ENG 103 Fluid Mechanics

EQUATION SHEET
[FINAL EXAM VERSION]
Ideal Gas Law
p/ = RT, R = R
o
/M, R
o
= 8314 kg.m
2
/(kmol.s
2
.K)
Shear Stress in a Newtonian Fluid (1D)
=
du
dy
Flow Patterns
Streamlines:
dx
u
=
dy
v
=
dz
w
Pathlines:
x =
_
udt; y =
_
v dt; z =
_
wdt
Total dierential
When a dierential equation has the form:
P(x, y)dx +Q(x, y)dy = 0
If P/y = Q/x, then there is a function F(x, y) such that
dF = P(x, y)dx +Q(x, y)dy(= 0)
The original dierential equation can then be integrated as
F = constant
with
F
x
= P(x, y) and
F
y
= Q(x, y)
Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion

p g

k = a
Note: a is the acceleration and

k is the unit vector aligned
with gravity but pointing up.
Hydrostatic force on a at surface
(coordinates of the center of pressure)
y
CP
= y
CG

I
x

x
sin
p
CG
A
, x
CP
= x
CG

I
x

y
sin
p
CG
A
where, CG denotes the centroid of the at surface, is the
angle betweeb the at surface and the horizontal, I
x

x
is the
second moment of area of the at surface and I
x

y
is the
product of area of the at surface. Note that the signs in
these equations depend on the direction of the y axis. Here
it is assumed that the y axis is directed upward.
Reynolds Theorem
For a control volume moving at constant velocity
dB
dt

sys
=
d
dt
__
C.V.
dV
_
+
_
C.S.

V
R
d

A
where B is an extensive property and is the corresponding
intensive property.

V
R
is the velocity of the uid relative to
the CV; if the CV is not moving,

V
R
=

V .
Mass Conservation
For a control volume moving at constant velocity
d
dt
__
C.V.
dV
_
+
_
C.S.
(

V
R
n)dA = 0

V
R
is the velocity of the uid relative to the CV; if the CV is
not moving,

V
R
=

V .
Momentum Equation
For a control volume moving at constant velocity
d
dt
__
C.V.

V dV
_
+
_
C.S.

V (

V
R
n)dA =

V
R
is the velocity of the uid relative to the CV; if the CV is
not moving,

V
R
=

V .
Steady ow energy equation (one inlet, one outlet)
_
p
g
+
V
2
2g
+z
_
1
=
_
p
g
+
V
2
2g
+z
_
2
+h
friction
h
pump
+h
turbine
Bernouillis Equation
p
g
+
V
2
2g
+z = Cst.
Note: This equation has multiple restrictions that you must
know.
Continues on the next page...
Gradient, Divergence, Curl, and Laplacian
(f is an arbitrary scalar function and

F is an arbitrary
vector with cartesian components F
x
, F
y
, F
z
and cylindrical
components F
r
, F

, F
z
)
Cartesian coordinates

f =
_
_
f/x
f/y
f/z
_
_

F =
F
x
x
+
F
y
y
+
F
z
z

F =
_
_
F
z
/y F
y
/z
F
x
/z F
z
/x
F
y
/x F
x
/y
_
_

F =

2

F
x
2
+

2

F
y
2
+

2

F
z
2

2
f =

2
f
x
2
+

2
f
y
2
+

2
f
z
2
Cylindrical coordinates

f =
_
_
f/r
(1/r)f/
f/z
_
_

F =
1
r
rF
r
r
+
1
r
F

+
F
z
z

F =
_
_
(1/r)F
z
/ F

/z
F
r
/z F
z
/r
(1/r)[(rF

)/r F
r
/]
_
_

r
=

r
_
1
r
(rF
r
)
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
F
r

2

2
r
2
F

+

2
F
r
z
2

=

r
_
1
r
(rF

)
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
F

2
+
2
r
2
F
r

+

2
F

z
2

z
=
1
r

r
_
r
F
z
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
F
z

2
+

2
F
z
z
2

2
f =
1
r

r
_
r
f
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
f

2
+

2
f
z
2
Irrotational Flow

V =

0
Bernoullis Equation
p

+
V
2
2
+gz = cst.
Potential Flow
( is the streamfunction, is the velocity potential)
Cartesian coordinates
u =

x
=

y
v =

y
=

x
Polar coordinates
v
r
=

r
=
1
r

=
1
r

r
Continuity Equation

t
+

.(

V ) = 0
Cartesian coordinates

t
+
u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z
= 0
Acceleration of a uid particle
a =
D

