AUTOMATIC MONITORING, CONTROLLING AND PROTECTING OF 3- PHASE I.M.

USING MICROCONTROLLER

ABSTRACT
In the actual practice mostly measurement of v0ltage, current and speed is done by analog system. So there may be possibility of instrumental or human error. So we cannot get correct result. Also data logging is quite difficult and costly. But in this project measurement is done by microcontroller logic and peripherals digitally and data logging is done by serial interface. So there is no possibility of instrumental or human error. As we know that when power factor becomes poor, losses increases and efficiency decreases. So for that power factor correction is done automatically. In the supply system, many times abnormal condition occurs like over voltage, over current, poor power factor. So motor operation is disturbed or motor may be damaged. This would not to be happened. So motor is protected against it automatically. Also sometime it is necessary to run motor in star or delta connection according to current limit. Here it is done automatically according to that limit. Sometimes sudden braking and tripping of induction motor is required as in case of drilling, cutting machine, elevator, hoist, etc. Which is done manually in actual system which is time consuming, but in this project it is done automatically.

INTRODUCTION :-

AC induction motor is the most common motor used in industry and mains powered home appliances. It is biggest industrial load, so widely used. Engineers have to know its performance, have to control as per load requirement & protecting induction motor also. It is usually more economical to correct poor power factor than to pay large utility bills. In most industrial applications motors account for approximately 60% or more of electric power consumption, resulting in a lagging power factor (more inductive than capacitive). Now-a-days manual industries become automation industries. Major tasks done automatically. So we are going to make such a device in which above task is done automatically using microcontroller logic.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION: System is based on AT89C52 microcontroller. As we all know that the microcontroller need 5volt constant supply so for that we need the auxiliary supply which consist of a set of center tap transformer, filter circuit and regulator circuit which gives 5volt dc supply. 16 X 2 LCD module is there for displaying various parameters. Serial communication with PC is done by MAX232 IC using RS232 protocol. One potential transformer is there to sense R-N voltage, One current transformer is there to sense phase current. Keyboard is for inputting parameter or setting modes. Two LM358 detectors are there connected to CT & PT, one for detection of sampled voltage and current signal and other as comparator it is simply connected as it is such that it can give square output. ADC0809 of 8-channel is used to convert analog signal (coming from LM358 detector) into digital signal. CD4093 is Schmitt IC used as square wave generator whose output is given to ADC0809. Relay-1 is connected to 3-phase contactor-1 and led. By giving signal to relay through MCU, contactor is on or off for making star connection. Relay-2 is connected to 3-phase contector-2 for making delta connection. Relay-3 for connecting capacitor bank for power factor correction and also they are connected to led for indication purpose. Relay-4 is for reverse phase connection to accomplished breaking operation. 12MHz crystal connected to MCU for system clock. Slotted wheel type arrangement is there for speed measurement which is placed on motor shaft.

WORKING PROCEDURE OF DEVICE :

In this project first auxiliary supply is given to MCU, LCD and ADC. The input the voltage limit & current limit break time limit, current limit for star to delta (STD) connection and delta to star (DTS) connection. Now start the motor using starter, then data (like voltage, current, power factor, frequency, speed) will be measured. Here the step down values of voltage and current from PT & CT respectively is given to common detector circuit LM358 then to ADC0809 & from that to microcontroller. So per phase voltage & current values will ve measured. Using LM358 sine wave of step down values will be converted into square wave which is directly given to microcontroller for finding out power factor and frequency. Speed measurement is done by slotted wheel mechanism. As SW2 is pressed first the motor is start in star connection and then converted in to delta connection with help of contactor1 and contactor2. Then if current is greater than DTS limit then motor remains in delta connection otherwise it converted into star connection. As the current is less than STD limit then motor remains in star connection otherwise it converted into delta connection. If during the operation power factor become poor or it is required to operate motor at desired vale then capacitor bank will be connected. If abnormal condition like over voltage or over current takes places them motor will be tripped. If we want braking of motor the using plugging method it is done.

SOFTWARE FLOW CHART: