Broadband Wireless Technologies, Standards and Service

Riaz Esmailzadeh
Carnegie Mellon University riazesma@andrew.cmu.edu

Overview
Broadband Wireless Technologies Transmission Rates Technology Differences Throughput Calculations Standards 3G to 4G CDMA Based OFDMA Based Enhancing Technologies Services Revenue Flow Value Chain Expected Growth
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Broadband Wireless Technologies

Broadband Wireless Technologies Transmission Rates Technology Differences Throughput Calculations 3G to 4G Standards CDMA Based OFDMA Based Enhancing Technologies Services Revenue Flow Value Chain Expected Growth
27 July 2007 Riaz Esmailzadeh 3

Edholms Law
Ex-CTO of Nortel, projected several years ago that with the present rate of growth in both fixed and wireless transmission rates, in a few years the transmission rates will be comparable. It would make more sense to roll-out a wireless network that a fixed network

Source: IEEE Spectrum July 2004

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Downlink Transmission Rate: 5 Giga-bit/sec

Japanese operator DoCoMo announced field test results in February System parameters: Multiplexing method: Variable Spreading Factor Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (VSF-OFDMA) Bandwidth: 100 MHz Modulation: (256 QAM) 12 x 12 MIMO antennas Single cell

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There Are Challenges

Propagation loss From Hata-Okumura model Path loss increases as a power of 2.6 or (f1/f2)2.6 For f1=2 GHz and f2=5 GHz, the signal loss is almost 10 times higher at 5 GHz than 2 GHz Required transmit power is a factor of transmission rate A 100 Kbps transmission requires 100 times more power than a 1 kbps For a 4G vs. 3G system comparison: 10 times signal loss 10 times higher required transmission power due to higher bit rates 100 times more required peak transmission power Available bandwidth BER A chunk of 100 MHz needed 10-1 Fading channel Go to the 5 GHz band? -2 10 Extra path loss of 10 dB compared with the 2 GHz band 10-3 However, we have come a long way. Static channel
0
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12

16

20

24
6

E b /N 0

Key Requirements for 4G

High data rate, low latency, packet-optimized radio access 100 Mbps peak DL rate in 20 MHz allocation 50 Mbps peak UL rate in 20 MHz allocation Spectrum flexibility Scalable bandwidths [1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz] Support for paired and unpaired spectrum assignments Support for high speed mobility (up to 350 km/h) Flat backbone architecture (all IP)

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Which Technologies
Two paths have emerged: Evolution of CDMA based system (3GPP) Evolution of OFDMA based systems (IEEE) What is the difference? Philosophical really! How is the wireless channel equalised (And how multi-user interference is dealt with). How to operate in very wide-band channels

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Fading in Two Domains

Wireless communications system performance is degraded due to signal fading in two domains: frequency and time. Wireless transmission technologies are designed to compensate for these conditions Or Equalize the channel

10 Channel gain (dB) 40 30

Po si

50

-10 10 -20 2000 0 2010

20

2005 Frequency (MHz)

*Source: Adachi, et al.

9

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Shannon Theorem
In mobile communications, which re-use frequency resources, the amount of interference from other users must be taken into account Shannon Theorem on capacity can be approximated to include the effect of interference, I Throughput here is calculated as a function of SINR, or SIR The efficiency of each technology can be evaluated based on this theorem
9 8 Normalised Capacity (bps/Hz) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Shannon limit

S C B log 2 1 + N+I

-10

-5

10 15 S/(N+I) (dB)

20

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tio n
25 10

(c m

How to Equalise
For Time and Frequency domains fading: CDMA systems equalise through Diversity combining (rake, multiple antennas) Power control OFDM systems equalise through Narrow-band sub-carrier with flat fading Power control The other equalisation problem Multi-user interference

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Sources of Interference
In the uplink: All active mobile in the system transmit signals that are interference to the desired user signal In the downlink All signals from other active base stations, and signals intended for other users within the same cell area are interference

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WCDMA (and HSDA)

The two systems differ in the way they treat interference CDMA systems use frequency re-use factor of one The sources of interference come from both within and without the cell How these interference are minimised contributes to the increase of WCDMA average throughput The system may be equalised through joint detection techniques (interference mitigations, both inter- and intra-cell)

