CASCADES2 reight of the Changing Aurora: in Situ and Camera Analyses of Dynamic Electron precipitation Structures vehicle 40.

023

Experimenter Package Design Review 8 March 2008

Dartmouth College Cornell University University of New Hampshire University of Alaska, Fairbanks Alfven Laboratory, KTH University of California, Berkeley SRI

Table of Contents
1.0 Experiment overview 2.0 Instrumentation and subsystem array 3.0 Experiment responsibilities and heritage 4.0 Testing required 5.0 Mechanical systems 6.0 Power 7.0 TM and interface connections 8.0 Times and altitudes of experiment events 9.0 Squib circuits and deployments 10.0 Monitors 11.0 Aspect sensors 12.0 Radar 13.0 Trajectory data 14.0 Outgassing, magnetic cleanliness, RFI 15.0 Vehicle performance 16.0 Range support 17.0 Launch conditions 18.0 Comprehensive success criteria 19.0 Minimum success criteria 20.0 Open questions and concerns 21.0 List of contacts

A.0 Cornell Instrumentation Appendix B.0 Imager Instrumentation Appendix C.0 SMILE Magnetometer Appendix D.0 Dartmouth Instrumentation Appendix

1.0 Experiment Overview

Science: The purpose of the Cascades2 sounding rocket mission is the investigation of motions and structure of electron precipitation in pre-midnight poleward edge discrete aurora. Our principal scientic objective is the investigation of spatial and temporal structures within electron precipitation and low-frequency electric eld activity in the topside ionosphere. Cascades will address the following questions: Does dynamic aurora move with respect to the background ionosphere? How much? Does it matter? What is the spatial (as opposed to temporal) variation of auroral parameters like B and E? What does this mean for theories of energy transfer? Alfven waves carry disturbances and changes down to and through the auroral zone, giving us structured and dancing aurora. They are pretty: do they matter? Are these structures signicant for magnetosphere/ionosphere coupling? Do direct observations of these motions validate theories and models? Payload: The experiment consists of a main payload and four subpayloads: two identical wire-boom electric eld subpayloads (E-eld subpayloads) with GPS position and timing, and two free-ying particle detector subpayloads (particle-free-yers, or PFFs) with GPS position and timing. The payloads 100 km magnetic footpoint will be tracked in real time by a dedicated narrow-eld auroral camera from Kaktovik or Toolik Lake, and these images together with those from all-sky cameras and from an onboard, downward-looking camera will provide the auroral context for the in situ plasma measurements. We are planning a launch from the Poker Flat Research range in winter 2009. Technology: Our primary technology development objectives are the development of small autonomous payloads (i.e., particle free yers, a.k.a., PFFs), GPS packaging and integration with instrumentation, and ties to small low-resource sensorcraft development such as cubesat missions. Science Team: There are many investigators from many dierent institutions who will contribute to the Cascades2 mission. Kristina A. Lynch is the principal investigator and is responsible for the overall mission. A complete list of investigators, engineers, and students can be found in section 20 of this document and their contributions to the mission are listed below. Dartmouth College, with the support of the co-I institutions and WFF/NSROC, will be responsible for the overall system design, particle detectors and the PFF subpayloads. The University of New Hampshire will be responsible for the onboard camera to image the visible aurora, and the thermal electron detectors. Cornell University will be responsible for providing the electric eld and plasma wave subpayloads. Cornell is also responsible for the 5 GPS systems. KTH will provide the new SMILE magnetometer for which we are providing a test ight; they will also eld a ground camera during the launch campaign. SRI provides PFISR support, and our theory collaborators at UCB, Cornell and KTH will work with the instrumentation science team in mission planning and data analysis. Heritage: This is a reight of 40.017. Our design plan, after a 4-year period, is to maintain the identical design to the extent reasonable and possible. We plan to make changes that 3

will make things easier, using lessons learned last time. With the exception of the PFF subpayloads and their deployment system, all other instrumentation and subsystems have design and ight heritage (in addition to Cascades1), as noted throughout the text. In particular we build heavily on the highly successful Sierra payload; the E-Field subpayloads were designed for Sierra and were own again on Sersio and ROPA. The Cornell electric eld package is a mature design, after Sierra, Sersio, and ROPA; the Sersio version was identical to those proposed here, with an ERPA, and with snapshot HF capability. The deectable aperture electron detector was designed for the Enstrophy mission; the deectable aperture is a simple modication of an instrument with extensive UNH sounding rocket ight heritage. Similar aperture deection designs have been used by other experimenters on Freja and on FAST. The main payload particle detector deployers, hinged booms, have been own on a number of missions. The PFF deployment system was developed and tested for Cascades1. The onboard imager is comprised of mostly commercial parts with ight heritage; the rst version was own on Sersio and iterated designs have been used on ROPA. For the ground observations, the UAF/GI investigators have many years of experience making optical auroral observations and have participated in many rocket programs. In contrast to our basic instrument suite with extensive heritage, we are also taking the opportunity this time to provide a test ight for the KTH SMILE magnetometer instrument, a new small science magnetometer with potential use for future low-resource small science payloads.

