A PROJECT REPORT ON TO STUDY AWARENESS RELATED TO VARIOUS FORMAT OF CRICKET SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR

OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)

SUBMITTED BY DHOLIYA SATISH L. (14)

PROJECT GUIDE Mr. HORMAZ D. PATEL

THE SURAT PEOPLES CO.OP.BANK COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, UDHNA, SURAT 2011-12

UDHNA CITIZEN COMMERCE COLLEGE & S.P.B. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION &
UDHNA ACADEMY COLLEGE OF COMPUTER APPLICATION & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Self Financed College Affiliated To VNSGU, Surat) (Managed By Udhna Academy Education Trust, Udhna) 214, Ranchhodnagar, Opp. Swaminarayan Temple, Surat-Navsari Road, Udhna, Surat 394 210

(B.B.A. Programme)
Phone :

(0261) (B.Com. : 2277739) (B.B.A.: 2270825) (B.C.A.: 2273542) (Fax : 2277739)

E-Mail ID : Website :

(B.Com. : uccbcc_uaet@rediffmail.com ) (B.B.A. : spbcba@gmail.com) (B.C.A.: uaccait@gmail.com) www.udhna-academy-edu-trust.org B.Com.: NAAC Accredited B (CGPA 2.67) 2009 =============================================================================================== Ref: Date: ===============================================================================================

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Satish L Dholiya has prepared the Project Report entitled To Study Awareness Related to Various Format of Cricket with Reference to Surat City under my guidance & supervision. This project embodies the result of his work & is of the standard expected of a candidate for the successful completion of Bachelor of Business Administration Degree.

Date: Place: Surat

_______________ Faculty Guide Mr. Hormaz Patel

_______________ Vice Principal Dr. Daisy Sheby Thekkanal

_______________ Principal Dr. A.G.Mehta

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DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, Mr. Satish L Dholiya here by, declare that this dissertation titled To Study Awareness Related to Various Format of Cricket with Reference to Surat City is an original and bonafide work carried out under the guidance of Mr. Hormaz D. Patel, Assistant Professor, The Surat Peoples Co-Op Bank College of Business Administration, Udhna, Surat.

The empirical findings in this report are based on the data collected and have not been taken from any other reports.

This dissertation does not form any basis for other degree or diploma.

__________________________ Mr. Satish L Dholiya BBA Roll No. 14 Date: Place: Surat

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the Leaders, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success. I am highly obliged to the South Gujarat University for arranging the programme of practical training in Bachelor of Business Administration such a manner. I would like to extend my gratitude to Mr. Prakash Lakhani, who provided me useful information and data regarding the subject with their cent percent participation and supported in making this project report a successful task. It was a memorable experience to work with them and complete my winter training. It is my privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Hormaz D. Patel for his efforts, guidance, valuable comments and suggestions for making this project report. He helped me to complete my report on the practical study and gave contribution to improve and expand my practical knowledge. Finally, I express my intense gratitude to my parents whose blessings and helped me to translate my efforts into fruitful achievement. in

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INDEX SR NO.
I II III IV 1 2 3 4 5 6

TOPIC
CERTIFICATE (From College) DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INDEX INDUSTRY PROFILE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RESEARCH METHODOLOGY DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS SUGGESTIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS Bibliography Annexure

PAGE NO.
II III IV V 1 29 56 63 78 80

CHAPTER 1 INDUSTRY PROFILE

CHAPTER 1 INDUSTRY PROFILE

1.1 HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY 1.1.1 SPORT IN INDIA

sports

popular

in

India include field

hockey, cricket, tennis, association

football, chess, volleyball, badminton and golf. Field hockey is the official national sport in India, and the country has eight Olympic gold medals in field hockey, though cricket is the most popular sport. After the1982 Asian Games hosted in New Delhi, the capital city now has modern sports facilities, and similar facilities are also being developed in other parts of the country. Besides sports and games included in the international sporting agenda, there are many which have developed indigenously and continue to be popular. A wide variety of sports is played throughout the country. These include kabbadi, kho kho, pehlwani and gilli-danda. British rule brought many popular sports in India including football, rugby and billiards. India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events, such as the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games, the 1987 Cricket World Cup and 1996 Cricket World Cup, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2010 Hockey World Cup,
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union, cricket, golf, tennis, squash, hockey, boxing, snooker,

the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Major international sporting events annually held in India include the Chennai Open, Mumbai Marathon, Delhi Half Marathon and the Indian Masters. India also hosted its first Indian Grand Prixetc this year at the Buddha International Circuit, an Indian motor racing circuit in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. India is also home to crickets Indian Premier League, launched in 2008. The Board of Control for Cricket in India is the second richest sporting organization in the world (2nd only to FIFA. Major sports events held in India are:
Sport Multi-sport event Field Hockey Multi-sport event Cricket Cricket Multi-sport event Multi-sport event Field Hockey Multi-sport event Cricket Field Hockey Formula One Football Field Hockey Event Name Asian Games Field Hockey World Cup Asian Games Cricket World Cup Cricket World Cup Afro-Asian Games Commonwealth Youth Games Field Hockey World Cup Commonwealth Games Cricket World Cup Mens Hockey Champions Trophy Year

1951 1982 1982 1987 1996 2003 2008 2010 2010 2011 2011 (Withdrew by FIH) 2011 Formula One season 2011 AFC Challenge Cup 2008 Olympic Field Hockey Qualification 2012 Summer Olympics (London) Qualification Tournament 1

1.1.2 BEFORE INDEPENDENCE

The history of sports in India dates back to the Vedic era. Physical culture in ancient India was fed by a powerful fuel: religious rights. There were some well-defined values like the mantra in the Atharva-Veda, saying, Duty is in my right hand and the fruits of victory in my left. In terms of an ideal, these words hold the same sentiments as the traditional Olympic oath: For the Honour of my Country and the Glory of Sport. Badminton probably originated in India as a grownups version of a very old childrens game known in England as battledore and shuttlecock, the battledore being a paddle and the shuttlecock a small feathered cork, now usually called a bird. Games like chess, snakes and ladders, playing cards, and polo had originated as sports in India and it was from here that these games were transmitted to foreign countries, where they were further modernized.

