Neuroanatomy

Cerebral cortex: Structures and functions

4 Cerebral lobes: -Frontal lobe -Parietal lobe -Occipital lobe -Temporal lobe 3 poles: -Frontal pole -Temporal pole -Occipital pole Important landmark structures: Supereolateral surface: -Central Sulcus -Lateral Fissure (of Sylvius) -Cerebrellum -Pons -Medulla Oblongata Medial surface: -Corpus Callosum -Cingulate Gyrus -Thalamus -Hypothalamus -Pineal body -Fornix -Uncus -Dentate Gyrus Other: -Insula Functional Cortical Areas: -Limbic lobe: -Also called limbic system or visceral brain -Controls emotions, behaviour, basic drives of preservation of individual and species, memory traces -Made up of: -Cingulate Gyrus -Parahippocampal Gyrus

-Uncus -Septal Area -Fornix -Medullary stria of thalamus -Stria terminalis -Habenular Commissure -Pineal Gland -Olfactory bulb and tract -Medial and olfactory stria -Anterior perforated substance

Primary Somatomotor area (Brodmann 4): -Controls voluntary motor activity (opposite side of body) -Found in precentral gyrus Premotor (or supplementary motor) area (Brodmann 6): -Gross coordination of voluntary movement -Anterior to precentral gyrus (thin strip) and on medial surface. Frontal eye field (Brodmann 8): -Voluntary conjugate eye movements, horizontal plane -Allows eyes to follow object -Located in posterior end of middle frontal gyrus Brocas motor speech area (Brodmann 44&45): -Controls speech. -Present in both hemispheres (only left hemisphere formulates meaningful speech) -Found between Anterior ascending ramus (lateral fissure) and precentral sulcus Prefrontal cortex (Brodmann 9, 10, 11, 46 & 47): -Entire frontal lobe, except Brocas Area, Premotor Area and Primary Somatomotor Area -Responsible for judgement, foresight and perception Primary somatosensory (somesthetic) area (Brodmann 3, 1 & 2): -Found in postcentral gyrus -Perception of senses pain, temperature, pressure, crude and fine touch, proprioception Somatosensory association area (Brodmann 5 & 7): -Found in superior parietal lobule (immediately posterior to post-central sulcus) -Receives input from primary somatosensory area and intergrates it -Therefore, perception of shape, size, texture, identifying objects by feel. -Also: -Brodmann 5 - goal-directed voluntary movement

-Brodmann 7 Synchronization of hands and eyes in visual guided movement

Primary hearing (audition) area (Brodmann 41 & 42): -Located in short anterior transverse temporal gyri within lateral fissure and small part of superior temporal gyrus -Receives auditory radiations from thalamus. -Connected (directly) to frontal eye-fields; explains reflex movement of eyes toward sound Hearing association (Brodmann 22): -Found in posterior transverse temporal gyri, immediately caudal to primary auditory area. -Comprehension of sound considered to be part of Wernickes area. Wernickes hearing association area (Brodmann 39 & 40): -Posterior and superior to the primary auditory area -Comprehension of spoken and written word Taste (gustatory) area (Brodmann43): -Found in parietal operculum -Receives afferent fibres from tongue and pharynx Primary areas for olfaction (smell) (Brodmann 38 &28): -Anterior pole of temporal lobe -Integrates smell Primary visual area (Brodmann 17): -Medial surface of occipital lobe -Receives visual input Visual association area (Brodmann 18 & 19): -Adjacent to primary visual area in inferiolateral portion of temporal lobe and occipital and part of the parietal lobe. -Depth perception, movement, analysis of form and colour

Ventricles -Filled with CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) -Lateral ventricles, one in each hemisphere, are made up of: -Anterior horn -Body

-Posterior horn -Inferior horn -Lateral ventricles are connected to third ventricle via Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monro) -Third and fourth ventricles are connected by the Aqueduct of Sylvius (Cerebral aqueduct or aquaductus mesencephali) -Luschka Foramen (2) and Magendi Foramen leave fourth ventricle

Diencephalon Made up of: -Epithalamus -Pineal gland -Thalamus -Pulvinar -Intermediate mass -Metathalmus; medial geniculate body (auditory) and lateral geniculate body (visual) -Hypothalamus -Stalk of hypophysis (pituitary gland)

Fibres and basal nuclei

White Fibres:
-3 types: Association fibres, Commissure fibres and Projection fibres Association fibres: -Connect various parts in same hemisphere (intra-hemispheric) do not cross mid-line -Short association fibres and Long association fibres -Short pass from part of one gyrus to another or from gyrus to gyrus around a sulcus, shape is sharply curved arcuate fibres -Long run longer distances. Following are important: -Cingulim, makes a circle, major part of limbic system. -Uncinate fasciculus, hook shaped, runs from motor speech area (frontal lobe) to temporal lobe -Superior longitudinal fasciculus, unite frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes -Inferior longitudinal fasciculus, joins occipital and temporal lobes -Fronto-occipital fasciculus, interconnects frontal, parietal and occipital lobes -Arcuate fasciculus, unites Wernickes and Brocas areas -External capsule and Extreme capsule, External capsule lies between lentiform nucleus and claustrum. Extreme capsule fond between claustrum and insular cortex

Commissure Fibres:
-Corpus callosum, unites frontal, parietal, occipital lobes of both hemispheres and, to a lesser degree, temporal lobes. Has 7 main parts: Rostrum, Genu, Corpus, Splenium, Forceps minor, Forceps major, Tapetum -Anterior commissure -Posterior commissure -Habenular commissure -Hippocampal commissure

Projection Fibres:
-Pass to and from spinal cord (afferent and efferent) -Pass through internal capsule: -Internal capsule consists of projection fibres passing between caudate and lentiform nuclei as well as thalamus. -Capsule has 5 main points: Anterior limb, Genu, Posterior limb, retrolentiform part, Sublentiform part -Afferent (sensory) fibres, most important are auditory radiations -Efferent (motor) fibres, 2 components: corticular (corticobulbar) fibres (supply head and neck) and corticospinal fibres (supply trunk and limbs)

Basal Nuclei: -Grey matter -4 basal nuclei: -Caudate nucleus: Elongated, C-shaped, associated with lateral ventricles -Lentiform nucleus: 2 parts, putamen and globus pallidus. Connected to caudate nucleus via caudato-lenticular grey stria (corpus striatum) -Amygdaloid body: Located deep into Uncus -Claustrum: Thin plate of grey matter between external and extreme capsules, lateral to lentiform nucleus. Has role in visual attention.