2.0 Instrumentation and Subsystem Array

The ve Cascades payloads are intended to form an array such that the two Cornell subpayloads separate along the magnetic eld direction, and that the two particle free-yers (PFFs) form an L-shape with the main payload in the perp-B plane. An inertial ACS system is required so that the array can be congured with respect to the apogee magnetic eld line. Figure 1 illustrates the concept.

2.1 Main-Payload Instrumentation and Subsystems

2 Heeps (Hemispherical Energetic Particle Spectrometer) particle detectors mounted in forward deck structure on short hinged booms (see Figures in Appx D.): HEEPS-e- (HE): electrons, 10 eV to several keV swept electron energy detector, 32 one msec energy steps per sweep, 32 sweeps/sec (sweep synchronized to GPS). Imaging over 360 degrees in 30 bins. G 1.2e-4/cm2/sr/eV/eV. This detector is a copy of the deectable HE on the PFFs, but the deection system will not be activated on the (ACS-controlled) main payload. HEEPS-ion (HI): ions, 6eV to few 100eV, 16 sweeps per 1.024 sec, 32 2 msec steps. Imaging over 360 degrees in 64 bins. BAGEL (Bg): high-speed eld-aligned electron detector mounted xed in center of forward deck structure (no deployment). 20 eV to 2 keV in 32 1/4 msec steps, 125 sweeps/sec. (See Figure in Appx D.) 4

E and B along Bo e- across Bo Fast e- down Bo Image down Bo Ground cameras Radar
PFRR AMISR

Bo

Kaktovic

Figure 1: Cascades payload array. Auroral imaging camera: with motorized despun camera. Looks down the eld line from the aft end of the main payload. (See Figures in Appx B.) Science magnetometer: deck-mounted below Bagel instrument. (See Figures in Appx D.) COUGAR GPS receiver: for 5 meter positioning and microsecond timing; GPS 1 PPS clock embedded in TM stream. SMILE magnetometer: small test-ight magnetic eld sensor. See KTH appendix (C) for details.

2.2 Cornell Subpayload Instrumentation and Subsystems

This subpayload is described in detail in Appendix A. It contains: Science magnetometer on rigid mount (no deployment). COWBOY (Cornell Wire Boom Yo-Yo) E-eld booms with damper system; wire booms are 12 meters tip-to-tip. DC/VLF/HF E-eld plasma wave instrument (DC to 2.4 MHz). COUGAR GPS receiver for 5 meter positioning and 150 nanosecond timing. GPSbased telemetry synchronizer. ERPA thermal electron plasma sensor.

2.3 PFF Instrumentation and Subsystems

This freeyer is described in the mechanical section below and in the NSROC material. It contains: HEEPS-e-deectable: Deectable-aperture energetic electrons. 10 eV to several keV swept electron energy detector, 32 one msec energy steps per sweep, 32 sweeps/sec (sweep synchronized to GPS). Imaging over 360 degrees in 30 bins. G 1.2e-4/cm2/sr/eV/eV. Deectable aperture points 6-deg-eld-of-view along local -B within 20 degrees of PFF spin axis. (See Figure in Appx D.) Science magnetometer on rigid mount (no deployment). COUGAR GPS receiver for 5 meter positioning and microsecond timing; GPS 1 PPS clock embedded in TM stream. Sun sensors

2.4 Ground based sensors

Kaktovik or Toolik Lake narroweld and all-sky cameras: Narroweld camera real-time tracked to payload footpoint Poker narroweld and all-sky cameras PFISR incoherent scatter radar based at Poker.

3.0 Experiment Responsibilities and Heritage

Responsibilities:
- Main Payload NASA/NSROC - Structure, deck, skins X - Nosecone eject systems (LEO/FEOS) X - Power/ timer/pyro-firing systems X - Science magnetometer - Attitude Control System (gyro-based ACS) X - Release Mechanism (pin puller) for Detector Booms X - Subpayload Ejection:E-field subpayload Deployer X - Subpayload Ejection: PFF Deployer X - 10 Mb/s PCM encoder X - Particle Instruments - Particle detector booms - Imager - Sun sensor electronics X - GPS Wrap-Around Antenna X - GPS Receiver #1 - GPS Receiver #2 (required by NASA/NSROC) X - GPS Internal Re-radiator to subpayload GPS (splitter) X - GPS Internal Re-radiator to subpayload GPS (antenna) - TM Transmitter & Antenna X - Image compression for UNH Imager - SMILE magnetometer -E-field Subpayloads (2 Identically Configured) - Structure, deck, skins X - Subpayload Ejection Systems (Springs) X - Power / Timer / Pyro-firing systems X - Science/Aspect Magnetometer - Solar Aspect Sensor X - COWBOY boom system with damper - Pyro Release mechanism for COWBOY booms (cable cutter) X - Rotation angle monitor for COWBOY boom system - 4.8 Mb/s PCM encoder X - GPS Receiver Dartmouth Cornell UNH KTH

