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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Area between Curves Volumes Volumes by Cylindrical Shells Work Average Value of a Function
Consider the region between two curves y =f (x) and y =g (x) and between the vertical lines x = a and x = b , where f and g are continuous functions and f (x) g (x) for all x in [a, b]:
We divide the region into n strips of equal width and then we approximate the ith strip by a rectangle with base x and height f (xi) g (xi). The Reimann sum
[ f ( x ) g ( x )]x
is an approximation to what we intuitively think of as the area of the region
i =1 i i
The above approximation appears to become better and better as n . Therefore, we define the area as the limiting value of the Reimann sum n
A = lim [ f ( xi ) g ( xi )]x
n i =1
It is the definite integral of f g : The area A of the region bounded by the curves y =f (x), y =g (x) and the lines x = a and x = b , where f and g are continuous functions and f (x) g (x) for all x in [a, b] , is
A = [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
b a
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
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Illustration(1/4)
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Finding the Area between Two Curves Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = 3x and y = x 29
Illustration(2/4)
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Solution: To find the limits, we set the two functions equal and solve for x . We have Thus, the curves intersect at x = -4 and x = 3. The upper boundary is formed by y = 3-x . So, for each fixed value of x, the height of a rectangle is h (x) = (3x) (x 29 ). A
Illustration(3/4)
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Finding the Area between Two Curves That Cross Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x 2 and y = 2x 2 for 0x2.
Illustration(4/4)
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Solution: We will need to compute two integrals, one on the interval where 2x 2 x 2 and a second integral on the interval where x 22x
2 2
Illustration(5/6)
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Example: An Area Computed by Integrating with Respect to y Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x 2, y = 2x and y = 0.
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Illustration(6/6)
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Solution we must first write these left-and right-hand boundaries as functions of y. To do this, simply solve the equation y = x2 for x. We get Likewise, y = 2-x is equivalent to x = 2-y. Finally, these curves intersect where So, the curves intersect at y = 1 and y = 4. From the figure, it is clear that y = 1 is the solution we need.
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Example 2
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Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabolas y=x2 and y = 2x-x2
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Example 4
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The figure shows velocity ft/s curves for two cars, A and B, that start side by side and move along the same road. What does the areas between the curves represent? Use the Midpoint Rule with n = 4 intervals to estimate it.
A B
sec
t vA vB vA vB
0 0 0 0
2 34 21 13
4 54 34 20
6 67 44 23
8 76 51 25
10 84 56 28
12 89 60 29
14 92 63 29
16 95 65 30
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Example 4
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t vA vB vA vB
2 34 21 13
4 54 34 20
6 67 44 23
8 76 51 25
10 84 56 28
12 89 60 29
14 92 63 29
16 95 65 30
Example 5
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Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = sin x, y = cos x, x = 0, and x = /2.
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Example 6
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6.2 Volumes
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What kinds of solids do you presently know how to compute the volume?
box (V = length width height) a sphere ( V =(4/3) r 3 ) a right circular cylinder ( V = r 2h ) a cylinder is any solid whose cross sections (perpendicular to some axis running through the solid) are all the same. Which are cylinders?
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
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Volumes
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Figures 2, 3
Definition of Volume(P.384)
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
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Tips
1. 2. (cross section) 3.
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Example 1
Show that the volume of a sphere of radius r is V=(4/3)r3
Example 2
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Example 3
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Example 7
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Example 8
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Example 1
S e c t io n 1 / Fig u r e 1
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Example 2
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Example 3
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Example 4
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6.4 Work
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Examples
n n n
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It is easy to calculate the average value of finitely many numbers y1, y2, , yn:
yave = y1 + y2 + ... + yn n
But how do we compute the average temperature during a day if infinitely many temperature readings are possible?
T
Tave t
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
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Lettry to compute the average value of a s function y =f (x), axb. Divide the interval [a, b] into n equal subintervals, each with length x = (ba)/n. Choose points x1*, xn* in successive subintervals and calculate the average:
* * * * f (x1 ) + ...+ f (xn ) f (x1 ) + ...+ f (xn ) = ba n x 1 n = f (xi* )x b a i=1
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Let n increase, we would be computing the average value of a large number of closely spaced values. The limiting value is
1 n 1 b * lim f ( xi )x = b a a f ( x)dx n b a i =1
by the definition of a definite integral.
n
f ave
1 b = f ( x)dx b a a
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Example 1
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Find the average value of the function f (x)=1+x2 on the interval [-1, 2].
Solution:
f ave
1 1 = x + x3 = 2 3 3 1
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
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The question arises: Is there a number c at which the value of f is exactly equal to the average value of the function, that is, f (c) = fave?
The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals If f is continuous on [a, b], then there exists a number c in [a, b] such that
f ( x )dx = f (c)(b a)
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The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals is a consequence of the Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The geometric interpretation of the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals: For positive function f , there is a number c such that the rectangle with base [a, b] and height f(c) has the same area as the region under the graph of f y from a to b. y=f(x)
f(c)= fa ve
x
Chapter 6 Application of Integration
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Example 2
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Since f (x)=1+x 2 is continuous on the interval [-1, 2], the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals says there is a number c in [-1, 2] such that
Example 3
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Show that the average velocity of a car over a time interval [t1, t2] is the same as the average of its velocities during the trip.
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Question
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Exercises
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