Calculus 5e

Single Variable James Stewart

Chapter 6 Applications of Integration

8F38 E-mail: jyhuang@mail.ntpu.edu.tw

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Area between Curves Volumes Volumes by Cylindrical Shells Work Average Value of a Function

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

2

6.1 Areas Between Curves

n

Consider the region between two curves y =f (x) and y =g (x) and between the vertical lines x = a and x = b , where f and g are continuous functions and f (x) g (x) for all x in [a, b]:

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

Areas Between Curves

n

We divide the region into n strips of equal width and then we approximate the ith strip by a rectangle with base x and height f (xi) g (xi). The Reimann sum

[ f ( x ) g ( x )]x
is an approximation to what we intuitively think of as the area of the region
i =1 i i

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

Areas Between Curves

n

The above approximation appears to become better and better as n . Therefore, we define the area as the limiting value of the Reimann sum n

A = lim [ f ( xi ) g ( xi )]x
n i =1

It is the definite integral of f g : The area A of the region bounded by the curves y =f (x), y =g (x) and the lines x = a and x = b , where f and g are continuous functions and f (x) g (x) for all x in [a, b] , is

A = [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
b a
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
5

Illustration(1/4)
n

Finding the Area between Two Curves Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = 3x and y = x 29

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

Illustration(2/4)
n

Solution: To find the limits, we set the two functions equal and solve for x . We have Thus, the curves intersect at x = -4 and x = 3. The upper boundary is formed by y = 3-x . So, for each fixed value of x, the height of a rectangle is h (x) = (3x) (x 29 ). A

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

Illustration(3/4)
n

Finding the Area between Two Curves That Cross Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x 2 and y = 2x 2 for 0x2.

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

Illustration(4/4)
n

Solution: We will need to compute two integrals, one on the interval where 2x 2 x 2 and a second integral on the interval where x 22x

2 2

To find the point of intersection exactly, we solve x = 2x 2 , so that 2x 2 = 2 or x 2 = 1 or x =1. A

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

Illustration(5/6)
n

Example: An Area Computed by Integrating with Respect to y Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x 2, y = 2x and y = 0.

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

10

Illustration(6/6)
n

Solution we must first write these left-and right-hand boundaries as functions of y. To do this, simply solve the equation y = x2 for x. We get Likewise, y = 2-x is equivalent to x = 2-y. Finally, these curves intersect where So, the curves intersect at y = 1 and y = 4. From the figure, it is clear that y = 1 is the solution we need.

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

11

Example 2
n

Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabolas y=x2 and y = 2x-x2

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

12

Example 4
n

The figure shows velocity ft/s curves for two cars, A and B, that start side by side and move along the same road. What does the areas between the curves represent? Use the Midpoint Rule with n = 4 intervals to estimate it.

A B

sec

t vA vB vA vB

0 0 0 0

2 34 21 13

4 54 34 20

6 67 44 23

8 76 51 25

10 84 56 28

12 89 60 29

14 92 63 29

16 95 65 30
13

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

Example 4
n

Solution: Use the Midpoint Rule with n = 4 intervals 0 0 0 0

16

t vA vB vA vB

2 34 21 13

4 54 34 20

6 67 44 23

8 76 51 25

10 84 56 28

12 89 60 29

14 92 63 29

16 95 65 30

(v A v A )dt t[13 + 23 + 28 + 29] = 4(93) = 372 ft

Chapter 6 Application of Integration
14

Example 5
n

Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = sin x, y = cos x, x = 0, and x = /2.

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

15

Example 6
n

Find the area enclosed by the line y = x -1 and the parabola y2 = 2x + 6

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

16

6.2 Volumes
n

What kinds of solids do you presently know how to compute the volume?
box (V = length width height) a sphere ( V =(4/3) r 3 ) a right circular cylinder ( V = r 2h ) a cylinder is any solid whose cross sections (perpendicular to some axis running through the solid) are all the same. Which are cylinders?
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
17

Volumes
n

The volume of a right circular cylinder is

Likewise, in the case of a box, we have

In general, the volume of any cylinder is found by V = (cross-sectional area) (height).

Chapter 6 Application of Integration
18

Figures 2, 3

A cross-se ction a nd bs a solid sla of

Definition of Volume(P.384)
Chapter 6 Application of Integration

19

Tips
1. 2. (cross section) 3.

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

20

Example 1
Show that the volume of a sphere of radius r is V=(4/3)r3

(a) Using 5 disks, V 4.2726

(b) Using 10 disks, V 4.2097

(c) Using 20 disks, V 4.1940

Approxim a ting the volum e of a sphe re with ra dius 1

Chapter 6 Application of Integration
21

Example 2

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

22

Example 3

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

23

Example 7

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

24

Example 8

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

25

6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells

n

Cylinder shell Cylinder shells

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

26

Volumes by Cylindrical Shells

V = 2x f ( x ) where0 a < b
b a

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

27

Example 1
S e c t io n 1 / Fig u r e 1

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

28

Example 2

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

29

Example 3

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

30

Example 4

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

31

6.4 Work

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

32

Examples
n n n

Example 1 Example 3 Example 4

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

33

6.5 Average Value of a Function

n

It is easy to calculate the average value of finitely many numbers y1, y2, , yn:
yave = y1 + y2 + ... + yn n

But how do we compute the average temperature during a day if infinitely many temperature readings are possible?
T

Tave t
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
34

Average Value of a Function

n

Lettry to compute the average value of a s function y =f (x), axb. Divide the interval [a, b] into n equal subintervals, each with length x = (ba)/n. Choose points x1*, xn* in successive subintervals and calculate the average:
* * * * f (x1 ) + ...+ f (xn ) f (x1 ) + ...+ f (xn ) = ba n x 1 n = f (xi* )x b a i=1

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

35

Average Value of a Function

n

Let n increase, we would be computing the average value of a large number of closely spaced values. The limiting value is

1 n 1 b * lim f ( xi )x = b a a f ( x)dx n b a i =1
by the definition of a definite integral.
n

Therefore, we define the average value of f on the interval [a, b] as

f ave

1 b = f ( x)dx b a a
36

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

Example 1
n

Find the average value of the function f (x)=1+x2 on the interval [-1, 2].

Solution:

f ave

2 1 b 1 = (1 + x 2 )dx f ( x)dx = 2 (1) 1 b a a 2

1 1 = x + x3 = 2 3 3 1
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
37

The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals

n

The question arises: Is there a number c at which the value of f is exactly equal to the average value of the function, that is, f (c) = fave?

The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals If f is continuous on [a, b], then there exists a number c in [a, b] such that

f ( x )dx = f (c)(b a)
38

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

The Mean Value Theorem

n

The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals is a consequence of the Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The geometric interpretation of the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals: For positive function f , there is a number c such that the rectangle with base [a, b] and height f(c) has the same area as the region under the graph of f y from a to b. y=f(x)
f(c)= fa ve

x
Chapter 6 Application of Integration

39

Example 2
n

Since f (x)=1+x 2 is continuous on the interval [-1, 2], the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals says there is a number c in [-1, 2] such that

(1 + x 2 )dx = f (c)(2 (1))

Find c in this case specifically. Solution:

1 b f c = f ave = a f ( x)dx = 2 ba Therefore, 1 + c 2 = 2 so c = 1

Chapter 6 Application of Integration
40

Example 3
n

Show that the average velocity of a car over a time interval [t1, t2] is the same as the average of its velocities during the trip.

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

41

Question
n

Exercises

Chapter 6 Application of Integration

42