2008, there were 3,382 people killed in motor vehicle traffic crashes in Texas.

By the time you finish this course, approximately 3 people will have died in car crashes in Texas. In 2008, there were 1,422 fatalities in speed related crashes. Five causes account for the vast majority of collisions in Texas. Knowing them and avoiding them will help you and your fellow drivers from being included in the sad statistics we just mentioned. Speed Unsafe -- Over limit or under limit. Failure to yield right of way. Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. Disregarding stop and go signals and signs. Following too closely. There are two leading causes of traffic fatalities. If you avoid these dangerous practices, your chances of avoiding death on the road will be greatly improved:

Driving too fast for conditions. Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. Do you ever speed? Do you ever go faster than the posted speed limit or drive too fast for conditions? Speeding or driving too fast for conditions is a devastating contributing factor to motor vehicle crashes in the United States. Motor vehicle crashes cost society an estimated $7,300 per second. In 2008 speeding was a contributing factor in 31% of all fatal crashes, and 11,674 were lost in speedingrelated crashes. Perhaps most important: these crashes hit close to home. Speeding is one of the most prevalent factors contributing to traffic crashes. Go the speed limit and we'll all live a little more safely. In 2008 alcohol-related crashes resulted in 11,773 deaths and 32% of total motor vehicle traffic fatalities in the U. S. But in the last couple of years, the numbers have remained steady. Taken together, alcohol and speeding are a deadly combination. In 2008, 41% of the drivers with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of .08 or higher involved in fatal crashes were speeding, compared with only 15% of the sober drivers involved in fatal crashes. No wonder these two factors result in more automobile fatalities than any others. Men could learn a lot from women drivers, especially since the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) noted that in 2008, men were involved in almost 3 times as many fatal crashes as women. While time spent on the road is generally greater for men, and they make up a greater share of the population with driver's licenses, that doesn't fully explain the discrepancy. Among male drivers involved in fatal crashes in 2008, 25% had BAC levels of .08 or higher, compared with 13% of the female drivers involved in fatal crashes. If you calculate driver fatality rates based on the average number of miles traveled per year, you find they're highest among the youngest and oldest drivers. Compared with the rate for drivers between 25 and 65 years of age, the rate for younger drivers is 4 times as high, while for older drivers it's 17 times as high. In 2008, older drivers made up 15% of all traffic fatalities, 14% of vehicle occupant fatalities and 18% of all pedestrian fatalities.

In 2008, 4,378 pedestrians were killed in traffic crashes in the United States. On average, a pedestrian is killed in a traffic crash every 120 minutes and injured in a traffic crash every 8 minutes. When you wear your seat belt and are properly seated in front of an air bag, you are quite likely to survive numerous crash situations. The same is almost never true of pedestrians and bicyclists. They lack the armor and other protections you get in your vehicle. This concludes Lesson 2: The Traffic Safety Problem. Don't forget these important facts: The two leading causes of traffic fatalities are driving too fast for conditions and driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. Even though safety belt usage is up, and the number of deaths and injuries on America's roads has been reduced, you should be aware of the following facts about collisions:

Traffic crashes result in death and injuries that cost us billions of dollars. In Texas, the majority of collisions are caused by speeding, failure to yield right of way, driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs, disregarding signals and signs, and following too closely. A drivers age greatly influences percentages of traffic deaths -- younger drivers are less experienced, and older drivers tend to have diminished reflex responses. Sometimes collisions involve Pedestrians and Cyclists - they share the same rights as automobile drivers, but they are not equally protected from collisions. Remember to be cautious when driving! ally able to drive.

The very first time you are convicted of driving with alcohol or drugs in your body:

The judge may give you 72 hours to six months in jail.

You may have to pay up to $2,000. You may lose your license for 90 days to 1 year. You must complete no less than 24 hours or more than 100 hours of Community Service. You must pay a monthly supervisory fee of $20-$40. Possession of an open container of an alcoholic beverage increases the minimum term of confinement by 3 days to 6 days.

For the second offense within five years, there is an automatic one-year driver license suspension and the driver must have an ignition interlock installed on their vehicle. During the suspension the offender is not eligible for an occupational license. Additionally, the driver may be punished by a fine of $4,000, a minimum of 80 hours of community service and a monthly $25-$40 supervisory fee. A third offense is a felony. Among other punishments, convicted felons lose the right to vote. Remember:

In general, drinking is the same: 1 beer = 1 glass of wine = 1 shot of liquor. Drinking alcohol, even 1 drink, may alter behavior, slow reflexes, and cloud judgment. If you drink, drink moderately. Eating while you drink may slow the absorption of alcohol into your body, but it does not reduce the overall intake of alcohol. After just one drink, wait for one full hour to drive. Never drink and drive. If you've been drinking, let someone else drive. Your physical condition can have a dramatic effect on your ability to drive safely and legally. Fatigue, illness, stress, and aging all bring on difficulties in performing the driving task. But there are signs to watch for and remedies to most situations. Remember! It's better to know your limitations and learn how to compensate for them than to be the next victim of a car crash. Some conditions, such as poor vision, heart problems, diabetes, or epilepsy may affect your driving. Discuss your condition with your physician and follow his or her advice. You should also let the Department of Public Safety know of any condition you have that might affect your ability to drive safely. Equally important is recognizing that medication can adversely affect your driving performance. Even medication for something as simple as the common cold may reduce your reaction time and your ability to concentrate. If you take any prescription or over-the-counter medications, read the instructions carefully. BE AWARE: If you are taking any medication that warns against driving, and you are stopped while driving, you may be charged with driving under the influence and face a jail sentence, fines, and suspension of your driver's license.

Fatigue Feeling sleepy is especially dangerous when you are on the road. Sleepiness slows your reaction time, decreases awareness, and impairs your judgment, just like drugs or alcohol. In fact, people who are very sleepy behave in similar ways to people who are drunk. Experts think that many fatal night-time singlevehicle crashes are caused by the driver falling asleep. Most people know how dangerous it is to drink and drive. But driving drowsy can be just as deadly as driving drunk. Fatigue can set in at any time. Perhaps you went to bed late, or your day at work was too long. Maybe you work full-time and go to night school. The reason for being tired doesn't really matter. Driving while fatigued can be dangerous. When you are tired, your ability to react, concentrate, and make complex driving decisions is impaired. You do not control your own sleep. You may feel awake, but if you are tired, you could fall asleep at any time. Here are some symptoms of sleepiness to look for. If you have any of them, pull off the road as soon as possible and find a place to sleep.