1.1.3 AFTER INDEPENDENCE

After the IX Asian Games in New Delhi in 1982, the capital city now has modern sports facilities. Such facilities are also being developed in other parts of the country. Besides sports and games included in the international sporting agenda, there are many which have developed indigenously. Among these are Wrestling and several traditional systems of Martial arts. The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports was initially set up as the Department of Sports in 1982 at the time of organization of the IX Asian Games in New Delhi. Its name was changed to the Department of Youth affairs & sports during celebration of the International Youth Year, 1985. India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events, such as the 1951 and the 1982 Asian Games, the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cup, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2010 Hockey World Cup and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Major international sporting events annually held in India include the Chennai Open, Mumbai Marathon and the Indian Masters. The country hosted the2011 Cricket World Cup and the first Indian Grand Prix in 2011.
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1.2 ADMINISTRATION AND FUNDING

Political responsibility for sport in India is with the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports which is headed by a cabinet minister and managed by National Sport Federations.[2] Sports Authority of India the field arm of the Ministry, supports and nurtures talent in youth, and provides them with requisite infrastructure, equipment, coaching facilities and competition exposure. Dorabji Tata with the support of Dr.A.G.Noehren then Director of YMCA established the Indian Olympic Association in 1927. IOA is responsible for the Indian contingents participation in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games(Outdoor-Indoor-Beach) and South Asian Games. Each Olympic and Non-Olympic Sport has a Federation at the National level. The selection of the National teams is done by the respective National Federations and then recommend to IOA for official sponsorship for participation in the Games being conducted under the auspicious of the International Olympic Committee, Olympic Council of Asia, Commonwealth Games Federation and SAG. A special feature of the Indian Olympic Association is that, the National Federations and the State Olympic Associations are affiliated /recognized to it. The main task of the State Olympic Associations is to promote the Olympic Sport and to ensure coordination among the State Sports Associations. In 2010-11, total Budget for sports and physical education schemes is 3117.69 crore rupees.[5] Hockey, in which India has an impressive record with eight Olympic gold medals, is officially the national sport. The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are India's highest awards for achievements in sports, while the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching.

1.3 INDIA AT MAJOR INTERNATIONAL EVENTS

Main article: India at the Olympics See also: India at the Asian Games and India at the Commonwealth Games

The Indian Hockey team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, later going on to defeat Germany 8-1 in the final India first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, with a lone athlete (Norman Pritchard) winning two medals in athletics. The nation first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1920, and has participated in every Summer Games since then. India has also competed at several Winter Olympic Games since 1964.India had won total 20 medals at Olympic Games. India won its first gold medal in Men's Field hockey in 1928 Amsterdam Olympic Games. Abhinav Bindrabecame the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games and India's first gold medal since 1980, when the Men's Field Hockey Team won the gold. India is remarkable among nations for having won very few Olympic medals despite a population exceeding a billion, around half of them under the age of 25. Numerous explanations have been offered for the dearth, including poverty, malnutrition, neglected infrastructure, the lack of sponsorship, the theft of money and equipment, political corruption, institutional disorganization, social immobility, the predominance of cricket and other cultural factors. According to several informal statistics, India is the country in the world with the lowest number of total Olympic medals per capita (of those countries those have actually won at least one medal).

In the Winter Olympic Games, India has seen 4 consecutive representations (Nagano (Japan 1998), Salt Lake City (USA 2002), Torino (Italy, 2006), Vancouver (Canada 2010) through Shiva Keshavan, who is the current Asian Champion.

1.3.1 Medalists
Medal Name Games 1900 Paris 1900 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico Sport Athletics Athletics Event Men's 200 metres Men's 200 metre hurdles

Silver Norman Pritchard* Silver Norman Pritchard*

Gold

National team

Field hockey Men's competition

Gold Gold Gold Gold Bronze

National team National team National team National team Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav National team

Field hockey Men's competition Field hockey Men's competition Field hockey Men's competition Field hockey Men's competition Wrestling Men's freestyle bantamweight

Gold

Field hockey Men's competition Field hockey Men's competition Field hockey Men's competition Field hockey Men's competition

Silver National team Gold National team

Bronze National team

Medal

Name

Games 1972 Munich 1980 Moscow 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2008 Beijing 2008 Beijing

Sport

Event

Bronze National team Gold National team

Field hockey Men's competition Field hockey Men's competition Tennis Men's singles

Bronze Leander Paes Bronze Karnam Malleswari Silver Gold Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore Abhinav Bindra

Weightlifting Women's 69 kg Shooting Shooting Wrestling Boxing Men's double trap Men's 10m air rifle Men's 66 kg freestyle Men's 75 kg

Bronze Sushil Kumar Bronze Vijender Singh

IOC regards this medal is credited to India, and International committees credits to Great Britain.