1 3 2

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WiMAX
OFDMA-based systems use a TDMA system per sub-carrier, and transmits to one user at a time However, inter-cell interference remains Therefore they need to have a frequency re-use factor of more than one as the interference from neighbouring cell can be destructive Adaptive array antenna systems, as well as adaptive frequency re-sue factors are used to reduce interference and increase the throughput efficiency

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Peak Throughput
Peak throughput is calculated similarly for all technologies It is primarily a function of system bandwidth, and frequency re-use factor
Peak throughput An example for a WCDMA system is calculated below. It should be noted that peak throughput figures of up to 14 Mbps have been reported. These require higher coding rates and better information efficiency than listed in this example. Chip rate Spreading factor (chip per symbol) Data bits per symbol (16 QAM) Channel coding rate Information bits / transmitted bits Peak throughput 3.84 Mcps 1 4 3/4 95% 10.944 Mbps

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WiMAX Peak Throughput

WiMAX peak throughput is similarly calculated. It is also directly related to the system bandwidth

WiMAX peak throughput An example for a 5 MHZ WiMAX system is calculated below. System bandwidth Sub-carrier frequency spacing Number of sub-carriers OFDM symbol duration Symbol rate per sub-carrier (1 / 115.2 sec) Total symbol rate (8680x384) Information symbol ratio (80%) 64-QAM modulation: 6 bits/symbol Channel coding rate 3/4 Peak throughput 5 MHz Mcps 9.766 kHz 384 115.2 sec 8680 3.3 Msps 2.67 Msps 16 Mbps 12 Mbps 12 Mbps

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Average Throughput
Average throughput is calculated from SIR distribution and Shannon theorem Various standards differ here on how they can minimize interference

SIR = 12 dB SIR = SIR = SIR = SIR = 9 dB 6 dB 3 dB 0 dB

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Multi-hop Networking
With path loss and the required received power significantly higher, transmission range is significantly reduced. To increase coverage, a user device may be used to relay signals to a user outside the coverage area

t4 t1 t2

t3

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To summarize
Fixed and wireless transmission rates are becoming more and more comparable The question of which technology to choose is answered by which way multi-user interference is handled An operator should be most interested in average throughput rates for the system, rather than a marketing-oriented peak throughput figure

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3G to 4G Standards
Broadband Wireless Technologies Transmission Rates Technology Differences Throughput Calculations 3G to 4G Standards CDMA Based OFDMA Based Enhancing Technologies Services Revenue Flow Value Chain Expected Growth
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Technologies: WCDMA-HSPA
WCDMA HSPA standard is in various stages of standardization within ITU, 3GPP and ARIB 3GPP has already made 5 formal releases of the CDMA standard Most of these standards have been ratified by the ITU

3GPP (Expected) Release Date Release 99 Release 4 Release 5 Release 6 Release 7 Long Term Evolution 1999 2001 Dec 2002 Dec 2004 June 2006 2007/2008

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A Combination of
It is a combination of FDD, CDMA and TDMA The Duplex mode is Time Division User simultaneously connect to the system in Code division multiple access fashion User traffic is also handled in a Frequency Division manner The TDD mode is a complimentary component for the new standard

FDD
Such as: GSM WCDMA

CDMA
Such as: FOMA cdmaOne

WCDMA-HSPA

TDMA

Such as: GSM PDC

22

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FDD and TDD

In FDD two different frequency bands are used for downlink and uplink transmissions Dow In TDD Uplink and nlin k fr eq u downlink transmissions enc y ba nd are carried out in the same frequency band, Upl but at different times ink f
r eq

While CDMA systems have been mainly FDD, a joint TDD/FDD is being developed While initially WiMAX systems went the FDD way, they are now focusing on TDD

uen cy b and

Base station (FDD)

Com mo nu plin k an d

End-user device

dow nl

ink freq uen c

y ba nd

Base station (TDD)

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End-user device
23

Technologies: WiMAX
WiMAX specifications are being developed under IEEE 802.16e group, with several other working group contributing to the final standard: Release dates have varied: the following was presented by Intel last October: Definite Final Release 1 is expected this year...