You have trouble keeping your eyes open and focused. You can't keep your head up. You daydream or have wandering, disconnected thoughts. You yawn frequently or rub your eyes repeatedly. You find yourself drifting from your lane or tailgating. You miss signs or drive past your exit. You drift off the road and hit the rumble strips.

If you have even one of these symptoms, you could be sleepier than you think. Pull off the road and take a nap. If you can avoid driving while fatigued, do so. If not, let yourself rest periodically. Avoid allowing the "hum" of driving to lull you to sleep. Change radio stations or turn up the volume. Open your windows or set your air conditioning on "high." Avoid concentrating on any specific object in the road, such as the lane dividing line. Allow for ample space between your car and the other cars on the road. If you can, let someone else take the wheel. It also helps to drive during your normal waking hours. If you drive at times when you're normally asleep, you will be fighting your natural sleep rhythms and have a greater likelihood of falling asleep at the wheel. When taking longer trips, remember that you should make efforts to fight a condition called "highway hypnosis." "Highway hypnosis" is a condition of drowsiness and unawareness that overcomes drivers, particularly on long, dull journeys. It can be caused by the steady sounds of the engine, the wind or the tires on the road. All drivers should be aware of its danger and of the methods for fighting it:

Stop often. Even if you are feeling well you should stop at least every two (2) hours or every 100 miles. Get out of your car and walk around. Allow your muscles to relax. Do not drive more than eight (8) hours per day. Keep shifting your eyes. Look at different objects: near and far, left and right. Read the road signs as you approach them. Check your rearview mirror.

Stress

Stress contributes to many automobile collisions. Like fatigue, stress affects different drivers differently. But in most drivers, stress impairs the ability to drive safely. Stress frequently leads to aggressive driving, poor concentration, and poor decision-making. Although it's difficult to adjust your driving attitude, you'll be much happier if you do. Reduce your stress by not rushing. Think of it this way. Say you're driving across town, perhaps going from your home to a restaurant. Instead of going the posted speed limit of 30 mph, you go at 40 mph. Instead of getting there in 20 minutes, you get there in 15 minutes. But what have you gained, really? Five minutes! That's it. To do what? Rush to the next place? But in exchange for those five minutes, you have broken the law, reduced your field of vision, reduced your ability to stop in time to avoid a dangerous driving situation and increased your chances of becoming involved in a collision. Can you really afford that five extra minutes? It may not catch up with you today or tomorrow, but remember-when you drive above the speed limit, you're driving on borrowed time.

Aging

As part of the natural process of aging, our senses diminish. As a result, our ability to react quickly and decisively also declines. For this reason, aging requires that you adjust your driving techniques to compensate for the changes in your mind and body. Provide yourself with more space around your car and more time to react to the driving environment than you had previously. By adjusting your driving in these ways, you'll increase your ability to drive safely and legally. Be sure to visit your doctor regularly to have your hearing and vision checked. Take proper corrective action if necessary. Also, make sure you understand the effects of any medications you take. Ask your physician or pharmacist about the impact these medications will have on your driving. Be sure to adjust your driving accordingly by choosing a quiet route, taking your medication after you reach your destination, or not driving at all.

Remember, also, to increase the space between yourself and the other cars on the road. This will give you more time to react to the changing driving situation around you. Knowledge of Driving Laws and Procedures To be able to drive properly, we all have to learn the rules of the road and obey them. Not knowing driving laws reduces your ability to react to a driving situation in a manner that others can anticipate, thereby increasing the chances of traffic crashes. Knowledge of driving laws and procedures helps you to answer the following questions: How will you and others react on the road? What rules are you and other drivers supposed to follow? If you can't answer these questions for yourself, you will not know how others will answer them. Remember these major driving errors:

Failure to obey traffic laws. Failure to maintain your vehicle. Discourtesy to other drivers. Lack of driving knowledge. Bad judgment/poor decision making.

Understanding the Driving Task When you get into your car, are you prepared to drive? Did you buckle your seat belt? Have you ensured that your mirrors are properly set, that you have enough gas in your tank, that you can see clearly out your windows? That's just the beginning of the driving task. Once you are on the road, you should be aware of a variety of factors that can affect your ability to drive safely:

What's the weather like? Are you driving appropriately for rain, wind, or snow? What do the street signs say? Are you on a one-way street? What's the speed limit? Are you in a right-turn only lane? What's that up ahead? A stopped car? A pedestrian standing between two cars waiting to cross the street? A piece of blown-out tire? Is anything or anybody in your blind spots? A bicycle? Another car?

Driving requires a constant attention to these details and more. Poor driving habits such as going too fast, not using your mirrors, eating a sandwich, talking on a cellular phone, or lighting a cigarette, may cause you to miss information that may be critical to your driving decision-making. Conclusion Strong emotions can interfere with your ability to think and reason, reducing your ability to make decisions. While attitude and driving skills are important, good driving habits enable a driver to stay away from danger and react correctly in an emergency. Feelings, attitudes, habits and emotions all affect the way you drive, as well as alcohol and drugs. Your physical condition can also have a dramatic effect on your ability to drive safely and legally. Be aware of the following factors that influence driver performance:

Fatigue, illness, stress, and aging add difficulties to performing the driving task. However, there are signs to watch for and remedies to most situations. As a part of the natural process, aging causes our senses to diminish. As you age, adjust the way you drive accordingly. Be aware that if you are taking any medication that warns against driving, and you are stopped while driving, you may be charged with driving under the influence. Stress contributes to many automobile collisions and also can impair your ability to drive safely. Once you are on the road, you should be aware of your surroundings and anything that can affect your ability to drive safely.