1.3.1 FIELD HOCKEY

Hockey India Logonewone Field hockey is the official national sport in India. Hockey India, formed on 20 May 2009, is the new apex body of the country which has the sole mandate to govern and conduct all activities for both men's and women's hockey in India.

Until the mid-20th century, India dominated international Hockey, winning 8 Olympic gold medals, the World Cup in 1975 and were runners-up in the 1975 World Cup. The Indian player Dhyan Chand, the most famous Indian hockey player, was described as a 'wizard' by the European press. However, India's recent performance have been below par and India is currently ranked 9th in the world.

1.3.2 CRICKET

Kapil Dev He captained the Indian cricket team which won the 1983 Cricket World Cup. Cricket has a long history in India and is the most popular sport by a wide margin in India. Recently, it won the 2011 Cricket World Cup by defeating Sri Lanka in the final match hosted by India. played on local, national and international levels and enjoys consistent support from people in all parts of India. Its development has been closely tied up with the history of the country, mirroring many of the political and cultural developments around issues such as Caste,Religion and Nationality. The highest profile rival of the Indian cricket team is the Pakistan team. Cricket is the most popular Sport in India, but it is not the nation's official national Sport (a distinction held by Field Hockey). The governing body, BCCI, was formed in December 1928.It is headed by Shashank Manohar The India national cricket team won the 1983 Cricket World Cup the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, 2011 Cricket World Cup and shared the 2002 ICC Champions

Trophy with Sri Lanka. Domestic competitions include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep

Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the Challenger Series. In addition, BCCI conducts the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition.

1.3.3 FOOTBALL

Sayed Rahim Nabi of East Bengal FCand Daniel of Chirag United SC during I league at Salt Lake Stadium. Association football was introduced to India during the British occupation and in some areas of the country it is equally as popular as Cricket. India was an Asian powerhouse in the 1960s, finishing as runners up in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup, but gradually the standard of Football has gone down compared to other countries and India currently ranks 162 in the FIFA rankings as of 30 December 2011. The sport is, nevertheless, widely popular both as a spectator Sport and as a participation Sport and is controlled by the national team. The Yuva Bharati Krirangan in Kolkata is the second largest nonauto racing stadium in the world. On 23 June 1937 at the Army Headquarters, Shimla, the All India Football Federation was formed at a meeting of the representatives of Football Associations of 6 regions where the game was very popular in those days. It is the present body of Football in India. Domestic competitions for mens include the I-League and the ILeague 2nd Division in the indian league system, the annual knockout style Federation Cup (India) and the Indian Super Cup, for womens the India women's football championship.

1.3.4 TENNIS

Leander Paes(left), Mahesh Bhupati (right) Tennis is a popular sport among Indians in urban areas. Tennis gained popularity after the exploits of Vijay Amritraj. India's fortunes in the Grand Slams singles have been unimpressive although Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi have won many Men's Doubles and Mixed Doubles Grand Slam Titles. Sania Mirza is the only notable Indian woman Tennis player, having won a WTA title and breaking in to the Top 30 WTA rankings. On the men's side, young Somdev Devvarman and Yuki Bhambri are flying India's flag on ATP Tour. Yuki was the Australian Open junior singles champion in 2009.

1.3.5 CHESS

Vishwanathan Anand Chess has risen in popularity in India in the last few decades primarily due to its star player GM Vishwanathan Anand. He is the current World Champion and he has revolutionized the popularity of this Sport in India. In Fdration Internationale des checs or World Chess Federation (FIDE) World Ranking 1. Vishwanathan Anand is in No:2 rank with rating: 2817 2. Koneru Humpy is in No:2 rank with rating: 2607
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It

is

believed

that

the

game

originated

from

India

as

successor

to Chaturanga or Shatranj. The All India Chess Federation is the governing body of Chess in India.

1.3.6 MOTORSPORTS

Force India drivers at the2008 Canadian Grand Prix. The Circuit's official logo. Motorsport is a popular Spectator Sport in India, although there are relatively few competitors compared to other sports due to the high costs of competing. On 1 February 2005, Narain Karthikeyan became India's first Formula One racing driver. On March 2007, he also became the first ever Indian-born driver to compete in aNASCAR Series. He debuted in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series in the Kroger 250. Force India F1 is a Formula One motor racing team. The team was formed in October 2007, when a consortium led by Indian businessman Vijay Mallya and Michiel Mol bought the Spyker F1 team for 88 million.[15] After going through 29 races without a point, Force India won their first Formula One World Championship points and podium place when Giancarlo Fisichella finished second in the 2009 Belgian Grand Prix.[16] New Delhi hosted the Indian Grand Prix in 2011 at Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, 50 km from New Delhi. Karun Chandhokcurrently is the test driver for Team Lotus & Karthikeyan is the test driver for HRT in the 2011 Formula One season. Both Chandhok and Karthikeyan stepped in (forJarno Trulli and Daniel Ricciardo, respectively) at the 2011 Indian Grand Prix; it was the first time two Indian drivers compete in the same Formula One Grand Prix.
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1.3.7 BADMINTON

V Diju & Jwala Gutta is an Indian badminton players Badminton is a popular sport in India. Indian shuttler Saina Nehwal is currently ranked sixth in the world and has been named the Most Promising Player of 2008 by the Badminton World Federation. This is the first ever achievement by any Indian shuttler, after Prakash Padukone and Pullela Gopichand who both won the All England Open in 1980 and 2001 respectively.