X X X

X X

X X X X

GPS Preamp GPS TM synchronizer TM Transmitter and Combination S-band/GPS Antenna ERPA

X X X X

- PFF Subpayloads (2 Identically Configured) - Structure - Skins - Science/Aspect Magnetometer - Particle Instruments - Sun sensor electronics - PCM encoder - GPS receiver - GPS preamp and antenna - TM Transmitter and Antenna

X X X X X X X X X

Heritage:
Previous Missions Cascades Experiment - Dartmouth -- HEEPS - Dartmouth -- High-speed Bagel - Cornell -- HF E-field - Cornell -- DC/VLF E-field - Cornell -- B-field - Cornell -- GPS TM Synchronizer - Cornell -- GPS Receiver - Cornell -- Yo-Yo boom - UNH -- Imager - KTH -- SMILE Sersio Sierra Caper Scifer Phaze2 ROPA Scifer2 (35.035) (40.014) (40.012) (40.006) (40.010) (40.020) (40.021) X X X X X X X (new) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

(new)

4.0 Testing Required

Besides the standard environmental testing that is done at the payload level during integration at NASA WFF, the following tests are required by the experimenters in order to prove the ight readiness of several new systems on the Cascades2 payload. We anticipate that these tests would take place prior to the start of integration at WFF, during the nal stages of development of these systems. PFISR interference tests Pre-integration of the SMILE/TM interface in August Magnetic cleanliness testing, especially of PFFs and subs Deploy tests Post-integration Dartmouth instrumetation vacuum tests

5.0 Mechanical Systems

The main payload consists of a forward experimental section, a telemetry section, an attitude control system (ACS) and an imager. Sub-payloads PFF 1 and PFF 2 are located between the forward experimental section and the telemetry section. Sub-payload down (E-eld) is located aft of the ACS and imager. Sub-payload up (E-eld) is located just under the nosecone. We request that NASA/Wallops provide the TM and skin sections for the main payload, as well as the subpayload skins, lower telemetry section, and interior decks which serve as 7

the interior support for the wireboom system, as was done for Sierra. For the PFFs, NASA will provide the skins, transmitters and antenna.

5.1 Openings, Doors, Skins, and Skirts

The entire nosecone is ejected prior to nal burn. A LEOS system is used to eject the nosecone prior to Nihka ignition in order to help achieve the apogee requirements. After subpayload up separation and subpayload down separation, the forward experimental sections boom systems and PFF deployers will be exposed by ejecting the spring skin section.

5.2 Booms Antennas

There will be two deployable elements on the main payload consisting of a short boom supporting the Dartmouth HEEPS-E electron detector and a short boom supporting the HEEPS-I ion detector. The booms will utilize the short ip down arms with pin-puller release mechanisms used on many previous ights, retrotted to include a potentiometer deploy monitor as was done for Scifer2. For the two E-Field subpayloads, a small, light weight, and dynamically stable boom system for the electric eld measurement is used (see Appendix A). This is a design developed at Cornell University that rapidly deploys the wire booms into a stable disk-like geometry. The initial form of this design was successfully own on Sierra and the updated design was own on Sersio prior to use in Cascades; as well as on ROPA.

5.3 Subpayloads - E-Field

Please refer to Appendix A for the following discussion regarding the E-eld sub-payload and COWBOY booms. The sub-payload is congured as a short cylinder with a moment of inertia transverse to the spin axis exceeding the spin axis moment. A concentric spool is placed around the inner payload and positioned close to the center of mass. The spool can rotate about the symmetry axis and is attached to the sub-payload cylinder with a combination bearing and magnetically controlled damper. Four wire booms are wound around the spool and sensing spheres are placed at the end of each wire boom. During deployment, the wire booms unwind like a yo-yo despin mechanism, with the exception that the outer spool will rotate with respect to the sub-payload cylinder and as the spool rotates it damps energy from the system. After the wire booms are deployed a pyro activated brake is engaged, which locks up the spool with respect to the inner payload.

5.4 PFFs
Description: The two particle detector freeyers PFFs (see Appx D and NSROC mechanical systems section) are autonomous small payloads. They carry their own TM systems and transmit directly to the ground via 9-inch wraparound antennae. They are deployed from the main payload after the main payload has been aligned to near the apogee magnetic eld line for the electric eld subpayload deployments, so that their spin axes (and detector 8

aperture planes) are nominally within 6 degrees of eld alignment throughout the ight. As the trajectory carries the PFFs northward, their spin axes will move rst towards and then away from eld-alignment, and the electron detector aperture deection system will maintain the eld-line-looking capability using the onboard magnetometer. This deection system will also correct for misalignments from possible PFF coning. The design is based on a standard diameter and standard NASA TM components. It is a very compact payload, but does not require a great deal of expensive redesign or miniaturization. Constraints: The design of the PFF is limited by the following constraints: Stability: Deconvolution of the magnetometer data requires a simple rigid body motion, i.e., spinning and (minimal) coning about the body axis parallel to the main payload spin axis. This requires balancing of this small payload to high accuracy, and absolute rigidity of the structure (i.e., no loose cables). Magnetic cleanliness: The magnetometer is by denition quite close to the payload so non-magnetic connectors, etc, must be used. Autonomy: The PFF must work by itself with only the HVON command coming after launch, triggered by deployment. Size: The system must t within the envelope determined by the TM antenna; this restricts number of battery packs, redundant systems, etc. Spin rate: The spin rate is limited from below by the stability requirement and from above by the electron detector deector system. A spin rate of a few Hz is desirable. Ejection: The PFFs must be placed in an L-shape with the main payload, in a plane perpendicular to apogee-B, and less than 0.5 km from the main payload at apogee.