It is important to be aware of all traffic laws and procedures. Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol is illegal, and you may have to pay a fine up to $2,000 for a first time conviction. Poor driving habits may cause you to miss information that may be critical to your driving decision-making. To drive safely, we all have to learn the rules of the road and obey them. This concludes Lesson 3: Factors Influencing Driver Performance Lesson Length: 50 minutes (minimum required) The objectives of this section are to discuss the requirements and rationale for driving laws and procedures and to influence drivers to comply with the laws. We begin this section with a discussion of traffic laws in general and the consequences of breaking or violating them. These consequences include fines, arrest, and suspension of driving privileges. There are two types of rules to remember: Rules of Law and Rules of Safety. They are both critical to being a good, safe driver. For example, stopping completely at a stop sign is a Rule of Law, while checking your mirrors for cleanliness is a Rule of Safety. There are other laws that you should be aware of as a driver in Texas. Don't Mess with Texas is the anti-litter campaign in Texas, but littering is also against the law and violating this law can result in fines. We will discuss littering more in Lesson 8. Whenever you enter traffic, be sure you have enough room to enter safely. You must remember to share space with traffic already on the road. And you must understand how much space you need to:

Merge with traffic Cross or enter traffic Pass other cars

Whenever you cross or enter traffic from a full stop, you need a large enough gap (from cars approaching in either direction) to get up to the speed of the other vehicles. You need a gap that is:

About half a block on city streets About a full block on the highway

When you cross through traffic, you need enough room to get all the way across. Stopping halfway across is only safe when there is a median (center) divider large enough for your car. If you are crossing lanes or turning, make sure there are no cars or people blocking the path ahead or the path to the side. You don't want to be caught in an intersection with traffic coming at you. Even if you have the green light, don't start crossing traffic if there are cars blocking your way. Make sure that both cross-traffic and traffic in your lane has cleared the intersection before you enter the intersection. It is against the law to enter an intersection unless there is space to get completely across it. You can receive a citation if you block other traffic.

Never assume that another driver will share space with you. Don't turn just because an approaching car has a turn signal on. The driver may plan to turn just beyond you. The signal may have been left on from an earlier turn. This is particularly true of motorcycles. Their signal lights don't always turn off by themselves. Wait until the other driver actually starts to turn before you continue. Give yourself plenty of time to exit the highway comfortably. Plan ahead so that you know in advance what highway exit you wish to take as well as the one that comes before it. To exit safely from the highway, you should:

Change lanes one at a time until you are in the proper lane for either a right hand or left hand exit from the highway. Don't get caught having to cross lanes too quickly or wildly. Give others plenty of warning by using your turn signal to let them know of your intention to exit. Adjust your car to the proper speed for exiting-not too fast (so you won't lose control) and not too slow (so the flow of traffic can still move freely).

Space to Pass Avoid passing other cars on two-lane roads. It is dangerous. Every time you pass, you increase your chances of having a crash. Ask yourself if the risk is worth the few minutes you will gain. Remember! Whenever you pass another car on a two-lane road you must enter a lane that belongs to oncoming cars. At highway speeds of 50 to 55 mph, you need a 10 to 12 second gap in oncoming traffic to pass safely. At higher speeds, you will need a larger gap to pass. You must judge whether or not you have enough room to pass whenever you approach:

An oncoming car A hill or a curve An intersection A road obstruction

Oncoming Vehicles

At 55 mph, you travel over 800 feet in 10 to 12 seconds. So does an oncoming vehicle. This means that you need over 1600 feet (or about one-third of a mile) to pass safely. It is hard to judge the speed of oncoming vehicles. They don't seem to be coming as fast as they really are. A vehicle that is far enough away generally appears to be standing still. In fact, if you can really see an oncoming vehicle moving closer to you, it is probably too close for you to start to pass.

Hills or Curves

To pass safely, you must be able to see clearly at least one-third of a mile of the road ahead. Any time your view is blocked by a hill or a curve, you should assume that there is an oncoming car just out of sight. This means you should only pass if a hill or curve ahead is more than one-third of a mile away. You MUST NOT drive on the left side of a roadway, even to pass another vehicle, when you are approaching a curve or the top of the hill and you cannot clearly see the roadway ahead for at least one-third of a mile.

Improved Shoulders Hard shoulders have been added to the right-hand side on both directions of some highways and roads. These shoulders are usually clearly marked with a solid white line and are designed for emergency stopping, standing, and parking. Improved shoulders may also be used to overtake and pass a vehicle that is slowing or stopped on the main traveled portion of the highway, either because the vehicle is disabled or it is preparing to make a left turn. You can drive on an improved shoulder to allow other vehicles to pass, unless regulatory signs prohibit you from doing so. Improved shoulders can also be used to accelerate or decelerate when making a right turn. You can use the shoulder anytime it is necessary to avoid a collision. Whenever you move onto a highway shoulder, look in your mirror and then glance over your shoulder to make sure that someone isn't passing you on the right. Intersections

Intersections are the places where roads come together or cross one another. An intersection is technically the point at which curbs or edges of two or more roadways intersect or cross each other.

It is dangerous to pass another vehicle at an intersection and illegal in most instances. Such places include crossroads, railroad crossings, and shopping center entrances. Approaching the intersection, your view of the traffic is restricted by the vehicles you are passing -- and drivers entering the roadway will not anticipate oncoming traffic in the left lane. They may not even look your way. At intersections, drivers must yield to each other. Remember! In every situation, right-of-way is something to be given, not taken. All drivers should know and follow the rules that determine right-of-way at intersections. We will be covering the rules that determine right-of-way later on in this lesson. Intersections Controlled by Signs and Signals When signs and signals control traffic at an intersection, obey them. We will be discussing the various signs and signals that control intersections later on in this lesson. Intersections Not Controlled by Signs and Signals When approaching an intersection of this type, you must yield the right-of-way to any vehicle entering or approaching the intersection from your right. If the road to your right is clear, or if approaching vehicles are far enough from the intersection to make your crossing safe, you may proceed. Since there are no traffic controls at this intersection, make sure that there are no approaching vehicles from the left. You may believe that you have the rightof-way, but you must make sure that other drivers yield the right-of-way to you before you proceed. When you are not sure, you should yield right-of-way. Single or Two-Lane Roads Intersecting a Multiple-Lane Road When driving on a single or two-lane road you must yield to:

Vehicles traveling on a street or roadway divided by a median Vehicles traveling on a roadway with three or more lanes

Unpaved Road Intersecting with a Paved Road If you are driving on an unpaved road that intersects a paved road, and the intersection is not controlled by signs or signals, you must yield the rightof-way to vehicles traveling on the paved road. Highway Access Roads

On a one-way access or feeder road (frontage road), you must yield to drivers exiting the highway. Drivers on a two-way access road must yield to those exiting the highway as well as those entering the highway unless regulated by a traffic control device.