1.3.8 GOLF

Jeev Milkha Singh,India Golf is a growing sport in India. It is especially popular among the wealthier classes and has not yet caught on with others due to its expense. The most successful Indian Golfer is Jeev Milkha Singh who has won 3 titles during the European Tour, 4 during the Japan Golf Tour and 6 during the Asian Tour. Although his current world ranking is 36, his highest ranking has been 28 (in March 2009). Singh has won the Asian Tour order of merit 2 times. Other Indians who have won the Asian tour order of merit are Jyoti Randhawa in 2002 (the first Indian to achieve this) and Arjun Atwal, who went on in 2010 to become the first India-born player to become a member of, and later won the U.S.-based PGA Tour.

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There are numerous golf courses all over India. There is an Indian Golf Tour. India's men's golf team won gold at the 1982 Asian Games and silver at the 2006 Asian Games. Lakshman Singh won the individual gold at the 1982 Asian Games.

1.3.8 KORFBALL

Jump korfball India is the oldest Korfball playing country in Asia. From 1979, when the game was first introduced in India, Korfball popularity has continued to rise and now the game is being played in 27 States with each state having its own association to promote and organize events. Korfball is recognized by the Union Ministry for Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India and national championships in senior, junior and subjunior categories and the inter-University and inter-school championships are being held regularly. Indian Korfball Team participated in the Asian Oceania U23 Youth Korfball Championship in Adelaide (Australia) held between 9-16 july. The team reached the finalwhere it lost against the reigning Asian Oceania Korfball Champion, Chinese Taipei on 16 July 2011. India won five out of seven matches it played. The matches it won were against Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Hong Kong and China. The only matches it lost were both against Chinese Taipei, including the final. India came third place 2 times (2002 & 2006) in the Asia-Oceania Korfball Championships.

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1.4 OTHER SPORTS (NATIONALLY PLAYED) 1.4.1 VOLLEYBALL

Volleyball is a sport played all over India, both in rural as well as urban India. It is a popular recreation sport. India is ranked 5th in Asia and 27th in the world. Doing doing well in the youth and junior levels, India came in second in the 2003 World youth championships. Currently, a major problem for the sport is the lack of sponsors. Indian senior men's team is currently ranked 46th in the world.

1.4.2 BASKETBALL
Basketball is a popular sport in India. It is played in almost every school, although very few people take it professionally. India has both men's and women's national teams in basketball. It also made 1 Olympic appearance in Basketball and appeared 20 times in the Asian Championship. India is currently ranked 41st in the world in Basketball.

1.4.3 FLOORBALL
Floor ball is a sport which is gaining popularity in India. The Floor ball Federation of India was started in 2001 and since then it has expanded rapidly. There has been 4 national Floor ball championships held with Uttar Pradesh being the champions. Women's Floor ball has also expanded alongside men and Mumbai is the first national Floor ball champion of India. Currently, India is a provisional member of International Floor ball Federation. India has participated in many international friendlies and steps are being taken to make India an Ordinary member of Floor ball.

1.4.4 BANDY
India has a bandy team. Bandy Federation of India takes care of Bandy in India. Its headquarters are in Mandi in Himachal Pradesh. Bandy is generally played in northern
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India where there is generally snow and ice. India is one of 6 countries in Asia and in total 28 to be a member of Federation of International Bandy. BFI will send a team to the Asian Winter Games in Astana-Almaty 2011.

1.4.5 NETBALL
Netball is a popular sport in India among Indian women. India's national team is ranked 25th in the world and has played only very few matches. The team has failed to qualify for any of the Netball World Cups. Recently they have played 18 matches in total.[23] In the 2010 Commonwealth Games, in Delhi, India, Netball was included as a medal sport. However the Indian team failed to win a medal.

1.4.6 NETBALL
Ice Hockey in India has surprisingly deep roots areas like Shimla,

Kashmir and Ladakh have traditionally cold climates. As early as 1985, the Indian Army and local youth started playing the game to occupy them in the winter. They used improvised field hockey sticks and converted shoe polish tins to act as pucks. Today, the sport has come a long way since then. It is played at the National level in Ladakh, Shimla and Kashmir. Even though there are no artificial rinks available in India, the game flourishes at these locations during the winters. The northern states of India have six teams that play at the national level and in addition they conduct very active Learn to play programs for the children and women. Many ex pats from the Canadian and Russian consulates in Mumbai and Delhi have been playing the game in Ladakh. The whole concept of playing in 20C at the highest Ice Hockey rinks in the world is enough to attract them to play in India. The Ice Hockey Association of India just concluded the fourth National Ice Hockey Championships in Leh from 22 to 29 January 2009. The Ladakh Scouts Regimental team won the finals. The Ice Hockey Association of India also selected its national
15

team, which represented India in the Asian Challenge Cup to be held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, in March 2009.

1.4.7 HANDBALL IN INDIA

India has a handball team started in 27 April 1989.Although it hasn't made any impact at World stage. Indian Handball Federation manages handball in India. Handball is a popular sport in India, played at local level in India but hasn't made it big in domestic level. India has yet to make an impact at international level and the World Cup.

1.4.8 THROWBALL
Throw ball is gaining popularity in India as a competitive sport and Indian authorities of the game was instrumental in organizing Asian level and later, World level Association for the sport. Throw ball is a popular sport, played in gym class, colleges, and clubs throughout Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. It is also slowly taking popularity up by other countries such as France, Australia, Brazil, Canada and the United

Kingdom.Junior Throwball team of India visited Sri Lanka in 1982. Vijay Dahiya from Haryana was captain of team. Indian team won test series.