5.5 Experiment Weight & Volume Estimates

Dimensions of the main payload and PFF instruments are given in Appx D gures, together with an illustration of the basic particle detector electronics box tray; dimensions for the subpayloads in Appendix A. The following are estimates, not measurements. Main-Payload HEDF HM Booms Bagel Electronics Imager Science Magnetometer SMILE magnetometer sensor electronics Main-Payload Experiments Total 9 H x W x D in. 3.4" x 5.6" diam 2.7" x 3.6" diam approx 12" high 4.16" x 3.01" x 7.79" 6.7 x 5.5 x 5.9 see Appx B 1.44"x 1.41" x 5.9" 1" x 1" x 1", 1" x 3" x 3" , lbs. <1.5 lb <1.5 lb 0.3 lb each 3.3-4.4 lbs 4 0.3 lbs 20g <0.5 lbs

approx 16 lbs.

E-Field subpayloads E & B-Field electronics GPS Electronics Science Magnetometer COWBOY boom system ERPA

4 x 5.5 x 5.9 3 x 5.5 x 5.9 1.5 x 1.5 x 5.9 12 x12 x 12 2.7x 3.5 x 2.3

6 3 0.5 6 1 17 lbs.

E-Field subpayload Experiments Total PFF subpayloads HEDF Electronics Science Magnetometer PFF subpayload Experiments Total

3.4 x 5.6 diam 3.85 x 5.5 x 5.9 1.44 x 1.41 x 5.9

<1.5 lb 2 0.5 3.5 lbs.

The MIC total payload estimate is removed from this DR document since the NSROC mechanical section will provide this. Present estimates of payload weight allow a nominal apogee of 639 km.

6.0 Power Requirements

6.1 Main Payload Power Required
Particle/mag/GPS experiment +28 V 400 mA Imager experiment +28 V 750 mA with cooling SMILE experiment +28V, current TBD (hopefully <50 mA)

6.2 E-eld Subpayload Power Required

Cornell Experiment +18 V 1.2 A continuous (3.7 A for 10 sec) ERPA 28V 50 mA -18 V 0.7 A continuous (3.2 A for 10 sec)

6.3 PFF Subpayload Power Required

Experiment +28 V 230 mA The PFFs will have external contacts for battery charging and power control while stowed.

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6.4 General Comments - Power Systems for Main and E-eld payloads
Independence and grounding: For the main payload and all four subpayloads, each experiment should have independent control of power-on and power-o for the purposes of trouble shooting and interference checking. The Dartmouth and UNH experiments may share a single +28V battery pack. The +18V and -18V Cornell power should not be shared with any other user. All battery packs and telemetry systems should be referenced to ground at a single point on only one deck of the rocket chassis. We are trying to avoid noise pickup which may be caused by multiple chassis grounds. 18V: We require separate battery charging circuits for the +18V and -18V battery packs because of the substantially higher power consumption of the +18V battery compared to the -18V battery. It is not acceptable to charge across the +/-18V battery pack this will result in an incomplete charge of the -18V side of the battery pack. Please wire the +18V and -18V batteries as two separate batteries (even though they may be located in the same battery box) with completely separate charging circuits. TEST signal: In addition to the payload power control described above, a TEST signal is required for the Dartmouth experiment. The TEST function requires +28V at 100mA. This line powers internal test oscillators for payload checks. Power to this line should come only from the umbilical so that there is no chance of the test oscillators being powered during ight. HVON: The Dartmouth HV ON requires +28V at less than 20mA. Altitude switch holdo of these functions is not required. HV supplies that cannot be operated in air have internal altitude switches. In ight, HV should be timed to turn on (minimum altitude 160 km) and remain on. For the PFFs, the HVON is triggered by the deploy. Subs: On the E-Field sub-payloads, the 18V power to the Cornell Power Amplier Box needs to be supplied by a relay controlled by the electronic timer. The Power Amplier Box takes 18V at +/-2.5A for a maximum of 10 seconds. The electronic timer will activate the 18V to this box just prior to COWBOY wire boom system deployment. A POWER AMPLIFIER TEST function should be designed into the umbilical and test suitcase to activate the 18V to the Power Amplier Box, to permit testing of the wire boom system without running the payload timers. GPS: For ground testing and pre-ight use, Cornell requires a separate umbilical power source for each of the 2 E-eld Subpayload Cornell GPS receivers. The Cornell GPS receivers require +12V at approximately 200 mA through the umbilical. No on-board power switching is required. This power source will be diode isolated from other power sources inside of the Cornell electronics box. The other 3 GPS systems (Main, PFFs), will usa a +28ka (keepalive) power.