Turning Left

When turning left in an intersection that is not controlled by signs or signals, you must yield the right-of-way to oncoming vehicles.

Private Roads and Driveways

When entering or crossing a road, a street, or a highway from a private road, alley, or driveway, and the intersection is not controlled by signs or signals, you must yield the right-of-way to all approaching vehicles and pedestrians.

T Intersections

When approaching the intersection of a through street from a street that ends at an intersection and the intersection is not controlled by signs or signals, you must first stop, then yield the right-of-way to the vehicles on the through street

Lane Restrictions Before you pass, look ahead for road conditions and traffic that may cause other cars to move over into your lane. You might lose your space for passing because of:

Passing

People or bikers near the road A narrow bridge A patch of ice, broken pavement, or something on the road

Always signal before passing.

Don't pull out to pass unless you know you have enough space to return to your previous driving lane. Look ahead. Look behind. Is it safe to pass? Is it legal? Before you return to your previous driving lane, check to make sure that you aren't dangerously close to the vehicle you have passed. One way to do this is to look for the vehicle in the rear view mirror. If you can see both tires (or headlights if it's dark), you have enough room to return to your previous driving lane. Never anticipate that you will have enough time to pass more than one vehicle at a time. Never anticipate that other drivers will make room for you once you have passed a vehicle. Remember, it is illegal to exceed the speed limit to pass another vehicle.

Use of Lanes Understanding the use of lanes on the road is critical to safe and successful driving.

White lines painted on the pavement indicate traffic going in your direction (such as one-way streets). Yellow lines mark the center of a two-way road used for two-way traffic. You may pass on a two-way road if the yellow center line is broken. When a solid and a broken yellow line are together, you must not pass if you are next to the solid line. Two solid yellow lines mean "no passing," no matter which side of the lines you're on. Stay on your side of the road. Never drive to the left of the yellow lines, except: When turning left at an intersection When turning into a private road or driveway When the right half of the road is closed or blocked When driving in certain carpool lanes, enter and exit at designated places only

Lanes for Through Traffic Different lanes have different purposes. Knowing these different purposes will help you drive in the proper lane as you head down the road. Some lanes are for through traffic, that is, continuing forward without turning:

Many roads have two or more lanes going in your direction. Broken white lines separate these lanes. You must choose which lane to use. Drive in the right-hand lane or the lane that has the smoothest flow of traffic. The left-hand lane should be reserved for passing. If you can choose among three lanes on your side of the road, pick the middle lane for the smoothest driving. If you want to go faster, pass, or turn left, use the left lane. When you drive slowly, enter, or exit the road to the right, use the right lane. If only two lanes go in your direction, pick the right lane for the smoothest driving. Don't Weave -- Stay in one traffic lane as much as possible. Before changing lanes, check your mirrors for vehicles that may be ready to pass you; also turn your head and CHECK BESIDE YOUR VEHICLE to see if any vehicle is in your blind spot. Before changing lanes, always make sure that there is enough room for your vehicle in the next lane. Don't Hesitate -- Once you start through an intersection, keep going. If you start to make a turn, follow through. Last second changes may cause crashes. If you missed a turn, continue to the next intersection and work your way back to where you want to go.

Lanes for Turning Some lanes are designed for turning only. Below are some rules to help you when turning at a street corner:

Left Turn - Get close to the center divider line or into the left turn lane (if there is one). When turning left, don't turn too soon and "cut the corner. Right Turn - If you are turning right, get close to the right edge of the road (watch for bicycles or pedestrians between your car and the curb). When making a right turn, don't turn wide. Stay in the right lane until you have finished your turn.

Bicycle Lanes Bicycles share the road with you. Sometimes they must share the through traffic lanes, but occasionally they are given special lanes:

A bicycle lane is indicated by a solid white line and a sign on either side of a street. Don't enter a bike lane unless you are making a right turn at a corner or other entrance, such as a driveway. Watch for bicycles before entering a bicycle lane. You may park in a bicycle lane unless a sign says "NO PARKING." Pedestrians are not allowed in a bicycle lane when there are sidewalks. Drivers of motorized bicycles should use bike lanes carefully to avoid collisions with bicycle riders.

Sidewalks

Never drive on a sidewalk unless you are crossing a sidewalk to enter or leave a

driveway or alley. Remember! Pedestrians have the right-of-way on sidewalks. You must stop for pedestrians before crossing a sidewalk. Lanes for Passing When you need to pass another car, it's important to use the passing lanes properly. When you want to pass a vehicle or bicycle going in your direction, pass on the left. Passing on the right is dangerous and is legal only:

If an open highway is clearly marked for two or more lanes of vehicles moving in your direction of travel If the driver of the other vehicle is making a left turn, never pass to the left of a vehicle that is signaling a left turn (Be careful, sometimes drivers use the wrong turn signal.) Don't honk when you pass on the right. The other driver may think you are on the left and "pull over" right into you.

Carpool Lanes and Controlled On-Ramps

Carpools and buses are frequently given special lanes on roads. If you do carpool, you can use carpool lanes to move through traffic faster and more easily.

Carpooling and bus riding are useful ways to save fuel and reduce the number of vehicles using highways during heavy commuter times. Some highways have special lanes for carpools. Using a CARPOOL or HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE (HOV) lane generally requires a minimum of 2 or 3 people in a vehicle, including the driver, but this depends on local regulation. Signs at on-ramps or along the highway tell you the minimum number of people required to be in a vehicle using the carpool or HOV lane and the days and hours that the requirement applies. The pavement of these lanes is marked with a diamond symbol and the words "HOV LANE." Do not cross over the double parallel solid lines to enter or exit any carpool lane except at a designated entry or exit point. Some highways may have a special lane for buses only, or for buses and carpools. This lane is also marked by the diamond symbol on the pavement. Special Lanes In high-density traffic areas, you may sometimes see an entire street, or a few traffic lanes on a street, marked with cones. The cones indicate that a lane or street is being used for something other than the normal purpose. For instance, to help relieve congestion at a sports or cultural event, entire streets may be changed from two-way streets to one-way streets until the traffic congestion is cleared.