1.4.9 KABADDI
Kabaddi is a popular sport in India. It is one of the most popular sports in India played mainly among people in villages. It is regarded as a team-contact sport as a recreational form of combat training. Two teams occupy opposite halves of a small field and take turns sending a raider into the other half, in order to win points by tagging/wrestling members of the opposing team; the raider then tries to return to his own half while holding his breath and chanting "kabaddi, kabaddi, kabaddi" during the whole raid. India has taken part in four Asian Games in Kabaddi, and won gold in all of them.
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There are 4 forms of kabaddi played in India are Amar, Suranjeevi, Huttuttoo and Gaminee. Amar is generally played in Punjab, America, Canada, and other parts of the world mostly by Panjabi sportmen. Suranjeevi is the most played form of Kabaddi in India and the world, This is the form used in international matches generally and played in Asian Games. Huttuttoo was played by men in Maharashtra State. Huttuttoo is a much tougher version of Kabaddi. India won the Kabaddi World Championship in 2007 beating Iran 29-19.

1.4.10 LACROSSE
Lacrosse is a fairly new sport in India which was introduced in 2006. It is now being played by schools in Shillong, Meghalaya and mostly unknown in the rest of the country.

1.4.11 AMERICAN FOOTBALL

Introduced in 2011 by various American football figures, including Mike Ditka and Ron Jaworski, the Elite Football League of India will be India's first professional American football league. League play is scheduled to being in 2012, and will feature teams from eight different Indian cities, including Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and others.

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1.4.12 POLO

India is considered the cradle of modern polo. Babar, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in the 15th century, firmly established its popularity. The period between the decline of the Mughal dynasty and the insurgence of the British Imperial rule, Polo almost vanished from the mainland India. Fortunately the game survived in a few remote mountainous enclaves of the subcontinent, notably Gilgit, Chitral, Ladakh and Manipur. In India, the popularity of polo has waned and risen many time. However, it has never lost its regal status. In the last few decades, the emergence of privately owned teams has ensured a renaissance in Indian polo. Today, polo is not just restricted to the royalty and the Indian Army

1.4.13 BASEBALL AND SOFTBALL

Baseball has recently started to show up in India. Softball is played at school and university level. Two Indian pitchers were selected after the Million Dollar Arm competition to play in the USA. A talent hunt kind of competition was conducted by MLB to find baseball talents in India and found the teenagers Rinku

Singh and Dinesh Patel. They were taken to the USA and received good coaching. Now these two players are selected to play for Pittsburgh Pirates minor league organisations.Rinku Singh will play for theCanberra Cavalry of the Australian Baseball League for the competition's inaugural 2010-11 season.

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1.4.14 BOXING

Vijender prepairing for a boxing match on a television show. Boxing is one of the most enjoyable profiled sports in India. India has not produced a world champion in any weight class, although it is a regular medal-holder at Asian Games and Commonwealth Games. In November 2007, India's Mary Kom won the best boxer title and also secured a hattrick of titles. During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Vijender Kumar won a bronze medal in the middleweight boxing category and Akhil Kumar and Jitender Kumar qualified for the quarterfinals. Akhil Kumar, Jitender Kumar, A.L.Lakra and Dinesh Kumar each won a bronze medal at the 2008 world championship. Vijender Kumar is current world number 1 on middleweight class.

1.4.15 CYCLING
The history of cycling in India dates back to 1938. The Cycling Federation of India takes care of the sport. Cycling is unknown as a professional sport in India, but popular as a common recreational sport and it is a good way to keep fit.

1.4.16 TABLE TANNIS

Table tennis is a popular indoor recreation sport in India, which has caught on in states like West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. The Table Tennis Federation of India is the official sports body. India, which is currently ranked 30 in the world, has produced a single player ranked in the top 50, Sharat Kamal.
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1.4.17 EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

India also has a wide following in various equestrian sports like showjumping, eventing, dressage, endurance and tentpegging. Supported by the Equestrian Federation of India, eventing is the most popular of the five, with teams representing the country at most Asian games, winning a bronze medal in the 2006 and 2002 games. India has been represented at the Olympics twice, by Wing Commander I.J.Lamba, and Imtiaz Anees.

1.4.18 KAYAKING A. FLAT WATER AND SEA KAYAKING

Indian flat water kayakers are emerging powerhouse in the Asian circuit. Aside from professional flat waterkayaking, there is very limited recreational kayaking. Potential to generate interest in flat water kayaking is held by leisure resorts located near the sea or other water bodies. But more often than not, Indian tourists consider kayaking a onetime activity and not a sport to be pursued.

B. WHITEWATER KAYAKING
Whitewater kayaking has its rabid enthusiasts concentrated in the north towards Himalayas and some in the south in Bangalore in Karnataka. Most of these enthusiasts are or were Whitewater Raft guides who took to the sport of whitewater kayaking. Some of the prominent whitewater kayakers include Abhinav Kala, Shalabh Gahlaut and John Pollard. Many of them have notched first descents (similar to Climbing Ascents) on rivers in India and Nepal. 'Bangalore Kayakers' or 'Southern River Runners' are India's first amateur group of white water kayakers. Based out Bangalore, they currently explore rivers around Western Ghats. The lure for most of these folks is pure adventure. Whitewater Kayaking in India allows for exploration of places where, literally, no human has been before.

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Gear availability is another problem that plagues the kayakers. While the global designs for whitewater boats and paddles change annually, Indian kayakers have to pay high fees if they want to import any kind of gear or they have to buy used gear in Nepal. More often than not, one will see Indian kayaking guides riding down the river in a Perception Amp or Piroutte or Dancer kind of design while the kayakers from abroad in their new design, planing hull, centered volume kayaks from Riot, Pyranha or Wave Sport. White water kayaking is a niche sport globally and even more so in India. Kayaking India groups on facebook is one good resource for kayakers in India.

