Heat transfer

2 3

Conductionwhen heat transfer occurs through a substance without any motion of the substance, then the mode of heat transfer is called conduction. Convectionif heat transfer through a substance is due to the movements of the substance, then it is called convection heat transfer. Radiationwhen the heat is transferred without any medium, i.e. in the vacuum. Fouriers law of heat conductionit states that one-dimensional steady state flow of heat flow due to conduction per unit area is directly proportional to the temperature gradient. (i.e.
Q dt ) A dx

Newtons law of coolingit states that the rate of heat transfer from a solid surface of area A, at a temperature tw to a fluid at a temperature tf, is giver by: Q = hA (tw- tf) Critical insulationthe critical radius of the insulation is defined as the outer radius of insulation which gives maximum heat flow.
hl k CP Prandtl number: Pr = k

Nusselt number: N u =

Stefan Boltzman lawit states that the total emission from a black body per unit area per unit time is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the body. Mathematical expression for this law is Eb = T4; where =Stefan-Boltzman constant = 4.97*10-8 Kirchhoffs lawit states that the total emissive power for any body at a given temperature is equal to its absorptivity multiplied by the total emissive power of a perfect black body at the same temperature. Emissivityit is defined as the ratio of the total emissive power of a body to the total emissive power of a black body. Thermoelectric phenomenawhen two dissimilar metals or semiconductors are connected and the junction held at different temperature, five phenomena take place simultaneously: Seebeck effectif E and T are the emf output and the temperature difference of the junction, then E T . E ab = T The proportionality constant is denoted by, seebeck coefficient Peltier effectif direct current is passed through a pair of dissimilar metals, there is heating at one junction, cooling at the other depending upon the material combinations. Peltier varied the current I and observed the heating and cooling rate Q for different sets of elements. It is found that: Q I Thomson effectwhen a current passes through a single conductor having a temperature gradient, heat transfer is giving by:
dQ dT = I * dx dx

Short note on Mechanical Engineering

Prepared by: Engr. Mohammad Ala Uddin

Heat transfer

2 4

Where is the Thomson coefficient and dQ/dx is the Thomson heat transfer per unit length. Joule effectwhen electrical current I flow through a conductor of resistance R, there is dissipation of electrical energy. This is well known joule effect. The energy dissipated is given by: qj = I2R Fourier effectif the ends of any element are maintained at different temperatures, the heat transfer from the hot end to the cold end is related by: Qcond = U (Th-Tc) where, U=kA/L The cooling and heating effects due to thermoelectric effects are given by: Qc = ab ITc; Q = ab ITh h

Short note on Mechanical Engineering

Prepared by: Engr. Mohammad Ala Uddin