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7.0 Telemetry and Interface Connections

7.1 Main Payload TM and Connector
Main payload imager TM and connector specications are listed in Appendix B. Main payload TM requirements for Dartmouth experiments are listed in Appendix D. Main payload TM requirements for KTH (SMILE) are listed in Appendix C.

7.2 E-Field Subpayload TM and Connector(s)

Refer to Appendix A.

7.3 PFF TM and Connector

The PFFs each require a 640 kbit link, and use 10 bit words. The PFFs will be stowed inside of a main payload conductive skin section. Time tagging of the telemetry data will be done by embedding the 1 pulse-per-second (1PPS) output from the Cornell GPS receiver into the PCM telemetry data. This will be done by connecting the 1PPS signal to the time event module of a standard WFF93 PCM encoder. During post-ight analysis, the experimenters will decode the GPS data and note the locations of the 1PPS in the telemetry matrix and determine the UTC time of each transmitted word in the telemetry for the entire ight. The 1PPS will be used in real-time to synchronize the sweeps of the Dartmouth UNH electron detectors on the main payload and the two PFFs. The accuracy of the sweep synchronization will be on the order of 150 nS. Experimenter requirements for PFF TM are listed in Appendix C.

8.0 Times and Altitudes of Experiment Events

A list of events from the experiment viewpoint; see Timeline for ocial chronology. Main Payload Events 1. Nosecone eject prior to Nihka ignition for altitude. 2. Despin to 2Hz 3. Payload separation 4. ACS: roll control to 2 Hz 5. Aft skirt eject 6. ACS: roll control to 4 Hz 0.5 Hz for subpayload stability and remove coning; and, maneuver spin axis antiparallel to apogee B-eld (spin axis points upward, away from the Earth; and B-eld points downward, toward the Earth)

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7. Eject forward subpayload UP against apogee B-eld vector @ 6-7 m/s and eject aft subpayload DOWN along apogee B-eld vector @ 6-7 m/s 8. Eject forward skirt surrounding main payload experiment 9. ACS remove cone and roll to 1.5Hz 10. Eject PFF #1 and PFF #2, perpendicular to B and to each other, at deploys 11. GPS re-rad o 12. Main booms deploy 13. Camera on; camera despin motor on 14. ACS remove cone and roll control to 1 Hz nal roll rate for Imager after booms deploy 15. ACS OFF 16. Main payload HVON above 160 km, after T+200s Subpayload(s) Events 1. Enable COWBOY damper at eject + 6 sec 2. Deploy COWBOY antenna at + 9 sec 3. Engage COWBOY brake at +61 sec 4. Disable COWBOY damper at +66 sec 3.0 m/s; HVON

9.0 Squib Circuits and Deployments

9.1 Pyrotechnics and pin pullers
On the main payload, the two fold-down booms for the electron and ion detectors will be released by one or more dual bridge-wire retractable actuators (pin pullers), type IMT 18CC (228-50000), to be supplied by NASA/NSROC. On each of the E-Field subpayloads, the COWBOY wire boom systems will be released by a pyrotechnic cable cutter (Holex 2800 guillotine) to be supplied by NASA/NSROC. In addition, the brakes for the COWBOY booms will be engaged by a pin puller type IMT 18CC (228-50000) supplied by NASA/NSROC. Design of the release mechanisms will be the same as own on Sierra. Pin pullers will be needed also for the PFF pivot releases.

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9.1 Deployments overview

The nosecone is ejected rst and kicked sideways (standard NASA system) before the nal motor burn. The E-eld subpayloads each are ejected along the spin axis with a ring of twelve springs in a circular arrangement, achieving a high separation velocity using existing stock components while maintaining acceleration limits. After the subpayloads are separated from the main, the small containment disc holding the spheres is ejected back towards the main payload (at a slow velocity), allowing the release of the wire booms. The wireboom deployment mechanism is on an angular momentum damper assembly, allowing the release of the wirebooms to an orthogonal conguration. After the electric eld payloads are released from the main (at 6-7 m/s separation velocity), the spring skin section surrounding the main payload particle detectors is ejected at a few m/s. The PFFs are then released (see description below), and nally the main payload particle booms are deployed (see description below.) Critical examination of timer timelines and timer errors will be necessary for this mission. Note should be taken of accelerations in light of extreme subpayload separation velocities.

9.2 Eeld subpayload deployment

See Appendix A for subpayload information. Requirements for clean subpayload deployments are listed in Vehicle Performance and Success Criteria sections below.

