licence exp 31Aug10
Beach holiday
12060 84 96
Mountain resort
Activity holiday
Cruise
Pearson Publishing, Chesterton Mill, Frenchs Road, Cambridge CB4 3NP Tel 01223 350555 Fax 01223 356484
41
Handling Data
Constructing pie charts

Exercise
1 Draw a pie chart to show this information: Favourite type of music Pop Classical Country Soul Frequency 28 8 25 29 Angle at the centre of the circle
2 Draw a pie chart to show this information: Shoe size 3 4 5 6 7 Frequency 3 6 8 7 6 Angle at the centre of the circle
3 Draw a pie chart to show this information: Vehicles passing school Cars Vans Lorries Buses Frequency 42 18 8 4 Angle at the centre of the circle
4 Draw a pie chart to show this information: Pupils transport to school Bus Car Cycle Walk Frequency 15 8 6 7 Angle at the centre of the circle
42
Handling Data
Scatter diagrams
A scatter diagram is used to compare two sets of results.
x Height x x x x x x x Mass This diagram shows a positive correlation x x x Time spent at work x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
House number
x x x xx
x x
xx x
Time spent at home This diagram shows a negative correlation
Classroom number This diagram shows a no correlation
A positive correlation indicates that as one quantity increases so does the other quantity. The diagram shows that in general taller people are heavier. A negative correlation indicates that as one quantity increases the other quantity decreases. The diagram shows that in general the more time a person spends at work, the less time he spends at home. No correlation indicates that there is no relationship between the two quantities. The diagram shows that a pupils house number has no connection with the pupils classroom number.
Question
a Describe the type of correlation shown by this scatter diagram.
Sweets eaten
x x x x
x x x x x
b Explain the reason for this correlation.
Number of fillings
Answers
a b Negative correlation. Sweets can cause harm to teeth. Therefore in general the more sweets a person eats, the more fillings will be required.
43
Handling Data
Scatter diagrams
Exercise
1 a Describe the type of correlation shown by this scatter diagram. What can you say about pupils marks in English and Maths?
100
English mark
x x x x xx x x
xx
x x
Maths mark
2 a
Describe the type of correlation shown by this scatter diagram.

Height
x x x
x x
Explain the reason for this correlation.
x x x x x x
Last digit of house number Cigarettes smoked per day
3 a
Describe the type of correlation shown by this scatter diagram. Explain the reason for this correlation.
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x
Age at death
4 a
Does this scatter diagram show positive, negative or no correlation? Explain the reason for this correlation.
Temperature
Place some crosses on this scatter diagram to show the type of correlation you would expect.
Ice-creams sold
44
Handling Data
Probability
Questions
1 Draw a tree diagram to show all of the possible outcomes when two coins are tossed. 2 a Complete this table to show all of the possible outcomes when throwing two dice. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 b c How many different ways can two dice land? What is the probability of a double? 2 3 4 5 6
3 The probability of a new light bulb not working is 0.03. What is the probability of a new light bulb working?
Answers
1 First coin H T 2 a
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Second coin H T H T
Outcomes HH HT TH TT
b 36 ways c There are 6 doubles There are 36 different ways Probability = 6/36 = 1/6 3 A light bulb can either work or not work total probability is 1. Probability of working + probability of not working = 1. ? + 0.03 = 1 Probability of working = 1 - 0.03 Probability of working = 0.97
45
Handling Data
Probability
Exercises
1 In Scotland a jury can find a defendant not guilty, not proven or guilty. Two cases are held. Draw a tree diagram to show all of the possible outcomes. 2 Traffic lights can show red or green. Each day Mrs Sims drives through two sets of traffic lights. Draw a tree diagram to show the outcome. 3 A drawing pin can land point up or point down. Two drawing pins are dropped onto the floor. List all of the possible outcomes. 4 David can afford to buy one can of drink and one bag of crisps. List all of his possible choices.
Bacon flavour crisps
Plain crisps
5 Andrea has two dice. One is six sided and one is four sided. a Complete this table to show all of the possible totals. How many different ways can the dice land? What is the probability of scoring i 6, ii 7? 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 3 2 3 4 7 8
6 This is a bag of counters. a What is the probability of choosing a blue counter?

y
y = yellow b = blue p = pink p b b p b y y p p
What is the probability of not choosing a blue counter?
7 The probability of a car breaking down is 0.02. What is the probability of it not breaking down? Explain how you worked out the answer.
46
Activity and Investigation
Blocks
Building blocks or cubes will be useful for making the shapes. a Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3
Results table Continue the shapes. Record you results in a table
Number of blocks 1 3 6
Height 1 2 3
Blocks 1 3 6
How many blocks for a height of 10, 20, 100? Try to find a rule for a height of H. b Now try [draw a results table]
How many blocks for a height of 16, 30, 200? Find a rule for a height of H. c Now try
How many blocks for a height of 10, 15, 100? Find a rule for a height of H. d Investigate other shapes such as:
Now try pyramids.

54
Diamonds
Rules: You will need squared paper or graph paper. Stage 1 Stage 2 Start with 1 square in the centre of your paper. Add new squares to the first square. Each new square must touch the previous square along one side only.
2 2
Correct only one side only
2 2
Wrong Two sides are touching
1 2 3
2 3
1 2
1 This is how the pattern starts. At stage 4 a diamond is produced.
5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 2 3 2 1 2 3 4 5
Make a copy of this and fill it in as far as stage 9. 2 Now you are ready to draw some diamond patterns. You will need some graph paper. Size A4 with 2 mm squares is best. Use four or eight different colours eg red, blue, yellow, green. Colour each stage eg stage 1 red, 2 blue, 3 yellow, 4 green, 5 red, 6 blue, etc.
4 4 2 3 4 4 4 5
55
3 You can make more interesting patterns by changing the colours after each diamond shape. It is best to use four or eight different colour. 4 Now you must investigate the patterns. Look at what happens for the first few stages. Stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 etc Squares 1 4 4 12 4 12
Can you predict the stages when diamond shapes appear? Can you find rules for each stage?
56
The Symmetry Puzzle
Cut out the strips below. Place them on the picture above so that the picture has rotational symmetry order 4.
57

Key Stage 3 - Succeed in Maths

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Key Stage 3 Mathematics Level by Level Pack C: Level 6

KS3 Mathematics C: Level 6

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4 parts water 1 part undiluted orange

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