IEEE-PNEC

perspective
Autumn 2007
PAKISTAN NAVY
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY
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Welcome to the 1st issue of the IEEE-PNEC biannual - PERSPECTIVE!
The IEEE PNEC team is proud to produce the frst-ever student publication at PNEC, NUST! What
you see in your midst is emphatically not, nor was ever meant to be, an imitation of the scientifc
magazines one would fnd in the hands of him whose one compelling thought is to be the well-
informed modern reader. Rather, it is a humble attempt at a literary cum technical gazette to serve
as a thought-provoking guide for the local nustizen.
PERSPECTIVE, in essence, is a part of our eforts spreading the chapters reach. We owe our thanks
to the PNEC administration for their recognition of our eforts and for the fnancing that made this
possible. We would also like to thank Cdre. Dr. Sarfraz Hussain for his guidance, and Mr. Yasir Khan,
without whose endeavour Perspective would have remained just an idea.
So join us (via email or website) and look forward to an adventurous year with the IEEE PNEC student
chapter!
Everyones invited!
Editorial
ieee.pnec@gmail.com
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http://www.ieee.org/pnec
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CDRE. DR. SARFRAZ HUSSAIN SI(M)
MR. M. YASIR KHAN
CDR. KHALID MUHAMMAD AMIN TI(M) PN
MR. SYED NAZEER ALAM
IEEE PNEC Student Chapter Counsellor
Chapter Coordinator
Dean EPE
Head of Undergraduate Programme
Acknowledgements
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Auiumn oy - Issue oi
Contents
News
The IEEE
Misconceptions of Power Factor
Making a C Function Repository
Book Review: The Art of Electronics
RFID
What NOT to do!
Of the Record
[2]
[3]
[5]
[6]
[8]
[9]
[9]
[10]
pg.
NEWS. what a WRECK!
Wrecking Crew:
L-R: Anas Imtiaz, Munzir Zafar, Atif Shabbir, Sohaib Adil
IEEE-PNEC TEAM WINS AT
NETCOM 2007
A team comprising of IEEE-PNEC members
won the E-Zenith competition at the National
Engineering & Technology Competition
(NETCOM) 2007 staged by the IEEE-NUCES
Karachi. The event was held at the FAST
(NUCES) campus in Karachi. The team named
Wrecking Crew and comprising of Munzir
Zafar, Atif Shabir, Sohaib Adil and Anas Imtiaz
performed extremely well in all the three
rounds of the competition in which junkyard
stuf was provided from which something useful was required to be made (according to the given task).
In the fnal round, the team Wrecking Crew defeated a team from FAST and NED University to secure the
frst place. They were awarded a winning trophy and a cash prize of Rs. 5,000.
Another IEEE-PNEC team named Short Circuits including Awais Kareem, Shakeel Awan, Muhammad
Mustafa and Saqlain Akhtar showed fne performance and managed to reach the penultimate round.
Two other teams also participated in the event and showed good performance in the qualifying round.
They include Ali Ahmed, Hamid Anjum, Salman Akhtar, Shahzada Subhan, Waqas Baig, Saad Ahmed
and Umair Ghani. In the Circuit Designing category of NETCOM 2007 was the team of Kashif Masud and
Waqas Masood.
IEEE-PNEC WEBSITE LAUNCHED
The website of the IEEE-PNEC chapter has been launched with a fresh new look. The website is packed
with loads of features and information and provides a comprehensive guidance to the current and
future activities of IEEE-PNEC. With the revival of the IEEE-PNEC student chapter, the need for a fresh
website was strongly felt among the members of the new executive body members. This website is a
result of the eforts put in by the Internet Director, his team and other members.