9.3 PFF deployment

The PFF payloads represent a non-negligible fraction of the total payload mass and their deployment will cause some despin of the main payload. Estimates show a separation velocity of about 1.4 m/s is attainable for a starting main payload spin rate of 4 Hz. This translates to a main payloadPFF separation of just under half a kilometer at apogee. The PFFs will be deployed (simultaneously) after the electric eld subpayloads, with their spin axes nominally parallel to -B at apogee. Main payload ACS roll control can be used before release if any adjustment is needed to achieve the desired separation velocity. It is important that the separation vectors between the main and each PFF be roughly perpendicular to each other, and be in the perp-B plane. Expectations for the PFF deploy are as follows: A 90-deg separation array with a velocity of 32 cm/sec/Hz is attainable. With a main payload spin of 4 Hz, a separation velocity of 1.2 m/sec gives a 360 m separation at apogee. The PFF spin rate would be 2.8 Hz. axisymmetry issues...

10.0 Monitors
The experimenters will use boom position monitors (potentiometers) for the main payload HI and HE booms. The position of these two monitors will be monitored by main payload 14

TM. On the PFFs, a pushbutton mechanically released at deploy will trigger HVON within the PFFs. Breakwires on the PFF are monitored by main payload TM. On each of the electric-eld subpayloads, Cornell will provide monitors for the COWBOY boom system. An optical shaft encoder will provide angular position and angular velocity of the rotating spool and will be encoded by the Cornell experiment.

11.0 Aspect Sensors

A 3-axis science magnetometer is required on the main payload. On the four subpayloads the science magnetometers will be used for aspect determination. Sun sensors will be needed for each payload. The imager on the main payload will have its own roll rate sensor.

12.0 Radar Beacon

A radar beacon is not required by the experimenters.

13.0 Trajectory Data

Absolute trajectory knowledge is required at the 500 meter level, however, relative positioning of the ve payloads is required at the 5 meter level. These requirements are satised by the accuracy of the data supplied by the ve Cornell GPS receivers. The relative positioning calculations will be performed by Cornell.

14.0 Outgassing Requirements, Magnetic Material Sensitivity, RFI Susceptibility

Outgassing: The particle detector experiments on the main and PFF subpayloads are sensitive to payload outgassing and steps need to be taken to keep outgassing to a minimum. These steps include proper material selection (see NASA Reference Publication 1124) and payload cleanliness. Requirements for this payload are summarized below: Machined parts should be thoroughly cleaned of all machining uids and inks before installation. Paper stick-on labels are not acceptable. Acceptable materials include 3M Kapton tape (#92), DC340 Heat Sink Compound, no-wax lacing cord, GE RTV-11 potting compound, and Stycast 2850FT epoxy. Delrin, Teon and Lexan are also acceptable. Phenolic, PVC, and Nylon materials should be avoided. Handling of the structure should be minimized to avoid greasy ngerprints. 15

In addition, a dry nitrogen purge of the payload during integration and on the launcher is required. This minimizes the moisture absorption of the particle detectors. Once the nosecone is installed, the dry nitrogen purge is to be connected to the outside telemetry skin through a y-a-way disconnect. A nitrogen purge is also needed for the camera cooling system. Magnetic cleanliness: The 5 science magnetometers should be located as far as possible from the batteries and high power circuits, and from any high-permeability metal. Magnetic materials should not be used in the vicinity of the HE, HI, and Bagel particle detectors, because magnetic elds from these materials could aect the path of the charged particles that these instruments are sensing. Given the small volume of the PFFs, nonmagnetic connectors must be used throughout. On the main payload, nonmagnetic connectors are to be used in the forward deck structure; best eort to avoid magnetic materials near the SMILE sensor. The PFFs will be developed and evolved with measurements in the Wallops mag cal facility. RFI: If any DC-DC converters are used they must operate above 20 kHz.

15.0 Vehicle Performance

15.1 Minimum Altitude
Apogee between 700 and 800 km was requested. Nominal apogee is presently 639 km, given the payload denition at present. This is a reasonable compromise, but all eorts should continue to be made to minimize payload weight.

15.2 Coning Angle

Main and ACS: For the main payload, the coning should be driven to zero by the ACS prior to the subpayload ejections. After all deployments have taken place the ACS should null the coning and then be disabled for the remainder of the ight, since the payload is rigid (no oppy booms.) A well-designed well-balanced payload will be essential. Creative placement of balance weights will be needed to maintain balance before and after deployments. IMPORTANT NOTE re SUBPAYLOADS: The initial E-eld subpayload coning halfangle must be less than 3 degrees immediately after ejection. All contributions to tip-o error must be minimized to achieve a subpayload coning half-angle of less than 3 degrees immediately after ejection. There will be no ACS on the subpayloads, and the following guidelines should be followed to minimize the initial coning angle, and minimize the rate of growth in the coning angle of the subpayloads. Dynamically balancing the subpayloads. Designing the subpayload separation systems to minimize deployment asymmetries. Arranging the components at the outside edges of each deck so that the roll moment of inertia is maximized, while keeping the payload as short as possible.

