CHAPTER 12

ENERGY IN COMMUNICATIO N& INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

1. Waves 2. Sounds 3. Production of transmission of sound waves 4. Speed of sounds 5. Transmission of radio waves 6. Electromagnetic waves 7. Laser 8. Electronic

DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS

John Bardeen Transmission Robert Boyle Gas Laws Henry Convendish Earths gravitatimal constant James Rutherford Atomic Bomb John Dalton Originator of Atomic Theory Alexander Graham Bell Telephone Bill Gates Computer Software Robert Hooke Law of Electricity George Ohm Ohms Law Alessandra Volta Electrochematic Cells Heinrich Hertz Existence of radio waves Rudolf Diesel Diesel Engine Albert Einstein Theory of relativity Quantom Theory Michael Faraday Electromagnetic Induction Benjamin Franklin Lighting, a form of electricity Christian Huggens Wave Theory of light Isaan Newton Laws of motim and gravitation Hans Christian Nersted Electromagnetism James Wattq Developer of steam engine technology Johannes Repler Laws of planetary motion

I-WAVES: CARRIERS OF WAVE

Introduction: CIRCULAR WAVES are formed upon disturbing the water within a finger. The water acts only as the medium for energy transfer. Many objects in nature vibrate- a spring, a tuning fork, a pendulum, a plastic rules that is gently flicked, the string of a guitar or piano. A vibration of any matter creates waves. A wave cannot take place in an instant, for the body that vibrates needs time to move to pro. A wave cannot exist in one site for it must travel from one place to another, a wave is a sway in space and time. SOURCES OF ALL WAVES-sound light or anything that is vibrating. One important phenomenon in nature is the transmission of energy by wave motion.

WAVE DESCRIPTION

A wave is a disturbance through a medium in which energy is transferred. Waves carry or transfer energy but they do not transfer partialed of the medium. CRESTS - High points of a wave TROUGHS - Low points of a wave AMPLITUDE - is the maximum height of a crest, or depth of a trough relative to the normal level WAVELENGHT represented by greek word lamda (l) - Distance between two successive point of a wave EQUILIBRIUM dashed line represents the Home position.

Types of Waves
1. Transverse wave type of wave where particles of a medium move perpendicular to the direction of wave motion.

2. Longitudinal Wave type of wave where particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the motion.

How often the vibration of a source occurs is described by its frequency (F) is the number of crests on complete cycles- that pass a given point per unit of time. Hert2 (H) unit of frequency Named after Heinrich Hertz who demonstrated radio waves in 1886. One vibration per second is one hertz.

II- SOUND
Introduction: Sound is made by vibrating materials that send waves through the air. Once the vibrations reach the human ear, they are interpreted by the brain as sound. Sound does not travel in a vacuum, therefore it requires a medium.

Sounds has been our regular company

DISCUSSION:

A. PRODAGATING SOUNDS
Most sounds are waves are waves produced by the vibration of material objects. The vibrating material then sends a disturbance through the surrounding medium, usually air, in a form of longitudinal waves. Under ordinary conditions, the frequency of the vibrating source are frequency of the sound waves produced are the same. Media that Transmit Sounds Most sounds that we hear are transmitted through the air. However, any elastic substancewether solid, liquid, gas or plasma can transmit sound. In elastic liquids and solids, atoms are relatively close together and respond quickly to each others motions and transmit about 4x faster in water than in air and about fifteen (15x0 faster in steel than air.

SPEED OF SOUND
Depends on wind conditions, temperature, and humidity. It does not depend on the loudness or the frequency of the sound. Speed of sound in various materials, at Material Air Air (0C) Helium Hydrogen Water Sea water Iron and steel Glass Aluminum Hard wood Speed (m/s) 343 331 1005 1300 1440 1560 5000 4500 5100 4000

RECIEVER OF SOUND: EAR

HUMAN EAR remarkably sensitive detutor of sound. FUNCTION - to efficiently transform the vibration energy of waves into electrical signals w/c are carried to the brain by way of nerves

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
LOUDNESS proportional to the energy carried by sound wave and physically measurable by quantity and intensity INTENSITY measure of the energy per unit time transmitted through a unit area by the sound wave. This is the area perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion.

Since P=Energy Time Then, Intensity = Power Area Pitch highness or lowness of a sound. The physical quantity that determines pitch is frequency. The lower the frequency, the lower the pitch, and the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. The available range of the human ear between 20 to 20,000 H. Infrasmine below 20 H Ultrasonic above 20 000 H Dropper effect change in the frequency of sound due to the relative motion of the source and the receiver. Quality distinguishes sounds from one another. It depends on the type of vibrating source used. Acoustic the study of the properties of sound Echo reflection of sound

CLASSIFICATION OF MUSICA L INSTRUMENT

1. Wind Instruments Flute, Trumpet, Saxophone 2. Percussion Instrument Drum, cymbals, Piano, Xylophone 3. Stringed Instruments Guitar, Bajo, violen

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Introduction Maxwells (James Clerk Maxwell) -Electromagnetic theory of light -Light is similar to other electromagnetic waves such as heat waves and radio waves Maxwells and Hertzs discoveries on electromagnetic waves constituted a lot for rapid development of technological gadgets in the field of communication. Light is an electromagnetic (EM) wave -a part of the electromagnetic spectrum The spectrum consists of Em waves of different frequencies and wavelengths: Red lowest frequency of visible light Violet high frequency Ultraviolet higher frequency

The electromagnetic spectrum is continuous a array of waves extending from radio waves to gmma rays. Visible lights only small fraction of the electromagnetic Emspectrum. The lowest frequency of visible light appears red. The highest frequency appears violet. Still higher frequencies are ultraviolet. This high frequency waves are more energetic and can cause sunbursn. No sharp boundaries between the ligurs in an Em spectrum.