Road Markings

Painted road markings help you understand where it is legal to make turns and pass.

You may cross a solid double yellow line to turn left, but NOT to pass. You may not pass over or make a left or U-turn across two sets of solid double yellow lines (also known as double double yellow lines). They stand for a solid wall. Cross only at plainly marked openings. are in the middle of some two-way streets. These lanes are Left turn center lanes marked on both sides by two painted lines -the inner line broken, the outer line solid. When a left turn center lane is available, you may use it to make a left turn only. Right-of-Way Right-of-way rules help people drive safely. These rules go along with courtesy and common sense. Bicycle, moped riders, and pedestrians must follow these rules, too. Never insist on taking the right-of-way. If another driver does not yield to you when he or she should, forget it. Let the other driver go first. You will help prevent collisions and make driving more pleasant. However, do not always insist that others go ahead of you. If another vehicle expects you to take right-of-way, you may delay traffic by stopping or slowing unnecessarily while waiting for that other vehicle to go ahead of you. ight-of-Way and Pedestrians A pedestrian is a person on foot. People using a conveyance propelled by human power (inline skates, skateboards, etc.) other than a bicycle and people who are disabled and use self-propelled wheelchairs, tricycles, or quadricycles should be treated as pedestrians and should be given the same rights as any other pedestrian. Always stop for any pedestrian crossing at corners or other crosswalks. Do not pass a car from behind that has stopped at a crosswalk. A pedestrian you can't see may be crossing. You must stop for any person using a dog guide or a white cane with or without a red tip. They must be given the right-of-way at all times whether in or out of a crosswalk. Remember! Just because you make eye contact with a pedestrian doesn't mean that the pedestrian will yield the right-of-way to you.

Right-of-Way and Other Vehicles At an intersection without STOP or YIELD signs, slow down and be ready to stop. Yield to vehicles already in the intersection or just entering it. Also yield to any vehicle on your right if it has reached the intersection at the same time as your vehicle. At a "T" intersection, vehicles on the through road have the right-of-way. When there are STOP signs at all corners, stop first; then yield to vehicles already in the intersection or just entering it. Also yield to any vehicle on your right if it has reached the intersection at the same time as your vehicle. When you turn left, give the right-of-way to any vehicles that are traveling on the same road as you, but are traveling in the opposite direction from you and are close enough to you to be dangerous. Turn only when you can see that it is safe. On divided highways, or highways with several lanes, watch out for vehicles traveling in any lane you must cross. Remember, drivers on single-lane highways should yield to drivers on multi-lane highways. Whenever you have parked off the road, before you enter the road again, you must yield to traffic. Right-of-Way: A True Story RUSH HOUR WRECK KILLS BOY, 2 WOMEN Two women and a 4-year-old boy met their death in a rush-hour car collision at Southwest Parkway and Texas Highway 71. The woman, 42, and the boy, the son of an Austin Police Officer, were pronounced dead on the scene, despite the frantic efforts of other motorists who came to the assistance of the crash victims. "I did CPR, but I couldn't get a pulse," said one witness, a house painter who stopped to help. "I feel really bad for the family. When I got there the lady that died in the car was still breathing and she had a pulse." Another crash victim died at Brackenridge Hospital. Two others were taken to Brackenridge Hospital in critical condition. According to a Department of Public Safety Trooper, the tragedy occurred at about 5 p.m. when a 1994 Toyota traveling south on Texas 71 tried to make a left turn onto Southwest Parkway and was hit by a 1996 Ford Explorer traveling north on Texas 71. The Trooper said that the Explorer, with one person in it, hit the right side of the Toyota, which had five people in it. The intersection where the collision occurred had flashing red lights. But since the drivers were not following proper right-of-way rules, the traffic signal at the intersection could not save the lives of the crash victims.

Before discussing the various kinds of turns you can make and the particular precautions you should take before making a particular turn, here are the most important basic rules for making turns. If you follow these rules, your turns will usually be safe.

Make up your mind to turn before you arrive at the turn. Look before you change lanes, checking your blind spots over your shoulder and in your mirror. Move into the proper lane as soon as possible. Give the proper turn signal at least 100 feet before you turn. Slow down to a safe speed. Check left, check right, and check left again. Make the turn correctly. Finish the turn in the proper lane.

Left Turn Center Lane

If a street has a left-turn center lane, you must use it when you turn left. You may only enter the center lane for two purposes: 1) to make a left turn; and 2) for movement in the direction in which the driver is moving, if the center lane is designated by an official traffic-control device. This rule prevents drivers from using the left turn center lane as a regular traffic lane. To turn left from a center left turn lane, drive completely inside the left turn center lane. Don't stop part way into the lane since the back of your vehicle will block traffic. Make sure the lane is clear in both directions and then turn only when it is safe. Look for vehicles coming toward you in the left turn center lane as they start to make their left turns. You may drive across a left turn center lane. The left turn lane should NOT be used for passing unless it is designated by an official traffic-control device.

Right Turn Against a Red Light

Make a full stop for a red traffic light at a stop line or crosswalk, if there is one, or before entering an intersection. Look for a regulatory sign prohibiting a right turn on a red light. If there is no such sign, you may turn right. Be careful that you do not interfere with pedestrians, bicyclists, or vehicles moving with a green light.

Left Turn Against Red Light On A One Way Street Only

Make a full stop for a red traffic light at the stop line or crosswalk, if there is one, or before entering the intersection. On a one-way street, you may turn left into a one-way street if the traffic is moving to the left on the one-way street and if there is no sign that prohibits the left turn. If the light is red, be very careful that you do not interfere with pedestrians, bicyclists, or vehicles moving with a green light.

Left Turn From a Two-Way Street

Start the turn at the left-hand edge of the lane closest to the middle of the street. You may turn into any lane that is safely open if you do not impede the flow of traffic.

Left Turn From a Two-Way Street into a One-Way Street

Start the turn at the left-hand edge of the lane closest to the middle of the street. You may complete the turn in either lane of the cross street if it is safe to do so. You must use a left turn lane if there is one. A left turn from the next lane may be made if signs or arrows indicate that such a turn is legal.