ELECTION OF IEEE-PNEC OFFICERS
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http://www.ieee.org/pnec
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The election results were announced
on 31st March 2007 after the members
fled their nominations earlier in
March. The newly elected president
said it was extremely gratifying to
see consensus among the members
for the election of ofcers. The
newly elected ofcers (in no particular
order) are:
SYED ANAS IMTIAZ
ALI AHMED ALLAWALA
MUNZIR ZAFAR
SAAD AHMED
M. AWAIS KARIM
SYED AMMAR SHAH
HAMID ANJUM
SALMAN AKHTAR
WAQAS BAIG
MAJID KHAN
OZAIR IDRIS KHAN
SHAHZADA SUBHAN SYED
ATIF SHABBIR
President
External Vice President
Internal Vice President
Secretary
Asst. Secretary / Web Engineer
Internet Director
Programs Director
Asst. Programs Director
Membership Director
Communications Director
Director Power Engg. Society
Director Communications Society
Director Robotics Society
:
IEEE - Perspective
NEWS. what a WRECK!
http://www.ieee.org/pnec
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Auiumn oy - Issue oi
The IEEE.
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WHAT IS IEEE?
The IEEE is the worlds largest technical society, bringing members access to the industrys most essential
technical information, networking opportunities, career development tools, and many other exclusive
benefts. To foster an interest in the engineering profession, the IEEE also serves student members in
colleges and universities around the world. . A Student Branch gives students the opportunity to meet
and learn from fellow students, as well as faculty members and professionals in the feld. A good IEEE
Student Branch can be one of the most positive elements in an Electrical Engineering or Engineering
Technology department. This is precisely why the student chapter of IEEE was established at PNEC.
IEEE-PNEC BRANCH
Created in the spring of 2006, the purpose of Pakistan Navy Engineering Colleges IEEE student
branch is to further the education of its members in technical, leadership, and communication areas.
The branch intends to organize and participate in a number of events that include guest speakers,
workshops, competitions, tutoring and exhibitions. All students are encouraged to be a part of the
IEEE student branch at PNEC and the IEEE professional society, the largest technological society in the
world. Becoming a part of the IEEE society is one of the best choices one can make to further his or her
education and career.
The IEEE-PNEC student chapter is still in its nascent stages and there is a long road ahead. Establishing
the student chapter at PNEC in itself was a strenuous task but that was only the frst step. Making this
student chapter successful requires a collective and signifcant efort from all students in the long run.
The purpose of IEEE-PNEC shall be the dissemination of knowledge of the theory and practice of
all aspects of electrical and electronics engineering and the related arts and sciences, as well as the
furtherance of the professional development of the Students. It intends to promote student interest in
the art and science of engineering as a profession. The Student Branch plans to serve as a communication
channel among the students and the faculty and provide career information and counselling for the
undergraduates. The IEEE-PNEC chapter also promises to promote an environment of professionalism
among electrical and electronics engineering undergraduates.
The IEEE-PNEC chapter is run by the students for the students. The organizational structure is pretty
simple and detailed in the Constitution. To promote active participation of students, the Student Chapter
currently incorporates four societies, namely, Robotics, Digital Signal Processing, Power Engineering
and Communications. The members of these societies are working on numerous projects either as
part of their fnal year projects or for diferent national level competitions. These societies are also
working to prepare teams for participation in national contests in the relevant felds. They also provide
opportunities for the undergraduate students in each and every semester to work on various active
projects with guidance and consultations from the faculty members and senior students.
To help students in establishing strong ties with the world of new technologies through networking
inside and outside PNEC, to involve the students in promoting a culture of collective research to
augment their studies and to achieve all the above-mentioned objectives the IEEE-PNEC plans to host
Anas Imtaz tells us the story...
Contd...
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Contd...
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and sponsor many perennial on campus activities and programs, only some of which are:
Guest Lectures in the areas of technical skills and knowledge requirements of industry.
Higher Education Guidance lectures and workshops.
Lectures to improve basic skills such as interviewing and CV writing.
Competitions to provide students with an opportunity to display their creativity and
innovativeness.
Jobs and Internship opportunities in association with the placement ofce of PNEC (which is
being set up) and the PNEC Alumni.
Student Lectures meant to serve as a guide for junior students and an aid to all students.
Awareness programs to keep all the IEEE-PNEC members up-to-date with the latest
happenings.
Providing students with information regarding short courses in relevant areas.
Participation in all other IEEE programs, hosted by other local chapters in the region.
The IEEE-PNEC website is a feature-packed place providing up-to-date information about the activities
and events being planned, organized and hosted by the branch. It is a unique platform of participation
and interaction among members. The website boasts links to update the students with the current
activities and future plans with up-to-date information on the projects being carried out by the
societies. The web team continuously monitors and posts information regarding diferent competitions,
exhibitions (academic or career-oriented) and other events of interest. A blog has been added on the
website to allow members to post links, stories and ideas with ease. The blog is also an invitation to
the PNEC Alumni to share their experiences with the current students. In the near future, the website
will also list out the job and internship opportunities with the help of the placement ofce being set
up at PNEC and the PNEC Alumni. The IEEE-PNEC website provides an opportunity for the members
to practice and enhance their web development and designing skills and work for its continuous
improvement. Of course, the practitioners are awarded with certifcates for their work in this area,
just like in other areas of the Chapter.
WHY SHOULD I JOIN IEEE?
With such vast opportunities to discover, learn and participate in various areas, the benefts of joining
an IEEE Chapter cannot be stressed upon further. However, some of the benefts are:
Gain recognition and enhance your resume with participation in IEEE activities. Certifcates
will be awarded to members.
Enhance your career potential by networking with technical experts.
Exchange of information from alumni working in various organizations.
Access to the latest online technical information.
Establish yourself early in the professions premier technical society.
Receive your own personal subscription to the IEEE Spectrum.
Attend top technical conferences at low membership rates.
Information on career resources.
IEEE-PNEC is open for membership to all electrical and electronics engineering students. Any student
can become a part of it simply by flling out an application form either by hand or online (the specifc
details are given on the last page of this issue).
By participating in the IEEE, youll gain the experience and exposure needed for building leadership
ability. The IEEE also provides opportunities to develop the non-technical skills-- management,
organizational, communication, and marketing --youll need as you enter the profession. The students
of electrical and electronics engineering are therefore encouraged to be a part of this Branch and work
with alacrity to make this a successful venture.
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FURTHER READING http://www.ieee.org
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IEEE - Perspective
MISCONCEPTIONS OF POWER FACTOR
Ozair Idris Khan illustrates...
Power factor is defned as the ratio of the real to apparent power. Power factor is also described as the
cosine of angle between the voltage and the current also called displacement power factor (pf
disp
). In most
cases this is true but in some other cases this is not the true power factor. In this article the efect of diferent
harmonics on power factor is described and it is shown that in the presence of harmonics the true power
factor is not equal to the displacement power factor.
Voltage and current harmonics produced by nonlinear loads increase the power losses and therefore have
a negative impact on electric utility distribution systems and components. While the exact relationship
between harmonics and losses is very complex and difcult to generalize, the well-established concept of
power factor does provide some measure of the relationship, and is useful when comparing the relative
impact of nonlinear loads, provided that harmonics are incorporated in the power factor defnition.
POWER FACTOR IN SINUSOIDAL SITUATIONS (LINEAR LOAD)
Consider an ideal example of
AC driving a linear load:
For pure sinusoidal case