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 Clustering the heaviest components (such as batteries) close to the C.G. so that the pitch moment of inertia is minimized. PFFS: For the PFFs, minimal coning is also desired, but the electron detector has a deectable aperture which can correct for cone angles and misalignment to B of up to 20 degrees. Still, the PFF payloads should be designed to minimize coning as their science depends on a stable rigid body motion (magnetometer analysis) and a magnetic-eld-aligned view (electron detectors) within the view of the deectable aperture. This will require sensitive balancing of the PFF payloads, to within a few oz-in2 .

15.3 Pointing and Payload Array Formation Requirements

The experiment consists of a main payload and four subpayloads, being two each of two kinds. The two identical E-eld subpayloads will be separated by hundreds of meters in a linear conguration along the trajectory, and the two identical PFF subpayloads will be separated perpendicular to the trajectory forming a triangle conguration with the main payload (see Figure 1.) The PFF subpayloads should be ejected perpendicular to B with separation velocity 1.5 m/s. The E-eld subpayloads should be ejected forward and backward with the apogee B-eld vector with separation velocity 6-7 m/s. The spin vector of the main payload and the two E-Field subpayloads will be parallel to B. The main payload will have a helicopter geometry. These maneuvers require a gyro-based attitude control system. The E-eld subpayloads will be actively aligned only once, at deployment, antiparallel to apogee B. The main payload, however, will need to be aligned to within 6 deg of the local magnetic eld throughout the science portion of the ight so that the imager is pointed down the eld line. To do this we will align to apogee-B after deployments; see Performance report from NSROC for description. There are a number of unusual restrictions on the pointing for this mission. An important science goal will be studying the propagation of electric eld waves along the magnetic eld line from one E-eld subpayload to another. Thus we wish to have, for a few hundred seconds about apogee, the two E-eld subpayloads on the same magnetic eld line. Perfomance calculations show that it is feasible to have the payloads magnetically conjugate to within 100 m of the same eld line for approximately 100 s near apogee, while the subpayloads are more than 4 km separated along the eld line. This requires that the E-eld subpayloads be ejected, not along the local magnetic eld line, but along a separation vector such that at apogee they will be magnetically conjugate. Roughly, this means ejecting along a line parallel to the apogee magnetic eld vector. The PFF payloads will form the perpendicular part of the array. Their exact positions are not so restrictive, but they need to be (a) not too far away from the main (minimizes ejection velocity) and (b) not forming a straight line with the main payload (means ejections are not symmetric).

15.4 Despin
After all deployments, a nal main payload spin rate of exactly 1 Hz is needed to ensure payload stability and achieve the scientic objectives. The camera places restrictions on the error of this nal roll rate. 17

15.5 Attitude Control System

A gyro-based ACS is required on the main payload to satisfy the pointing, coning, and despin requirements detailed in the previous 3 sections.

16.0 Range Support

Dry nitrogen purge of payload (particle detectors) required during build-up and on launcher. Nitrogen purge for camera cooling system Realtime display of magnetometer, all sky camera, MSP data from Poker Flat, and internet access to realtime satellite data (ACE, GOES, etc.) Realtime display of magnetometer, all sky camera, MSP, induction magnetometer data from Kaktovik. Phone contact with Kaktovik. Radar realtime data feed from Poker Flat to Kaktovik. On-site generation of ight telemetry data on CD within one day of launch using Programmable Telemetry Processor (PTP) with data in PTP Stamp time format is requested. PFISR data

17.0 Launch Conditions

Poker Flat Research Range winter Poker campaign, 2009 Before or near local magnetic midnight Azimuth as close as possible to magnetic north Solar illumination at apogee (desired) Launch angle chosen for maximum apogee altitude Launch requires: bright, active auroral display along the trajectory real-time auroral imaging at the downrange site in Kaktovik solar illumination of payloads at apogee (desired) It is necessary to hold the count at T minus 2 minutes for up to 30 minutes at a time Moon in last or rst quarter or below horizon at Kaktovik 18

18.0 Comprehensive Mission Success Criteria

Altitude: 639 km. Main payload dynamics: Coning angle < 2.5 deg; ACS manuevers nished well before 400 km; Spin rate 1 0.1 Hz; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 6 deg above 200 km altitude. E-eld subs dynamics: Coning half angle not to exceed 20 deg during ight; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 10 deg. PFF dynamics: Coning half angle not to exceed 20 deg during ight; Angle between cone center and B not greater than 7 deg. Array formation: Two E-eld subs magnetically conjugate within 100 m for at least 100 sec about apogee while the E-eld subpayload separation is at least 4 km; PFFs and main payload forming an angle not more than 130 deg; PFF-main-PFF plane between 70 deg and 110 deg to B. Instrument performance: 5 GPS providing location and timing; 2 E-eld instruments providing DC through HF data; 3 HEEPS e- providing synchronized data; 1 high-speed Bagel providing eld aligned electron data; 1 HEEPS ion providing ion distribution functions; 5 science magnetometers providing data that can be deconvolved to 1-2 nT accuracy with 0.1 s time resolution; Imager providing data showing 400 m structure (5 deg half angle eld of view) at the payload magnetic footpoint throughout the ight above 361 km altitude. TM reception: All data received. Ground data: Narroweld imaging from Kaktovic tracking the payload footpoint; Allsky images provided from Poker and Kaktovic; PFISR data. Science: Crossing of an active auroral arc system, with passage northward into the polar cap; Alfvnic event recorded at polar cap edge; Alfven velocity measured by Eeld subpayload delay and PFF perpendicular structure signature; Perpendicular shears recorded on upleg or downleg. Sunlight at apogee is highly desired.