Left Turn From a One-Way Street into a Two-Way Street

Start the turn from the far left-hand lane. You may turn into either of the lanes that are safely open, if you do not impede the flow of traffic

Left Turn From a One-Way Street into a One-Way Street

Start your turn from the left-hand lane of the road. Watch for bicycles between your vehicle and the curb because they can legally use the left turn lane for their left turns.

Right Turn Begin your turn from the lane nearest the right-hand curb. End the turn in the lane nearest the right-hand curb. Do not swing wide into another lane of traffic. Remember! If you enter the turn too fast, centrifugal force will act to pull you into the lane to your left. You may start a right turn from a lane other than the far right lane only when street signs or pavement markings indicate that such a turn is legal. Turn at a T Intersection from a One-Way into a Two-Way Street Through traffic has the right-of-way. You may turn either right or left from the center lane. Watch for vehicles and bicycles inside your turn. Illegal U-turns

Never make a U-turn on a highway if you must cross a curb, a strip of land, or a no-passing zone. You should not make a U-turn:

If you cannot clearly see in each direction because of a curve, a hill, rain, fog, or for any other reason If a "NO U-TURN" sign is posted If there is a chance that vehicles may hit you If you are on a one-way street If you are in front of a fire station. Never turn around in a fire station driveway If you are in a business district, except at intersections or through openings in a highway divider

Signs and Road Markings Many streets have signs to indicate that different turns are permissible. These signs indicate that:

Cars in the left lane must turn left Cars in the right lane may go straight or turn right Cars in the left lane may turn left or go straight Cars in the center lane must go straight Cars in the right lane must turn right

Similar markings are often painted on the road When a highway lane or a city street lane is about to come to an end, it may be marked by large broken lines painted on the pavement. If you are driving in a lane marked with broken lines, be prepared to exit the highway or the lane. Look for a sign that will help you make your next driving decision (i.e., merge right, right lane must exit, etc.).

Stop Lights: Green A GREEN light means GO. But before you go, you must allow all vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians who are already in the intersection to move clear of the intersection. Then you are allowed to move ahead. Make a left turn only if you have enough space to complete the turn before any oncoming vehicle, bicycle, or pedestrian becomes a hazard. Do not enter an intersection, even when the light is green, unless there is enough space to pass completely through the intersection before the light turns red. If heavy traffic causes you to block traffic by stopping in the middle of an intersection, you are in violation of the law and may be cited. Stop Lights: Yellow

A YELLOW light warns you that the red signal is about to appear. When you see the yellow light, you should slow down and come to a stop at the stop line or crosswalk, if you can do so safely. If you can't stop, continue through the intersection. But be sure to look out for vehicles that may enter the intersection as the light changes. Stop Lights: Red

A RED light means STOP. In Texas, a right turn can be made against a red light, but only after you stop and yield to pedestrians and vehicles in your path. DO NOT turn if the intersection is marked with a sign that reads "NO TURN ON RED." Stop Lights: Flashing Yellow

A FLASHING YELLOW light warns you to be careful. Slow down and be especially alert. Stop Lights: Flashing Red

A FLASHING RED light means exactly the same as a stop sign. You must STOP before entering the crosswalk or intersection. After stopping, proceed with caution and observe the right-of-way rules. Stop Lights: Green Arrow

A GREEN ARROW means GO. But before you go, you must yield to any vehicle, bicycle, or pedestrian still in the intersection. A green arrow pointing right or left allows you to make a "protected" turn; oncoming vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians are stopped by a red light as long as a green arrow is lighted. Stop Lights: Yellow Arrow

A YELLOW ARROW means the "protected" turning time period is ending. Be prepared to obey the next signal, which could be a green light, a red light, or a red arrow. Stop Lights: Red Arrow

A RED ARROW on a left turn means STOP until a green signal or a green arrow appears. You are not allowed to make a left turn against a red arrow unless you are at the intersection of two one-way streets and left turns are allowed. On a right turn, a RED ARROW should be treated like a normal traffic signal.

Stop Lights: Traffic Sign Blackout

TRAFFIC SIGN BLACKOUT If all traffic signal lights are not working, you must stop at the intersection and then proceed when you know that other turning and approaching vehicles, bicycles, or pedestrians will also be stopping. An intersection with a blacked-out traffic signal is the same as an intersection controlled by STOP signs in all directions. Traffic Signs: Stop

A STOP sign means that you must make a full stop before entering a crosswalk or at a white stop line. When a crosswalk or stop line is not marked, stop at the corner. Check for traffic before crossing. Wait until it is safe before going forward. On divided highways, a STOP sign for crossing or turning vehicles is often placed on the island or dividing strip which separates the lanes of traffic moving in different directions. You must stop before turning across oncoming lanes of traffic if such a sign is present. Traffic Signs: Yield

When you see a YIELD sign, slow down, be ready to stop, and let traffic (including people walking or riding bikes) pass. Go ahead only when it is safe. Traffic Signs: Do Not Enter

A DO NOT ENTER sign indicates that the road or street ahead is for one-way traffic traveling in the opposite direction you are. You must not drive down a road or street marked with a DO NOT ENTER sign. Traffic Signs: Wrong Way

A WRONG WAY sign may appear near a DO NOT ENTER sign. If you are headed straight for one or both of these signs, drive to the side and stop. You are going AGAINST traffic. When there is no oncoming traffic, turn around where permitted or back out and go back to the road on which you were previously traveling. (At night, if red road reflectors appear, you are traveling in the wrong direction.)

Traffic Signs: Prohibition Signs

A red circle with a red line through it always means NO. The picture inside the circle shows you what you cannot do. The sign may or may not include words as well. For example, in the picture at the right, the red circle with the red line through the "P" indicates "no parking" because the area is a fire lane. Speed Limits

Driving at an unsafe speed is the number one cause of collisions, injuries, and death in Texas. You must never drive faster than is safe for the prevailing conditions, regardless of the posted speed limit. The maximum speed limit on some rural Texas highways is 75 mph. Other speed limits are determined by the type of road and the traffic conditions in different areas. All speed limits provide for an orderly flow of traffic under ideal conditions. Driving faster than the posted speed limit on any road is dangerous and illegal. Driving faster than is safe under prevailing road conditions is also dangerous and illegal. High speed increases the distance you need to bring your vehicle to a complete stop. The faster you go, the less time you have to avoid a hazard or crash. The force of a 60 mph crash isn't just twice as great as at 30 mph, it's four times as great! Remember! You may not drive faster than the posted speed limit, even if you think it is safe to do so.