where pf
disp
is the displacement power factor and also (1 - 1) is the power factor angle. Therefore in
sinusoidal (linear) situations, there is only one power factor because the true power factor and the
displacement power factor are equal.
POWER FACTOR IN NONSINUSOIDAL SITUATIONS
Now consider Nonsinusoidal situation where network voltages and currents contain harmonics. While some
harmonics are caused by system nonlinearities such as transformer saturation, most harmonics are produced
by power electronic loads such as adjustable speed drives and diode rectifers.
When steady state harmonics are present the average power is given by:

And the true power factor is given by:

Where THD
I
is the total harmonic distortion of the current harmonics. V
1rms
and I
1rms
are the rms values of
the fundamental current and voltage harmonics. Because displacement power factor can never be greater
than unity so:

CONCLUSION
Harmonics and power factor are closely related. Hence when harmonics are present the power factor is not
only the ratio of the real to apparent power but it is actually the multiplication of pfdisp and pfdist. Hence
care should be taken when measuring the power factor for a nonlinear load.
J. C. Balda, Comments on Derating of
Distribution transformers serving nonlinear load
FURTHER READING
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Auiumn oy - Issue oi
Making a C
Function Repository
Faculty Member, Mr. Yasir Khan explains a useful technique...
In computer terms, a repository or library is an archive of reusable functions, data, and types. When
a program uses parts of a library, the library is said to be statically linked when the librarys parts are
copied into the program and dynamically linked when the parts are loaded when the program are
running. Libraries which support dynamic linking are said to be shared libraries because their parts may
be used by many diferent programs, even at the same time. Only one copy of the parts needs to be on
the system and any updates to a part apply to all programs using the part. Because of these advantages,
shared libraries are very popular on many operating systems including Windows and Linux.
In this article, we will look at how we can build a dynamically linked library of functions in C Language.
For this purpose, we will be developing some functions and making an interface of them. We will
demonstrate their use with an example. Later on, we will develop a dynamically linked library, i.e. a DLL,
which will enable the use of this repository from any programming language on Windows platform.
In this way, we will be able develop a repository of functions in C language for the functionality of our
projects and use VB or any visual language on the front-end. This will enable us to take advantage of
simplicity and robustness of C in designing core logic and simplicity and ease of GUI designing of VB or
other visual language. Lets start!
WRITING A SET OF FUNCTIONS IN C
We frequently encounter as a computer programmer diferent scenarios in which by using a function,
we can ease our job. Defnitely we will be putting those functions in the library which are required to
repeatedly use in a project or projects. Here, I am taking two basic tasks, i.e. sorting and searching,
which we frequently use, for the purpose of demonstration. You can put any function(s) in a library
whether it is regarding the GUI, data manipulation, data handling, or some scientifc calculation. Lets,
consider the bubble sort and binary search functions as shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2 respectively:
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---| Figure 1 |-----------------------
/* bubble sort function for integers
- requires the address of frst value of
an integer array as its frst argument
and number of values as second argument
*/
void bubblesort (int *data, int size)
{
int i=0, j=0, hold;
while ( i < size-1) {
for ( j=i+1; j<size; ++j) {
if (data[i] > data[j]) {
hold = data[i];
data[i++] = data[j];
data[j] = hold;
}
}
}
}
---| Figure 2 |------------------------------
/* binary search function for integers
- requires the address of frst value of an
integer array as its frst argument, number of
values as second argument and value to search
as third argument and returns the location in
array of searched in case of success and -1
otherwise. */
int binarysearch (int *data, int size, int
value)
{
int left=0, right=size-1, mid;
while ( left >= right ) {
mid = (left + right)/2;
if (data[mid] == value) {
return mid;
}
else if (data[mid] > value) {
left = mid + 1; }
else
right = mid 1;
} return -1;
}
Contd...
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IEEE - Perspective
Now, lets make a sharing library interface for these functions. Remember that we are not restricted to
these functions for making a library. We can put as many functions in a library as we like.
Making a Interface for a shared Repository
To make a sharing library in C Language, we have to
make an interface for the functions packaged in to
a header fle and its implementation fle. To make
an interface, we have to put the declarations of
the functions in to a fle with .h extension and the
implementation of those functions in to a fle with
the same name as header fle and with .c extension.
EXAMPLE
To test our library or to demonstrate the use of
the library, we have to develop an application that
will include the header fle into its application and
will be able to use the functions of this library.
Remember to keep the interface in the path of the
C development tool. Also any application developed
using C language can take advantage of the functions
provided by the interface. Figure 5 shows the code
for that application.
CONCLUSION
In this article, we have seen how we can develop
a library to share the functions between diferent
applications as well as diferent programming
language platforms. Similarly, we can use this
strategy i.e. developing of application logic in C
language and GUI in visual language, like VB, in our
projects to make powerful applications that will be
robust as well as user friendly.
---| Figure 3 |-----------------------
// mylib.hC
// header fle sorting and searching numbers
// Author: Muhammad Yasir Khan
// Date: 24 January 2007
// Revision: 1 */
// integers sorting function declaration
void bubblesort (int *, int);
// integers searching function declaration
int binarysearch (int *, int, int);
---| Figure 4 |-----------------------
/* mylib.c
/* searching function implementation for
integers */
int binarysearch (int *data, int size,
int value)
{
int left=0, right=size-1, mid;
while ( left >= right ) {
mid = (left + right)/2;
if (data[mid] == value) {
return mid; }