V
Dt
=

V
t
+u

V
x
+v

V
y
+w

V
z
Stress Tensor (Incompressible Newtonian uid)

xx
= p + 2
u
x

xy
=
yx
=
_
u
y
+
v
x
_

yy
= p + 2
v
y

yz
=
zy
=
_
v
z
+
w
y
_

zz
= p + 2
w
z

zx
=
xz
=
_
w
x
+
u
z
_
p =
1
3
(
xx
+
yy
+
zz
)
Navier-Stokes Equations (Incompressible Newtonian uid)
D

V
Dt
=

+
2

V +g
Cartesian coordinates
u
t
+u
u
x
+v
u
y
+w
u
z
=
1

p
x
+
+
_

2
u
x
2
+

2
u
y
2
+

2
u
z
2
_
+g
x
v
t
+u
v
x
+v
v
y
+w
v
z
=
1

p
y
+
+
_

2
v
x
2
+

2
v
y
2
+

2
v
z
2
_
+g
y
w
t
+u
w
x
+v
w
y
+w
w
z
=
1

p
z
+
+
_

2
w
x
2
+

2
w
y
2
+

2
w
z
2
_
+g
z
2
Dimensional Analysis, Modeling
In the expressions below, L is a reference length, V a reference
velocity, g is the acceleration of gravity, , , are uid
properties (density, viscosity, surface tension)
Reynolds Number Re =
V L

Froude Number Fr =
V

gL
Weber Number We =
V
2
L

Internal Flow
Entrance length, laminar ow:
L
e
/D 0.06 Re
D
Entrance length, turbulent ow:
L
e
/D 4.4 Re
1/6
D
Darcy-Weisbach:
h
f
= f
L
D
V
2
2g
Laminar ow in a circular pipe:
u(r) = u
max
_
1
r
2
R
2
_
u
max
= 2V
h
f,lam
=
128LQ
gD
4
=
32LV
gD
2
Colebrooks formula:
1

f
= 2.0 log
_
/D
3.7
+
2.51
Re
D

f
_
Haalands formula:
1

f
1.8 log
_
_
/D
3.7
_
1.11
+
6.9
Re
D
_
Obstruction ow meters
m =
C
d
A
t
_
1
4
_
2(p
1
p
2
)
Note: Assumes no elevation dierence between pressure taps.
External Flows
Drag Coecient:
C
D
=
F
D
1
2
U
2
A
Lift Coecient:
C
L
=
F
L
1
2
U
2
A
Boundary Layers
Boundary layer thicknesses:
Velocity thickness
point where u/U = 0.99
Displacement thickness

=
_

0
_
1
u
U
_
dy
Momentum thickness
=
_

0
u
U
_
1
u
U
_
dy. Also, =
D
U
2
Results of Blasius analysis (laminar ow, at plate):

x

5.0

Re
x
;

x

1.721

Re
x
;

x

0.664

Re
x
Flat plate drag coecient relations:
Laminar ow (Blasius):
C
D
=
1.328
Re
1/2
L
Turbulent Flow (smooth plate):
C
D
=
0.031
Re
1/7
L
Transitional Flow:
C
D
=
_
_
_
0.031
Re
1/7
L

1440
Re
L
for Re
trans
= 5 10
5
0.031
Re
1/7
L

8700
Re
L
for Re
trans
= 3 10
6
Fully rough turbulent Flow:
C
D

_
1.89 + 1.62 log
L

_
2.5
3