*Source: Intel Presentation at Wireless Broadband Technical Seminar, Tokyo, Japan, 31 October 2005
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Uses OFDMA
WiMAX is a combination of TDD OFDMA and TDMA The Duplex is Time Division User simultaneously connect to the system in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access fashion User traffic is also handled in a Time Division manner

TDD
Such as: DECT PHS

OFDMA

WiMAX

Similar to: 802.11a DAB/DVB

TDMA

Such as: GSM PDC

25

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WCDMA LTE: OFDMA with Spreading

Long term evolution of CDMA standards envisages usage of OFDMA A combination of CDMA and OFDM as in the DoCoMo proposal The OFDM part will use a scalable variable number of sub-carriers Fixed sub-carrier spacing (15kHz) Spectral compatibility for deployment in existing bands

15 kHz

5MHz

10MHz

20MHz
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Physical Layer: Resource Segmentation

Time, frequency and (possibly) code domain resource partitioning Time domain Accommodates bursty traffic profiles (packet data) Enables channel dependent scheduling (multi-user diversity) Frequency domain Further granularity, and channel dependent scheduling Localised resources or distributed resources

code

Time (sub-frames)

Frequency (sub-carriers)
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System Parameters
Although both 3GPP WCDMA LTE and WIMAX evolution envisage a range of bandwidths, it is expected that mostly a 5 or 10 MHz bandwidth will be used Both systems use similar coding and modulation schemes The only difference between the two systems is the choice of access technology This leads to different frequency re-use factor requirements WCDMA-HSPA Bandwidth Coding Modulation Downlink Uplink Access Technology
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WiMAX 1.25 ~ 20 MHz

1.25 ~ 20 MHz

Turbo and LDPC Codes QPSK ~ 64 QAM QPSK ~ 64 QAM CDMA-OFDMA

Riaz Esmailzadeh

QPSK ~ 64 QAM QPSK ~ 16 QAM OFDMA

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Key Parameters
The following table shows the general guidelines for the LTE These are expected within 2009-2010 release

Parameter Downlink Peak User Throughput Uplink Peak User Throughput Spectral efficiency- Downlink Spectral efficiency- Uplink Cell Edge Rate - Downlink Cell Edge Rate - Uplink Delay one way (active state, single user, unloaded) Channel bandwidths (MHz) Duplex Modes

Net Requirement Set By Operators 5b/s/Hz 2.5b/s/Hz 1.2 1.6 b/s/Hz 0.48 0.72 b/s/Hz 1 2 Mbps 192-256 kbps < 5 ms 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 Paired & Unpaired

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Frequency Re-Use
Usually the spectrum is re-used in many different base stations If two base stations are sufficiently separated, they can re-use the same spectrum to communicate with their mobiles WiMAX systems propose a partial frequency re-use, where areas in the centre of a cell can have re-use factor of 1, and cell-edge a re-use factor of 3.

f1 f1+f2+f3

f2 f1+f2+f3 f1+f2+f3

f3

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Allocated Spectrum
Several frequency bands can be considered for future releases of 3G standards.
< 2 GHz Band
Sub 1 GHz Presently used for 1G, 2G 450 MHz 800 MHz bands TDD or FDD Various Worldwide 1.7 GHz IMT-2000 FDD 1.72~1.78 Japan Canada? 1.9 ~ 1.92 GHz IMT-2000 TDD Europe, China Korea 1.92 ~ 1.98 GHz IMT 2000: FDD Europe, Japan, Korea, China

2 GHz Band

2.01 ~ 2.025 GHz IMT 2000: TDD Europe, Japan, Korea, China

2.11 ~ 2.17 GHz IMT 2000: FDD Europe, Japan, Korea, China

2.3 ~ 2.4 GHz IMT-2000 TDD China Mobile Internet Korea

2.5 ~ 2.69 GHz IMT Extension band: Europe, Japan, Korea TDD or FDD MMDS band: USA, Canada TDD or FDD

3 & 5 GHz Band

3.3 ~ 3.8 GHz Broadband Wireless 3.3- 3.4 GHz: China, India 3.4-3.6 GHz: Worldwide 3.6-3.8 GHz: USA, Canada TDD or FDD

5.7 ~ 5.8 GHz Possible Broadband Wireless 5.470 5.725 : Asia, Americas, Europe

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Switching Technology
Switching technologies have now also merged: Data over wired network has long been packet switched Voice communications over wire is now increasingly packet switched: VoIP Similarly in wireless Data is now increasingly packet switched Voice is also converging to packet switching: Wireless VoIP

2G
Voice Email Web Circuit Switched

3G Early Releases
Voice Video Email Web MMS Streaming Packet Switched Circuit Switched

3G Release 5 ~
Voice Video Email Web MMS Streaming
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Packet Switched