SPEED LIMITS FOR CARS, LIGHT TRUCKS AND MOTORCYCLES

Daytime (MPH) Urban areas (city streets) Alleys Beaches County parks (in counties bordering the Gulf of Mexico) Designated rural interstate highways Urban interstate and federal or state highways Driving Too Slowly 30 15 15 30 60 70

Nighttime (MPH) 30 15 15 30 55 65

If you impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic by driving too slowly, you may receive a ticket. Sometimes, of course, you may have to go slowly. If you are driving the speed limit, but are still going slower than other traffic, do not drive in the left or "fast" lane. If you are in the "fast" lane, move to the right when another driver is close behind you and wishes to pass. Special Speed Limits: Around Children

Always drive more carefully near schools, playgrounds, and parks because children may suddenly dart into the street. School zones are generally marked by signs indicating a reduced speed within the school zone. The speed limit near schools is usually 15 mph or 20 mph (depending on the area). A general rule of thumb: the speed limit near a school is 15 mph lower than the regular posted speed limit on that road. Watch for bicycles and pedestrians near schools. Look for school safety patrols or school crossing guards and obey their directions. Look for stopped school buses. Be prepared for children crossing the street. Some school buses flash yellow lights when they are preparing to stop. This is a warning to you to prepare to stop. Flashing red lights on a school bus mean that you must stop until the children have safely boarded or disembarked from the bus and lights have stopped flashing. This is true for both traffic approaching and traffic following school buses. Special Speed Limits: In Business and Residence Districts

The speed limit is 30 mph unless signs show other limits. Special Speed Warnings: Animals On or Around the Road If you see animals or livestock, slow down. Obey the person in charge of the animals. If you see a stray animal in your path, slow down or stop, if it is safe to do so. If you see road signs indicating wildlife or wildlife crossings, stay alert for creatures darting from the side of the road into your path of travel. Railroad Crossings In a collision with a train, you are 40 times more likely to be killed than if you were in a collision with another car. In 2008, 222 people were killed in motor vehicles collisions with trains at highway-rail crossings, and over 400 people died after being hit by trains. Certain safety precautions can prevent these incidents:

Always expect a train; trains may run any time, day or night. Approach the crossing as you would approach any intersection, being prepared to yield to the train. Never drive around lowered gates; it's illegal and deadly. Observe and obey flashing light signals. Never race a train to a crossing; if you tie, you lose. Don't drive onto a crossing unless there is room to get off the other side; you may get "boxed in" by traffic. Watch for a second train when crossing multiple tracks. If your vehicle stalls on a crossing, get out immediately and call the police for assistance.

Don't walk, run, cycle or ride ATVs on the railroad track or right of way; this is trespassing and it's dangerous. Cross tracks only at designated crossing. Stay off bridges and out of tunnels.

Almost half of all crashes at railroad crossings occur at crossings that are not equipped with automatic gates and flashing lights to warn motorists when a train is approaching. Highway-rail crossing deaths are almost completely avoidable, that is what makes them so tragic. Most of them occur simply because motorists choose to ignore warning signs, signals, or safety gates. Many people believe that they will be able to hear the oncoming train, or it will be able to stop in time. In truth, a train traveling at 50 mph will take a mile and a half to come to a complete stop. Rules for Crossing Safely:

When walking or bicycling, stop well away from the tracks. Observe any grade crossing warning devices that are present, such as flashing red lights, bells or gates and determine whether or not they have been activated to indicate the approach of a train. If the warning devices are not on, still look in both directions for an approaching train. Listen for the sound or whistle of an approaching train. If a train is coming, WAIT until it passes before crossing the tracks. Watch for more than one train - you may not notice a second train coming from the opposite direction on an adjacent track, or one approaching behind the first train, because of the noise from the first train. Once you are sure it is safe, cross without delay; use the smooth grade crossing surface and watch where you step so you don't stumble or fall.

Signs warn you that you are approaching railroad tracks. Look and listen in both directions for approaching trains. Be ready to stop, if necessary. You should expect a train on a track at any time, day or night. Never stop on a railroad track. Usually by the time a train sees you, it will be too late for it to stop. When traffic is heavy, wait off the tracks until you are sure you can drive over them without stopping. Watch for vehicles that must stop before crossing the tracks, such as buses, school buses, and large trucks transporting hazardous loads. Flashing red lights at a railroad crossing mean STOP! Stop at least 15 feet (but not more than 50 feet) from the tracks when:

A clearly visible railroad signal warns of the approach of a train. A crossing gate is lowered or a human flagman warns of the approach or passage of a railroad train. You (the driver) are required to stop by law, a rule adopted under a statute, or an official traffic-control device or a traffic control signal. A railroad engine approaching within approximately 1,500 feet of the highway crossing emits a signal audible from the engine. An approaching railroad train is plainly visible and in hazardous proximity to the crossing.

Never start across railroad tracks unless there is room for your vehicle to cross the tracks completely. Don't proceed until you can see clearly in both directions because there may be a second train coming from either direction. Do not go around or under any railroad gate that is lowered. Cross only when it is safe. Pedestrians Remember! Pedestrian safety is a serious issue. One in eight traffic fatalities is a pedestrian. Pedestrians lose in any collision, regardless of who had the rightof-way. Drive cautiously when pedestrians are near and may cross your path. Stop for the safety of anyone crossing the street on foot. Do not pass from behind any vehicle that has stopped at a crosswalk. A pedestrian hidden from your view may be crossing. Do not drive on a sidewalk, except to cross it at a driveway or alley. When crossing, yield to any pedestrian. Pedestrians using guide dogs or white canes with or without a red tip must be given the right-of-way at all times. These pedestrians are partially or totally blind so be especially careful when encountering them. Occupant Restraint: Safety Belts/Child Restraints The law requires that you use your safety belt. If your vehicle was originally equipped with front seat anchorages, it must have a safety belt in good working order. Recently passed, House Bill 537 requires you and your passengers no matter their age or where they are seated in the vehicle to be secured by a safety belt. Texas law requires all children younger than 8 years of age be restrained in an approved child passenger safety seat unless the child is at least 4 feet, 9 inches in height. The fine is no more than $25 for a first offense and $250 for a second offense. However, these are only the minimum requirements. For maximum safety, children should be secured in child safety seats or booster seats according to the manufacturer's instructions until the child can properly fit the vehicle's lap and shoulder belt systems.