else if ( data[mid] > value) {
left = mid + 1; }
else
right = mid 1; }
return -1; }
// sorting function for integers
void bubblesort (int *data, int size)
{
int i=0, j=0, hold;
while ( i < size-1) {
for ( j=i+1; j<size; ++j) {
if (data[i] > data[j]) {
hold = data[i];
data[i++] = data[j];
data[j] = hold; } } } }
---| Figure 5 |-----------------------
/* testinterface.c
/* test application for the interface */
#include <mylib.h>
#defne N 8
void main (void)
{
int result, value,
iarray[N]={31,45,23,7,11,13,9,37};
// display the contents
display( iarray, N);
//lets sort our array
bubblesort( iarray, N);
// display the sorted contents
display( iarray, N);
//lets search in our array
printf(\n Enter a value to search: );
scanf(%d, &value);
result = binarysearch( iarray, N);
if( result >= 0)
printf(\n The value is located at %d. ,
result);
else
printf(\n The value is not found.);
getch(); }
/* display array of integers */
void display (int *data, int size)
{
int i=0;
printf(The values of the array are\n);
while ( i < size-1) {
printf(%d, , data[i]); }
printf (\n); }
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Walkthrough: Creating
and Using a Library,
MSDN Documentation.
FURTHER READING
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Auiumn oy - Issue oi
Book Review
No author on electronics circuit design takes you through
with such an ease as does the well-known Harvard physicist,
Paul Horowitz. Those who have been living with Boylesteds
devices or Sedras Microelectrons do realize that the
more intellectual approach towards the understanding of
electronics often ends up missing the whole point altogether.
And soon does the reader fnds oneself turning the pages
back and forth trying to connect the scattered pieces. Thus
the failure of the more conventional authors to take us, by
logical steps, from a neophyte to broadly competent designer,
has blessed only few learners with real feel of circuit design
while leaving others with a frightening mess of h-parameter
models, complicated network theory, load lines and the s-
plane. And even the advance graduate students suddenly fnd
themselves hampered by their inability to do electronics.
Mr. Paul has done an excellent efort in bringing an order to
the jumbled situation. His informal style makes it attractive for
the beginners to read it as a text, and the cookbook approach
makes the access of information a fairly easy task for the
practicing engineers.
Although only a thousand-page material, it does absolutely no compromise on the choice of the
topics and contains nearly everything an electronics circuit designer should know. Starting from
circuit theory and basic electronics, it covers an entire range of op-amp applications, followed by
detailed discussion of digital electronics. The tome concludes with a detail treatment to practical
design topics such as low-noise-, high-precision-, low-power- and bandwidth-narrowing-techniques.
Among the most interesting features of the book is its amusing collection of bad circuits and the
collection of circuit ideas taken mostly from datasheets of commercial ICs, appearing at the end
of every chapter. Tables of diodes, transistors, FETs, op-amps, comparators, regulators, voltage
references and microprocessors listing the characteristics of most popular and best types, comparisons
of characteristics of competing devices, and the advantages of alternative confgurations guard the
readers precious time and efort against his failure in selecting the right components for the right
circuit.
If you believe in the notion that electronics is not a mathematical bang but a mere art, a combination
of some basic laws, rules of thumb, and a large bag of tricks; this is just the right book for you!
This book is also available at the PNEC Library.
Munzir Zafar (reads and then) writes...
S
IEEE - Perspective
RFID
Electronics engineering projects are typically complex, with so many interrelated components each
of which much be perfect, that anyone can do a nice and efective job of completely destroying the
project. Some of the habits that typically and efectively help in destroying a project are mentioned
below.
1. Make promises that you know you cant keep.
2. Defer hardware issues.
3. Ignore real time issues until the last night.
4. Write convoluted chunks of software code with lots of variables.
5. Neglect standards and quality.
6. Abandon all discipline when the end of the project draws near.
What NOT to do!
Anas Imtaz gives you tps that you can only learn the hard way...
Syed Ammar Shah sheds some light on the subject...
RFID or radio frequency Identifcation is a system which will replace barcodes. It consists of a tag and a
reader interfaced with a computer database. The concept is simple:
Tag: The Tag can be passive or active. They have an EPROM chip inside them which modulates its data to
the reader when it come within the readers range. Passive tags do not have a battery or a power supply
and use the energy from the electromagnetic waves from The reader which is scanning a limited radius.
Active tags have a battery and increase the read range.
Reader: The reader consists of an antenna which scans for any tags in a radius and receives the data
from the tag. This data is stored in a database through the computer interface.
Applications of RFID are enormous:
Medical - A tag can be planted on a patients bed which stores the data of the type of medication
and its timings etc thus the reader can easily read it. This way illegal modifcation of data is impossible
and paperwork is reduced.
Army - Names and blood groups are stored in the tag and injected under the skin of the soldiers..
which when scanned in a battle feld may help the medics assisting unconscious soldiers and
recognizing the dead.
Industries - Inventory tracking and control is a major application which is replacing barcodes.
Barcodes require line of sight, RFID doesnt. As soon as an inventory is placed inside a warehouse,
the reader placed on the entrance reads the data from the tags on the inventories and thus maintains
a database regarding the items currently stored in the warehouse.
Universities/Colleges/Factories - RFID can be handy attendance systems and can eliminate the use
of swipe cards. As soon as a student or employee enters the campus/factory, a strategically placed
reader reads the persons ID number and stores it in the database along with the date and time.
RFID Journal - rfdjournal.com FURTHER READING
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Auiumn oy - Issue oi
Off the Record.
AN ENGINEER, FOR SURE!
Once upon a time there lived three men: a doctor, a chemist, and an engineer. For some reason all
three ofended the king and were sentenced to die on the same day.

