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c=
A=
x=
x2 _ xn
Then the system (O) can be written as Max z = cx s.t. Ax b x0 The system (A) can be written as Max z = cx s.t. A I x xs x xs =b 0
The first row of the initial table of the simplex method can be written in the matrix form z ? cx = 0 or z 1 ?c 0 x xs The initial table of the simplex method is =0
z x1
` xn
1 ?c 1 ` ?c n 0 x n+1 0 a 11 ` a 1n 1 _ 0 _ _ _ x n+m 0 a m1 ` a mn 0 can be represented by 1 ?c 0 0 0 A I b which is equivalent to the matrix equation: 1 ?c 0 0 A I Example Consider the system z x xs
0 b
Max z = 2x 1 + 3x 2 s.t. x 1 + 2x 2 6 2x 1 + x 2 9 x1, x2 0 Its augmented form is Max z = 2x 1 + 3x 2 s.t. x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 = 6 2x 1 + x 2 + x 4 = 9 x1, x2, x3, x4 0 We have c= 2 3 ,A = 1 2 2 1 ,b = 6 9 ,x = x1 x2 , xs = x3 x4 .
z z 1 ?c 0 x xs = 1 ?2 ?3 0 0 x1 x2 x3 x4 z z 0 A I x xs = 0 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 x1 x2 x3 x4 = x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 2x 1 + x 2 + x 4 = z ? 2x 1 ? 3x 2
We know that the effect of the row operation can be represented by multiplying a matrix from the left. If after one iteration, x 2 , x 4 are the current basic variable, then all the row operations up to that point will change the columns of x 2 , x 4 into an identity matrix. Therefore all those operation is 2 0 equivalent to multiplying the inverse of B = . 1 1
B ?1
2 0 1 1
?1
1 2 ?1 2
0 1
0 1
0 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 1
0 0
1 2 3 2
1 0
1 2 ?1 2
0 1
Because the same operation is applied to the right hand side, we have the new lower part of the right hand side B ?1 b =
1 2 ?1 2
0 1
6 9
3 6
1 2 ?1 2
x2 x4 6 9
= x B
0 1
3 0
cB
= 3 3 + 0 6 = 9.
In general, suppose that B is formed by the columns of A that correspond to the basic variables, and we define x B and c B similarly. Then initially, the simplex table in the matrix form is 1 ?c 0 0 A After some iteration, we get z xB Therefore, 1 c B B ?1 = c B B ?1 b B ?1 b = 1 c B B ?1 0 B ?1 0 b I z x xs = 0 b
is the matrix representing all the row operations and the matrix for the 0 B ?1 simplex table after the iteration is 1 c B B ?1 0 B ?1 1 ?c 0 0 A I z x xs z x xs = = 1 c B B ?1 0 B ?1 0 b
c B B ?1 b B ?1 b
cB
B ?1
3 0
1 2 ?1 2
0 1 ?
3 2
3 2
1 2 2 1
2 3
?1 2
1 ?1 2
3 2
0 9 0 3
0 1/2 1 1/2
0 3/2 0 ?1/2 1 6 Next step: x 1 would be the entering basic variable and x 4 would be the leaving basic variable. x2 2 1 xB = ,B = . We have 1 2 x1 B ?1 =
2 3 ?1 3
?1 3
2 3
, cB =
2 3 ?1 3
3 2
, c B B ?1 =
4 3
1 3
c B B ?1 A ? c =
3 2
?1 3
2 3
1 2 2 1
2 3
0 0
The calculation in the second line is not necessary.. That tells us that this is an optimal solution. The solution is xB = x2 x1 = B ?1 b =
2 3 ?1 3
?1 3
2 3
6 9
1 4
The steps of the Revised Simplex Method: 1. Initialization. Same as before. 2. Optimality test: Calculate c B B ?1 and c B B ?1 A ? c for the nonbasic variables. If the solution is not optimal, find the entering basic variable. 3. Determine the leaving basic variable: calculate only the column of the entering basic variable, say it is x j , and then the ratios b i /a ij for the positive entries a ij . The column of x j can be calculated by multiplying B ?1 to that column in A. ?1 ?1 B new = E 6 B old where E is the matrix corresponding to the row operations used. For example: B ?1
old
1 2 ?1 2
0 1
The row operations we are going to use are: a. Multiply row 2 with 2/3;
b. Multiply the new row 2 with ?1/2 and add that to row 1. 1 0 0 1 B ?1 1 0 0 2/3 1 ?1/3 0 2/3
1 2 ?1 2
1 ?1/3 0 0 1 2/3 =
=E
2 3 ?1 3
new
?1 3
2 3
0 1
2 3
R2
1 2 ?1 3
0
2 3
? 1 R2+R1 2
2 3 ?1 3
?1 3
2 3
There is a formal description of this on pages 171-172. The vector R mentioned in the book in our example is ?1/3 2/3