19.0 Minimum Success Criteria

The parameters of minimum success are dependent on the performance analyses and tradeos between predicted performance and payload resources (weight, power.) The criteria below will need to be revisited as performance studies evolve. Altitude: 557 km Main payload dynamics: Coning angle <2.5 deg; ACS rings completed by 400 km altitude; Spin rate 1 +/- 0.2 Hz; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 6deg during science portion of ight. 19

 E-eld subs dynamics: Coning half angle not to exceed 45 deg during ight; initial cone less than 10 deg; Angle between spin axis and B not greater than 40 deg; initial angle less than 10 deg. PFF dynamics: Coning half angle not to exceed 20 deg during science portion of ight; Angle between cone center and B not greater than 10 deg during science portion of ight. Array formation: Two E-eld subs magnetically conjugate within 200 m for 100 sec about apogee while the E-eld sub separation is at least 4 km; PFFs and main payload forming an angle not more than 150 deg; PFF-main-PFF plane between 60 and 120 deg to B. Instrument performance: 1 E-eld instruments providing DC and VLF data; Science data received to allow a multiple-point eld, particle, and image study of a dynamic auroral arc structure. This could consist of, as an example, the main payload, one E-eld sub, and one PFF providing GPS-positioned particle and eld measurements in the framework of image data from the ground or from the onboard camera. TM reception: All data received with minimal dropouts. Ground data: Narroweld imaging from Kaktovic tracking the payload footpoint; Allsky images provided from Poker and Kaktovic. PFISR data... Science: Crossing of an active auroral arc system, with passage northward into the polar cap; Alfvenic event recorded at polar cap edge; spatial/temporal structure discerned and measured.

20.0 Open Questions and Specic Concerns

Mechanical design of imager/ACS area; design of cascading bae and its subpayload mating; active cooling of imager sensor. PFF TM and GPS re-rad issues PFF and main payload balancing before/after deployments PFISR interference

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21.0 List of Contacts

PI -Kristina Lynch Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College (603) 646-9311 kristina.lynch@Dartmouth.edu Co-Is ------Paul M. Kintner 302 Rhodes Hall School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-5304 pmk1@cornell.edu Marc Lessard Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 (603) 862marc.lessard@unh.edu Hans Stenbaek-Nielsen Geophysics Institute University of Alaska hnielsen@gi.alaska.edu John Bonnell Space Sciences Laboratory University of California, Berkeley jbonnell@ssl.berkeley.edu Chris Chaston Space Sciences Laboratory University of California, Berkeley ccc@ssl.berkeley.edu Nickolay Ivchenko Space and Plasma Physics School of Electrical Engineering KTH, Stockholm nickolay.ivchenko@ee.kth.se

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Goran Marklund Space and Plasma Physics School of Electrical Engineering KTH, Stockholm goran.marklund@ee.kth.se Craig Heinselman SRI International craig.heinselman@sri.com 333 Ravenswood Ave. phone Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493 fax

: (650)859-3777 : (650)322-2318

Engineering Design --------------------------Kevin G. Rhoads Wilder 317A, HB 6127 Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-2972 kevin.rhoads@dartmouth.edu Steven Powell 321 Rhodes Hall School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-4551 sp35@cornell.edu Paul Riley Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 paul.riley@unh.edu Mark Widholm Space Science Center Morse Hall University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 (603) 862-4597 Mark.Widholm@unh.edu David Collins

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Science Division Electronics Shop, 1A Wilder Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-3374 david.collins@dartmouth.edu Ralph Gibson Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-3528 ralph.gibson@dartmouth.edu Goran Olsson Space and Plasma Physics School of Electrical Engineering KTH, Stockholm goran.olsson@ee.kth.se Monica Alaniz Space and Plasma Physics School of Electrical Engineering KTH, Stockholm alaniz_monica@hotmail.com

Students -----------Meghan Mella Wilder 112, HB 6127 Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-6416 meghan.mella@dartmouth.edu Erik Lundberg Rhodes Hall School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 etl22@cornell.edu Sarah Jones Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824

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sarah.jones@unh.edu Umair Siddiqui, Rachel Hochman, Parker Fagrelius, Claire McKenna Wilder Lab HB 6127 Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3528 (603) 646-2972 first.last@dartmouth.edu Hanna Dahlgren Space and Plasma Physics School of Electrical Engineering KTH, Stockholm hanna.dahlgren@ee.kth.se

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Appendix A: Cornell Instrumentation

Appendix B: Imager Instrumentation

Appendix C: SMILE Magnetometer Instrumentation

Appendix D: Dartmouth Instrumentation