1.4.19 MOUNTAIN BIKING

Mountain biking is becoming a popular sport. For the last six years, MTB Himachal has been organized regularly by HASTPA, an NGO. It is attended by a number of national and international participants, such as Indian Army, Indian Air Force, ITBP and a number of young and energetic MTB individual riders from cities like Pune, Bangalore, Delhi and Chandigarh. Last year, the government of Sikkim (Department of Tourism) introduced its own MTB race with South East Asia's biggest prize money. The second edition saw 48 professional participants from across the globe. Tour of Nilgiris is a major non-competitive/non-commercial touring event in South Asia today, that covers 1000 kilometers in under ten days.

1.4.20 ROCK CLIMBING

Rock or technical climbing has been around in India since a long time. Presumably, the mountaineers headed for Himalayan ascents had to train somewhere, and would have imparted some of the initial technical climbing culture. Documented evidence of rock climbing is associated with bouldering and climbing around Bangalore's famous Ramanagaram crags and Turahalli boulders, around Western Ghats closer to Mumbai and Pune.
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Dinesh KS (Dinni) of Wildcraft Equipment was climbing in Bangalore around 1980s as part of a continuing tradition of climbing around the area. Deccan and south of Vindhyas in India are considered the prime locations for rock climbing in India today. More for reason that there is an established climbing tradition associated with Mumbai, Pune and Bangalore. For example, Hampi is considered the bouldering capital of India. Climbers congregate here during New Years Eve and climb through the weeks preceding and after. Badami is considered highly for its free and sport routes (numbering over 200). While the nature of the sport is more of a non-competitive adventurous kind, the competitive version, i.e. sport climbing has many adherents, and has a very intense scene. Indians have notched quite a few international positions in sport climbing and are considered an Asian powerhouse. Some of the more popular locations for sport climbing include, Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Kangla Wall of MMTA (Manipur) Shillong, Kolkata and Indore. For locations to climb in India, see climbing locations in India.

1.4.21 SEPAK TAKRAW

Sepak Takraw is not very well known in India, although it was a demonstration sport at the Delhi Asiad in 1982. The Sepak Takraw Federation with its headquarters in Nagpur, Maharashtra, was founded on 10 September 1982. It is recognized by the Indian Olympic Association and Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports since 2000.[34] So far, the Federation has conducted 14 Senior, seven Junior and six Sub-Junior National Championship in different cities and is also conducting Federation Cup Tournament and zonal National Championship. The game is very popular in the north eastern state of Manipur and some of the best players hail from there. In the 22nd Kings Cup International Sepak Takraw Tournament held at Bangkok, the India men team lost in the semifinals and claimed bronze in the team event. In doubles event, the women team lost in the semifinals, but bagged bronze medals.
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1.4.22 WINTER SPORTS

Snow sports are common in India in the Himalayan areas. Ski tournaments take place every winter in Gulmarg, Kashmir and Manali. Winter sports are generally more common in the northern states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Skiing, snow rugby, snow cycling and snow football are few of the common sports played in India. Skiing is more popular although India has taken part in Luge in winter olympics since 1998. Shiva Keshavan is the only Indian to have won medals in international meets in winter sports (Asian Gold 2011, Asian Silver 2009, Asian Bronze 2008, Asian Silver (Doubles) 2005, Asian Bronze (Singles) 2005 and to have participated in 4 Olympic Games. He is currently the Asian Speed record holder at 134.4 kmph, making him the Fastest Man in Asia on ice. Luge is practiced in a big way by the mountain residents in an improvised form called 'Reri'.

1.4.23 ARCHERY
An ancient game in India, archery is making rapid strides in the country, with more and more youngsters opting for it. Archery Association of India (AAI) is the national governing body of archery in India. Young talents like Jayant Talukdar, Tarundeep Rai and Rahul Banerjee are making waves at the big stage. With international laurels pouring thick and fast, India is emerging as an archery powerhouse. The country is all set to break the Korean stranglehold on the World Archery Championship. The fact that India finished second to the mighty Koreans at the 2005 World Championship is a solid proof of the growing International stature of Indian archers and the sport of archery back home. In the present time, archery has found favor among a wider section of the Indian society, with the introduction of modern and sophisticated equipments for the sport. Moreover, the Archery Association of India (AAI) is taking special efforts in providing infrastructure and proper training to the sports-persons, who have taken archery as their event. Moreover, job opportunities are opening up in a big way for the sport's stars. Traditionally dominated by champion archers from tribal communities, today, a major
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lot of the archers come from non-tribal areas with good educational backgrounds. In the present time, archery in India has emerged as a sport with considerable recognition and has managed to score success.

1.4.24 ATHLETICS AND TRIATHLON

In India, athletics has come a long way since the initial years, but it still is a minor sport in India. Even though Indian athletics has witnessed improvements in terms of facilities and infrastructure, the general standard of competition still leaves scope for a lot of improvement. However, some athletes like Anju Bobby George, Jyotirmoyee Sikdar, Milkha Singh, Norman Pritchard, P. T. Usha and T. C. Yohannan, have done India extremely proud, with their brilliant game and made a mark at the Olympics as well. In recent years, the females have been doing better in Asian competitions. Anu Vaidyanathan, is an Indian triathlete who is the first and only Asian to compete in Ultraman.