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IP End-to-End
Services of the future will be packet switched The backbone network will operate using IP Offered services will also use IP Using an end-to-end IP network design will reduce Design cost Integration cost Operating cost Layout and expansion cost
Other Networks

IP Network
Base station

Server
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LTE Architecture
The backbone is based on a flat all-IP architecture

PSTN

ISP network Public IP WAN Private network

IMS Service Network

Operator Managed IP backbone

User data

LTE GW

Signalling

E-UTRAN
E-Node B

E-Node B

E-Node B

E-Node B

E-Node B

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Using MIMO
MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology is the usage of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver sides This in effect creates parallel channels. The channel capacity can therefore be increased several times. For example the DoCoMo systems uses 12 antennas at each side Under ideal conditions, this increases throughput 12 times For this to work, antenna elements must be sufficiently apart
Antenna elements
> / 2

Base station

Antenna elements

User equipment
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Hybrid ARQ (Incremental Redundancy)

When S term is high in Shannon Theorem, higher transmission rates may be supported. This Hybrid ARQ scheme facilitates its realisation

Information bits

Parity bits

Transmitted packet

Buffer Information bits

Punctured parity bit

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NA CK

Re-transmit punctured bit if NACK

36

Adaptive Coding and Modulation

When channel conditions are good then channel coding rates and modulation rates may be increased so more information is sent through the channel.
350 Mode 7 300 Mode 6 250 Throughput Mode 5 200 150 100 50 0 -10 Mode 4 Mode 3 Mode 2 Mode 1

Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM

Coding Rate 1/2 1/3 3/4 1/2 1/3 3/4 3/4

-5

5 Eb/N0

10

15

20

25

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Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

Multi-carrier systems suffer from large PAPR problem This is significant particularly in regards to power amplification as nonlinearity can cause clipping
Amplitude level

Time

Time

Time

Time Peak power Power level Average power ()2

Time
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Power Amplifier Efficiency

Power amplifiers have a saturation level With PAPR, the device need to operate at well below saturation level
Input level Output level

This leads Less efficient operation (more battery power required, more heat generated) Cost/Battery usage can be prohibitive for handsets. This is the reason OFDM/Multi-carrier is not used in Uplink
Input backoff 0 dB 3 dB 6-9 dB Efficiency 60% 44% 30%

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To summarize

3G standards evolution (both 3GPP and IEEE based) intend to provide Higher transmission rates Flexible bandwidth allocation Full IP backbone architecture Advanced antenna MIMO, and error control coding technologies helps increase the transmission rate However, concerns remain with the electronics design aspects, specially PAPR issues for OFDM systems

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Services
Broadband Wireless Technologies Transmission Rates Technology Differences Throughput Calculations 3G to 4G Standards CDMA Based OFDMA Based Enhancing Technologies Services Revenue Flow Value Chain Expected Growth
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End-User device
The services that can be provided are very much a factor of the enduser device capability, core purpose, and mobility

Mobility

Laptop PC

Mini PC

PDA

Mobile

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Revenue Flow
Service models, and revenue flows are also changing as many new players are entering the value chain With the introduction of new services in 2G and 3G, the flow of revenue has become more complex It is expected to be more complex with (4G) broadband wireless services

Revenue Flow Revenue Flow User Mobile Operator User

Mobile Operator

Revenue Flow

Revenue Flow Third parties

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Value Chain
A value chain, based on 3G services and applications has been developed by UMTS Forum They classify services into three groups:

1. Mobile Specialised Services 2. Portal Focused Approach 3. Access Focused Approach

Non-Portal Content Aggregation and Creators

Non-Portal Application Platform

Portal Content Aggregation

Third Party Billing

Portal Access

End-user Billing

IP Network Access

Mobile Network Access

*Source: UMTS Forum

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Service Classification
Using this classification, service categories are defined by UMTS Forum
Information and Content (Non-Voice) Voice

Content Connectivity (Internet)

Mobility

Mobile Internet Access

Mobile Intranet/ Extranet Access

Customized Infotainment

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

Location Based Services

Rich/ Simple Voice

Access Focused Approach

Portal Focused Approach

Mobile Specialized Services *Source: UMTS Forum

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Required Transmission Rates

Required transmission rates vary for different services Moreover they are expected to be different for downlink and uplink These help the decision making process: what amount of total transmission rates are needed for a certain customer base.

Downlink Mobile Internet Access Mobile Intranet/Extranet Access Customised Infotainment Multimedia Messaging Service Location Based Services Rich Voice Simple Voice 500 kbps ~ 1 Mbps 500 kbps ~ 1 Mbps 64 kbps ~ 128 kbps 4 kbps ~ 16 kbps 8 kbps ~ 16 kbps 16 kbps ~ 64 kbps 8 kbps ~ 32 kbps

Uplink 32 kbps ~ 64 kbps 128 kbps ~ 256 kbps 8 kbps ~ 16 kbps 4 kbps ~ 16 kbps 1 kbps ~ 4 kbps 8 kbps ~ 16 kbps 8 kbps ~ 32 kbps

*Source: UMTS Forum

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Uplink and Downlink Asymmetry

The amount of traffic in the uplink and downlink are going to be different TDD systems are more flexible in traffic allocation
D ow nlink f re q uenc y ba nd C om mon uplin k an d do

wnli nk

freq

uenc

Upli nk fr e

y ba nd

q u en

cy b and

(FDD)

(TDD)

2500 2000 Kbp s 1500 1000 500 0

Maximum throughput for D/L and U/L per User Downlink Uplink

One frame One slot

1997

2002 Year

2007

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Simple and Rich Voice

This is the traditional voice service, and voice enriched by video and other functions While the revenue from simple voice service is expected to decrease, revenue from rich voice service is expected to increase Transmission rates are moderate
120 100 Revenue ($B) 80 60 300 40 20 0 200 100 0 Rich Voice revenue ($B) Simple Voice revenue ($B) Simple voice subscribers (M) 700 600 500 400 Subscribers (M)

Source: Esmailzadeh based on UMTS Forum data

2005

2006

2007 Year

2008

2009

2010

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Customized Infotainment
Information and entertainment services are going to be a major revenue growth for operators Moderate transmission rates
100 90 80 Revenue ($B) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Source: Esmailzadeh based on UMTS Forum data 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 50 0 Customised Infotainment revenue ($B) Customised Infotainment Subscribers (M) 350 300 250 200 150 100 Subscribers (M) Subscribers (M)

Year

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Mobile Intranet/Extranet
Wireless ADSL type of services, specially for the business segment is expected to grow. High transmission rates, perhaps counting for the lion share of inforamtion transfer However, revenues are not expected to be correspondingly high
70 60 Revenue ($B) 50 40 30 20 Source: Esmailzadeh based on UMTS Forum data 10 0 Intranet/Extranet revenue ($B) Intranet/Extranet subscribers (M) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
50

2005

2006

2007

Year

2008

2009

2010

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Multimedia Messaging Service

Short messaging services, enhanced by multimedia features is expected to grow MMS services for business, including machine-to-machine services are expected to grow rapidly. Transmission rates are expected to be low
45 40 35 Revenue ($B) Subscribers (M) 30 25 20 15 10 Source: Esmailzadeh based on UMTS Forum data 5 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20 0
51

MMS business segement revenue ($B) MMS consumer segment revenue ($B) MMS consumer segment subscribers (M)

140 120 100 80 60 40

Year

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Location Based Services

Location based services, including both consumer and business segments (asset tracking etc.) will show significant growth Low transmission rates
Unit (M) 2005 22 39 4 18 1 Consumer navigation LBS advertising LBS transactions Consumer third party Business asset tracking
Revenue ($B) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2005 2006 2007 Year 2008 2009 2010
52

Unit (M) 2010 187 117 19 180 10

Source: Esmailzadeh based on UMTS Forum data

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To summarize

A good classification of the future services have been done by the UMTS forum Based on this classification a value chain and market forecast has been made It is expected that a mixture high and low data rates will exist, and generate revenues unrelated to their transmission rates The future wireless technology needs to be flexible to provide these service mixture

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Overall Summary
There appears to be convergence between CDMA and OFDMA camps Perhaps driven by the 3GPP camp to remove any differentiation WiMAX camp may have Although provision of high transmission rates is being addressed, the two camps still are in the marketing mode: Peak transmission rates are bragged Service provision is not really addressed Essential problems are still ignored The end-user major present-and-now need is wireless DSLtype services Which neither technology with their present capacities can provide And which may be best provided by proprietary technologies The challenge of transmission of higher rates at higher frequency bands and reduced transmission range also needs to be addressed.

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