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CLASSES OF BLOOD CELLS

LEUCOCYTES
Leukocytes are part of the defense mechanisms of the body. Leukocytes move. This characteristic allows them to leave the capillaries through the intercellular spaces of the wall (diapedesis). Using amoeba like movements they move towards microorganisms or harmful particles that are in the tissues. Afterwards they move out of the capillaries and into the tissue. Size: > of 7.5mm of diameter Count: between 5,000/mm and 9,000/mm

They are derived from the mother cell called hemocitoblast (whitish appearance) They are formed partly from bone marrow (myeloid tissue) and partly from lymphatic ganglia (lymphatic tissue). Once they are produced, they are transported through the blood to different locations within the organism where they function. Granulocytes are leukocytes that have small grains and vesicles in the cytoplasm which give them a rough or granular appearance. These grains are known as lisosomes, which are intracellular enzyme bags that digest or degrade cellular proteins and other discarded materials. Types of granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils the Basophils. Although the leukocytes are considered blood cells their actions are produced in the tissues. Agranulocytes (without grains) are the monocytes and the lymphocytes.

Granular leukocytes NEUTROPHILS


First line of defense. They use phagocytosis. Neutrophils are known by other names like: Polimorphonuclear cells (many forms), Neutrophils in bands (Bands) and Segmented Neutrophils (Segmented). The origin of the name is due to the unusual form of their nucleus. The most numerous of all the leukocytes (60 - 70% of the total of WBC).

Originate from the mother cell and complete the process of maturation in the bone marrow. They require 12 to 14 days to be functional. In a healthy organism (immunosuficient) about 100 million new mature neutrophils are release into the blood circulation (bone marrow) on a daily basis. Their life expectancy is 12 to 18 hours. Once in the blood they move with amoeba like movements. They penetrate the endothelial layers of the capillaries and liberate their desired effect into the interstitial fluids. The grains are responsible of completing the phagocytic process. In the cytoplasm of the mature neutrophil there is a large amount of grains of two types that contain diverse enzymes. The enzymes help degrade the different components from the foreign invaders that were digested. Each neutrophil is capable of producing a single episode of phagocytic destruction before its energy source is exhausted and it dies. The energy supplement is small and they do not posses an internal mechanism to produce energy (suicidal mission). Neutrophils are responsible for providing continuous, instantaneous and non-specific protection against the invasion of microorganisms. The total number and percentage of WBC that are mature neutrophils is an indicator of the susceptibility of the client to have infection. The differential in a white blood cells count indicates that most of the neutrophils released to the blood from the bone marrow are segmented and the smaller percentage is with bands. Some infectious conditions cause the population of neutrophils in the blood to change from segmented to less mature. This indicates that a persons bone marrow cannot produce sufficient mature neutrophils to match the continuous presence of infectious microorganisms. Due to this situation immature neutrophils are freed into the blood stream (condition known as Deviation to the left). Immature neutrophils (non-functional cells) cannot provide phagocytosis of foreign materials; therefore, the organism does not benefit from them. They dont have the capacity to mature in the blood.

EOSINOPHILS
They make up from 1 to 2% of the total of the leukocytes (except in allergic reactions where their number increases considerably).

Weak phagocytic cells. They work mainly in reactions that destroy or eliminate parasitic larvae in human beings. They participate in inflammatory reactions related to allergies in sensitive people. Their grains contain diverse substances that produce diverse actions. Some are vasoactive amines that produce inflammatory reactions. The actions of these amines can cause some indirect effects of malaise and damage related to exposure to allergens in sensitive people. Another function is the regulation of inflammatory reactions in body tissues. The grains of eosinophils also contain special enzymes that degrade vasoactives amines and other agents released by basophils. These enzymes limit the activity of amines and thus the extension of inflammation (inflammatory reactions).

BASOPHILS
These are the rarest granulocites and the smallest ones. Constitute up 0.5% of the total of leukocytes. Derive from the myeloid mother cells and are released to bone marrow after a short period of maturation. Related to the signs and symptoms of the inflammation process. They dont have amoeba-like movements or any phagocytic action. They contain great amounts of grains that contain heparin as well as diverse vasoactives amines like histamine, serotonin, cinines and leucotrins. Inmunoglobulin E (IgE) is attached to the surface of the membrane. Histamine contracts smooth muscle of venules, inhibiting the blood flow through small veins and diminishes venous return. This effect makes blood more concentrated in capillaries and in small arterioles thus increasing the hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels. Cinines produce slow vasodilatation of arterioles and together with serotonin increases the capillary permeability. This way plasma is filtered towards the interstitial space. Basophils are very important in generation of acute inflammatory reactions.

NOT-GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES MONOCITES - Macrophages


Monocites are an intermediate type of cells, from the bone marrow. They are released into the circulation before they are completely functionally mature. They constitute of 2 - 4% of the total of leukocytes. When mature monocytes emigrate to the tissues they become MACROPHAGES (final stage). The monocytes are not completely functional until they mature. They are big in size and capable of recognizing their own cells and foreign cells. They have diverse aspects depending on the tissue in which they are located. o o o o o o o o Lung Conjunctive tissue Brain Liver Peritoneum Bone Joints Kidney alveolar macrophage histiocite microglial cell cell of Kupffer Peritoneal macrophage osteoclast Type A synovial cells mesangial cell

The duration (life expectancy) of a macrophage depends on the substance that surrounds it during the phagocytosis process. Macrophages in the tissues have a life expectancy of a few months or even years. They are the greatest leukocytes and they contain fine grains and a single nucleus. They have great cytoplasmic extensions that help them in physical entrapment of foreign proteins. Functions: o o o o Phagocytosis Repair of injured tissues Processing of antigens Secretion of chemical substances that regulate immunity process

Each macrophage participates in many phagocytic processes during their life.

LYMPHOCYTES
Lymphocytes originate from mother cells in the bone marrow. During the fetal development the bone marrow releases immature and undifferentiated lymphocytes (not specialized) into the blood. Some of these move to the thymus where they acquire the ability to distinguish between their own cells and foreign cells. In the thymus lymphocytes are differentiated in B Lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes. Once T cells have differentiated in the thymus they are released into the blood and distributed in lymphatic tissue, especially in lymphatic nodules. About 70% of circulating lymphocytes are T cells. Lymphocytes that dont move into the thymus travel in the blood to other locations, probably to the fetal liver where they are differentiated into B cells. Once they acquire the ability to distinguish between their own cells and foreign cells then they are ready for their special role as part of the immune response. After that process is completed the B cells enter the blood and are distributed into the lymphatic tissues. B cells represent about 30% of the circulating lymphocytes. In the process of differentiation and maturation thousands of different types of lymphocytes T and B are produced. Each type has a special zone for the receptors that combine with specific antigens to provide specific-resistance to disease.

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