1.4.25 WEIGHTLIFTING AND POWERLIFTING

Karnam Malleswari won a bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics at Sydney, which made her the first Indian woman to win an Olympic medal.[37]In 1992 she participated in the Asian champion ship which took place in Thailand and stood second and won three silver medals. She also won three Bronze medals in the world championship.
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The headquarters of Indian Weightlifting Federation is at New Delhi. The Federation is affiliated to the Indian Olympic Association (Delhi) and is also a member of Asian Weightlifting Federation (Tehran) and International Weightlifting Federation

(Budapest). The present General Secretary of Indian Weightlifting Federation is Balbir Singh. The International Weightlifting Federation banned the Indian Weightlifting Federation from participating in all international competitions for one year, as three Indian women weightliftersS Sunaina, Sanamacha Chanu and Pratima Kumari, were accused of doping offences in various international competitions in a single year.

1.4.26 BILLIARDS AND SNOOKERS

India has been a force to reckon with in world billiards competitions. An impressive assembly of great champions like Wilson Jones, Michael Ferreira and Geet Sethi has underlined the powerhouse status of the country. Snooker Federation of India, the apex body, play a proactive role in popularizing the game. Many such efforts have been done by the Billiards and Snooker Federation of India in the recent past to enhance the popularity of the game in the country. Several training camps for identifying budding talent and providing them regional and state sponsorship have been organized by the Billiards and Snooker Federation in various parts of the country.

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1.4.27 WRESTLING

Military World Games in Hyderabad, India Considered as one of the most ancient and oldest sports in the world, wrestling in India has glorious past. The game of Wrestling started its journey in India several centuries back, during the middles ages. Wrestling is counted amongst the most prestigious and oldest events in the Olympic Games, as it was included in the Olympics in 708 BC. In the ancient times, Wrestling in India was mainly used as a wonderful way to stay physically fit. It was also used as a great way of military exercise without any weapons. Wrestling in India is also known as `dangal` and it is the basic form of a wrestling tournament. Wrestling in India is most famously known as Malla-Yuddha.There are also mentions of wrestling in the ancient times. These can be found in the great epic of Indian history, Mahabharata has a huge mention about the game of Wrestling in India. One of the premier characters in Mahabharata, Bhima was considered to be a great Wrestler of that time and some of the other great wrestlers included Jarasandha, Duryodhan, Karna etc. In the other Indian epic, Ramayana also mentions about Wrestling in India and Hanuman is described as one of the greatest wrestlers of that time. The thirteenth century Malla Purana has the reference of a group of Gujarati Brahmin wrestlers known as Jyesthimallas.

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1.4.28 GYMNASTICS

Gymnastics Delhi 2010 Gymnastics came of age in India, when at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Ashish Kumar won the first-ever medal in gymnastics for India, he also won a bronze medal.[39] However soon after the win the President of the Gymnastics Federation of India, controversially asked Ashish's Chief Coach from the erstwhile Soviet Union, Vladimir Chertkov: "Is this all that you can deliver, a bronze?", the comment was widely reported in the press. Later the coach also revealed that "In Aug 2009, we had no equipment. Ashish trained on hard floor till Feb 2010, and then we got equipment around 20 years old." Also the Federation announced that no Indian team would travel to Rotterdam for the World Championships in October which would mean that Indian gymnasts automatically not qualify as a team for the 2012 Olympics.

1.5 REGIONAL AND OTHER SPORTS 1.5.1 Gilli-danda

It is a sport played using one small stick (gilli) and a large stick (danda) like cricket with ball being replaced by gilli. It is still played in villages of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra etc. states of India only as a recreational sport among boys.

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1.5.2 Kancha
It is played using marbles (kancha) in cities as well as villages by small boys only as gully sport. The winner gets the kancha of other boys.

1.5.3 Kite-flying
It is played by many people in India in cities as well as villages. The festival of MakarSankranti is marked with competitions of this sport.

1.5.4 Other sports

Other sports and games namely air sports , atya patya, bridge, carrom, cycle polo, fencing, gymnastics, judo, karate, Gatka, kho-kho, mallakhamb, rollerskating, rowing, shooting ball, soft tennis,squash, swimming, taekwondo, ten-pin bowling, tennikoit, tug of war, yachting, have dedicated following and their own national sports federations.

1.5.4.1 Sports Broadcasting in India

Local Sporting event broadcasting is in stagnant stage in india due to mandatory sharing of sporting events of live feed and rights made by ordnance in favor of Prasar Bharathi thus all Sports broadcasters playout from outside the country which only allows to produce international events and fades the production,distribution,invention of new local field of sporting events as all this topic is still hot discusion Commonwealth Games 2010 Broadcasting scam made clear on ruthless inability of decision makers.

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CHAPTER - 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 TEST CRICKET

A Test match between South Africa and England in January 2005.The men wearing black trousers on the far right are the umpires. Test cricket is played in traditional white clothes and with a red ball. Test cricket is the longest form of the sport of cricket. Test matches are played between national representative teams with "Test status", as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC), with four innings played between two teams of 11 players over a period of up to a maximum five days. It is generally considered the ultimate test of playing ability and endurance in the sport. The origin of the name test stems from the fact that the long, grueling match is a "test" of the relative strength of the two sides. The first officially recognized Test match commenced on 15 March 1877, contested by England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground(MCG), where Australia won by 45 runs. England won the second match (also at the MCG) by four wickets, thus drawing the series 11. This was not the first international cricket match, however. That was played between Canada and the United States, on 24 and 25 September 1844.