The day of the execution arrived, and the doctor was led up to the guillotine. As he strapped the doctor
to the guillotine, the executioner asked, Head up or head down?. Head up, said the doctor. Blindfold
or no blindfold? No blindfold. So the executioner raised the axe, and z-z-z-z-ing! Down came the blade
and stopped barely an inch above the doctors neck.

Well, the law stated that if an execution didnt succeed the frst time the prisoner had to be released,
so the doctor was set free.

Then the chemist was led up to the guillotine. Head up or head down? said the executioner. Head up.
Blindfold or no blindfold? No blindfold. So the executioner raised his axe, and z-z-z-z-ing! Down came
the blade and stopped an inch above the chemists neck.

Well, the law stated that if the execution didnt succeed the frst time the prisoner had to be released,
so the chemist was set free.

Finally the engineer was led up to the guillotine. Head up or head down? Head up. Blindfold or no
blindfold? No blindfold. So the executioner raised his axe, but before he could cut the rope, the
engineer yelled out: WAIT! I see what the problem is!
J
All design and content is copy/paste-right 2007 by the IEEE PNEC Chapter. The authors are the owners of their respective articles.
Reproduction without permission not permitted. (Most) mistakes were intentional for the sole purpose of satire and comedy. No ofence
was intended to any human, extraterrestrial or the mentally-challenged.

IEEE PNEC
an
publication
ALI AHMED ALLAWALA
SYED ANAS IMTIAZ
OZAIR IDRIS KHAN
SAAD AHMED
Editor, designer and graphics
Assistant editor, proof-reader
Ideas, contributions
Print and publishing
and all the folks whom we so rudely missed out
the TEAM
io
IEEE - Perspective