Starting at the age of 15, a person commits an offense if they occupy a seat in a passenger vehicle that is equipped with a safety belt, however is not secured by a safety belt. If you do not wear your safety belt, you and/or your passenger will be given a ticket. A safety belt violation can result in fines ranging from $25 to $200, plus court costs. Some older model cars may not have been manufactured with safety belts, in which case the passengers are not required to comply with this standard. Safety belts can reduce injuries and deaths. Many studies and actual crash tests have proven this. The recommended method for pregnant women to wear lap and shoulder belts is as follows: Wear the lap belt as low as possible under the abdomen and wear the shoulder strap across the chest and to the side of the abdomen. If you wear only a lap belt when driving, your chances of living through a collision are twice as good as the chances of someone who doesn't wear a lap belt. If you wear a lap and a shoulder belt, your chances are three to four times better. You must wear both your lap and shoulder belt if the vehicle is equipped with both, even if the vehicle is equipped with air bags. What Happens in a Collision What happens in a collision? Your car stops, but you keep on going. You continue to travel at the speed your car was traveling until you hit an object like the dashboard or the windshield. At 30 mph this is like hitting the ground from the top of a three-story building. Safety belts and straps help prevent you from moving forward and striking the dashboard and windshield. If you are struck from the side, the impact causes you to move across the seat. Safety belts and straps keep you in a better position to control the car. Law Enforcement and Emergency Vehicles You must yield the right-of-way to a police car, fire engine, ambulance, or other emergency vehicle using an audible or visual signal such as a siren, bell, or flashing lights. Pull as close to the right edge of the road as possible and stop until the emergency vehicle has passed. However, don't stop in an intersection. Continue through the intersection and then pull to the right as soon as you can. Sometimes emergency vehicles will use the wrong side of the street to continue on their way. They sometimes use a loud speaker to talk to drivers blocking their path. In the event that traffic is so congested that you can't safely get to the right edge of the road, slow down and leave a clear path for the emergency vehicle. It is against the law to follow within 500 feet of any emergency vehicle that is answering an emergency call. Comply With Orders From Police, Fire Fighters, Traffic Officers, And Others You must obey any traffic directions, orders, or signals given by a traffic or police officer or a fire fighter. Obey any order in emergency or special situations, even if it conflicts with existing signs, signals, or laws. You must obey instructions from school crossing guards and signal persons at road construction sites. Financial Responsibility The Texas Safety Responsibility Act requires you to maintain financial responsibility for your actions whenever you drive and for all motor vehicles you own. It is illegal to drive without being financially responsible. There are seven forms of proof of financial responsibility which fulfill the requirements of the act:

Coverage by a motor vehicle or automobile liability insurance policy A standard proof of motor vehicle liability insurance form prescribed by the Texas Department of Insurance and issued by a liability insurer for the motor vehicle An insurance binder that confirms the operator is in compliance with this law A deposit of $55,000 with the comptroller A surety bond for $35,000 obtained from a company licensed to do business in Texas A copy of a certificate of a deposit covering the vehicle made with the appropriate county judge Self-insurance approved by the Texas Department of Public Safety

If you do not have acceptable proof of financial responsibility and have a collision, your driver's license may be suspended. Insurance Most drivers choose to purchase an automobile liability insurance policy as proof of financial responsibility. If you choose to meet your financial responsibility requirements by carrying insurance, how much insurance must you carry? The minimum amount your insurance must cover per collision is:

$25,000 for a single death or injury. $50,000 for death or injury to more than one person. $25,000 for property damage.

If you are visiting Texas, or have just moved here, you should be aware that many out-of-state insurance companies are not authorized to do business in Texas. Before you drive here you should ask your insurance company if you are covered in case of a collision. Should you become involved in a collision in Texas, all three of the following conditions must be met to avoid suspension of your driving privilege: 1. 2. 3. Your liability policy must provide bodily injury and property damage coverage, which equals or exceeds the limits stated above. Your insurance company must file a power of attorney, allowing the Department of Public Safety to act as its agent for legal service in Texas. You must have insured the vehicle before you came to Texas.

Many lawsuits are settled for much more money than the minimum amounts set by the Safety Responsibility Act. You may have to pay the extra money if your insurance doesn't pay it all. If you have a collision and you cannot prove financial responsibility, your license may be suspended. If someone else is driving a car that you own, is involved in a collision, and is not identified, you, the owner of the motor vehicle involved in the collision, will have your license suspended. Reporting Collisions To The Department of Public Safety When you have a collision, you must report it to the Department of Public Safety if:

More than $500 in damage was done to the property of any person Anyone was injured (no matter how slightly or seriously)

Each driver must make a report to the Department of Public Safety. However, if a law enforcement officer investigates the collision, the officer's report will fulfill this reporting requirement.

This concludes Lesson 4: Traffic Laws and Procedures. Remember these important facts: Always keep these Rules in mind:

You must share space with traffic on the road. Never assume that another driver will share space with you. Avoid passing other cars on two-lane roads. It is dangerous. To pass safely, you must be able to see clearly at least one-third of a mile of the road ahead. At intersections, drivers must yield to each other. Remember! In every situation, right-of-way is something to be given, not taken. When signs and signals control traffic at an intersection, obey them. If there are no traffic controls, you should yield right-of-way. Understanding the use of lanes on the road is critical to safe and successful driving. Different lanes have different purposes, and knowing these different purposes will help you drive in the proper lane. Pedestrians have the right-of-way and lose in any collision. Driving faster than the posted speed limit at any time is dangerous and illegal. The Texas Safety Responsibility Act requires you to maintain responsibility for your actions whenever you drive, and for all motor vehicles you own. It is illegal to drive without being financially responsible.