Chapter Learning Objectives Chapter 30: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Concept 30.

1: Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land Name five terrestrial adaptations that contributed to the success of seed plants. o Seeds, reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, and pollen Compare the size and independence of the gametophytes of bryophytes with those of seed plants. o In seedless vascular plants, the gametophytes are visible to the naked eye, the gametophytes of seed plants are microscopic. o In seed plants the dependent gametophytes obtain nutrients from the sporophyte. In seedless plants the free-living gametophytes must fend for themselves Describe the ovule of a seed plant. o A layer of sporophyte tissue called integument envelops and protects the megasporangium. Gymnosperm megasporangia are surrounded by on integument, whereas those in angiosperms usually have two integuments. o Figure 30.3 Explain why pollen grains were an important adaptation for successful reproduction on land. o In seed plants a sperm-producing male gametophyte inside a pollen grain can be carried long distances by wind or by animals, eliminating the dependence on water for sperm transport. They also do not require motility because sperm are carried directly to the eggs by pollen tubes. Explain how a seed can be said to include contributions from three distinct generations. o The reduced gametophytes of seed plants are nurtured by sporophytes and protected from stress, such as drought conditions and UB radiation. Pollen grains, with walls containing sporopollenin, provide protection during transport by wind or animals. Seeds have one or two layers of protective tissue, the seed coat, that improve survival byproviding more protection from environmental stresses than do the walls of spores. Seeds also contain a stored supply of food, which provides nourishment for growth after dormancy is broken and the embryo emerges as a seedling Concept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear naked seeds, typically on cones List and distinguish the four phyla of gymnosperms. o Cycadophyta- large cones and palm-like leaves o Gnetophyta-some species are tropical, whereas others live in deserts. o Ginkgophyta-deciduous fanlike leaves that turn gold in autumn. o Coniferophyta- largest gymnosperm phylum, 600 species of conifers. Many are large trees. A few dominate vast forested regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Many are evergreens; they retain leaves throughoutt the year. Some are deciduous trees that lose leaves each autumn

Describe the life history of a pine. Indicate which structures are part of the gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation. o Figure 30.6

Concept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits Identify the following floral structures and describe a function for each: o Sepal enclose the flower before it opens o Petal aid in attracting pollinators o Stamen produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes Filament Anther-where pollen is produced o Carpel makes megaspores and their products, female gametophytes Stigma- receives pollen Style Ovary contains one or more ovules Ovule- if fertilized, develops into a seed o Figure 30.7 Define fruit. Explain how fruits may be adapted to disperse seeds. o Consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts. o The seeds of some flowering plants are contained within fruits that function like parachutes or propellers, adaptations that enhance dispersal by wind. Some are adapted to dispersal by water. And many angiosperms rely on animals to carry seeds. Diagram the generalized life cycle of an angiosperm. Indicate which structures are part of the gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation. o Gametophytes Male gametophyte Pollen grains Female gametophyte Embryo sac o Sporophytes Mature flower Explain the process and function of double fertilization. o One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote, the other sperm fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of the female gametophyte, producing a triploid cell o One fertilization event produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid cell, is unique to angiosperms Distinguish between monocots and eudicots. o Monocots One cotyledon Veins usually parallel Vascular tissue scattered Root system usually fibrous (no main root) Pollen grain with one opening

Floral organs usually in multiples of three Eudicots Two cotyledons Veins usually netlike Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Taproot (main root) usually present Pollen grain with three openings Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five