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A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne from 12 to 17 March 1977. In this match, Australia beat England by 45 runs, the same margin as the first Test match in 1877, which the 1977 match was commemorating.

2.1.1 TEST STATUS

Test matches are a subset of first-class cricket. Test matches are played between national representative teams with "Test status", as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). As of 2011, ten national teams have Test status, the most recent being Bangladesh in 2000. Zimbabwe was a Test nation, but voluntarily suspended their test status due to poor performance. The team made its return on 4 August 2011 against Bangladesh. A list of matches defined as Tests was first drawn up by Australian Clarence Moody in the 1890s. Representative matches played by simultaneous England touring sides of 191112 (in Australia and South Africa) and 192930 (in the West Indies and New Zealand) are deemed to have Test status. In 1970, a series of five "Test matches" was played in England between England and a Rest of the World XI. These matches were originally scheduled to be contested by England and South Africa, but were amended after South Africa was suspended from international cricket due to their government's policy of apartheid. Although initially given unofficial Test status (and included as Test matches in some record books, notably Wisden), this was later withdrawn and a principle was established that official Test matches can only be between nations. The series of "Test matches" played in Australia between Australia and a World XI in 1971/72 do not have Test status. The commercial "Super tests" organized by Kerry Packer as part of his World Series Cricket enterprise and played between "WSC Australia", "WSC World XI" and "WSC West Indies" from 1977 to 1979 have never been regarded as having official Test match status. In 2005 the ICC ruled that the six-day Super Series match that took place in October 2005 between Australia and a World XI was an official Test match. This ICC decision was taken despite precedent (e.g. the ICC's earlier ruling on the 1970 England v Rest of the World Series) that only matches between nations should be given Test match status. Many cricket writers and statisticians, particularly Bill Frindall, have decided to ignore the ICC's ruling and have excluded the 2005 match from their records.
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2.1.2 HISTORY
Main articles: History of cricket, History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883, History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889, and History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900

A. 17891883
Leading English cricketers first visited a foreign country in 1789, when John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, organized a tour of France. However, this was swiftly abandoned due to the French Revolution. Sides designated as "England" began to play in the late 18th century, but these teams were not truly representative. William Clarke formed the All-England Eleven in 1846, and this was the first representative England side, which toured the country taking on local sides. Jemmy Dean and John Wisden formed a rival team, the United All-England Eleven, in 1852. Matches between Wisden's team and Clarke's quickly became the highlight of the cricketing year. A side comprising six players from each team toured North America in 1859, which was highly successful. By 1861, the year of the next tour, the United States was plagued by Civil War, so the cricketers headed to Australia instead. They then visited both Australia and New Zealand in 1863/64. The Australians reciprocated, as the Australian Aborigines became the first cricketers to tour England in 1868. The English visited North America again later that year and again in 1872. Two rival tours were vying to become the first official test tour, with James Lilywhite campaigning for a professional tour and Fred Grace for an amateur one. Grace's tour fell through, though, and it was Lilywhites understrength team that toured New Zealand and Australia in 1876/77. Two matches against a combined Australian XI became the first official test matches. The first test was won by Australia, by 45 runs. The Australians then toured England and North America in 1878, leading to more official tests against the English. England returned to Australia in 187879 for a one off test match, and when the Australians came to England in 1880, a firm pattern of tours was established. A team of Lilywhite, Alfred Shaw and Arthur Shrewsbury financed England's next tour to North America and Australia, in 1881/2, and it was during this tour that the first accusations of match fixing appeared, during England's match against a Victoria XI.
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The legend of the Ashes was established during the Australian tour of England in 1882. An easy England victory disappeared in the closing stages thanks to some incredible bowling from Australias Fred Spofforth, seemingly in response to unsportsmanlike behavior earlier in the game from WG Grace. A mock obituary was published in the Sporting Times the following day, mourning the death of English cricket, as this was the first time that an England team had lost on home soil. The phrase in the obituary "The body shall be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia" led the creation of the Ashes urn. England reclaimed the Ashes at the first attempt, during their tour of Australia in 1882/3.

B. 18841889
England would be the first team to retain the Ashes when Australia visited them in 1884. They won one and drew two in a heavily rain disrupted series. England would win yet again as Lilywhite, Shaw and Shrewsbury organized another tour to Australia in 1884/5. The series, which was the first to be held over five matches, as we know it today, was won 32 by England. Shaw, writing in 1901, considered this side to be "the best ever to have left England". England then took the first ever Ashes white wash, as they defeated the Australians 30 at home in 1886. WG Grace scored an English record 170 at the Oval during this series. The next tour, in Australia in 1886/7, was poorly promoted and poorly attended, not helped by the fact that the victorious England team was considered to play unattractive cricket. Chaos descended on English cricket in the Australian summer of 1887/8, as Lilywhite, Shaw and Shrewsbury organized their customary tour, at the invitation of the Melbourne Cricket Club, while a rival tour, that of the future Lord Hawke, was invited by their Sydney counterparts. Eventually, neither of these sides matches against Australia was to be considered test matches. They did, however, unite for one match in Sydney, which England, captained by Walter Read, won. Many considered the next team to leave Australia that of 1888, was considered by many to be worst ever to do so. However, they won all four of their warm up matches and the first test of the series. This was the first time they had won in England since the match that started the Ashes legend six years earlier. However, England won the next two and the series.
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The first ever test series not to involve Australia occurred in 1888/9, as an understrength England side toured South Africa. The South Africans, however, lost both the tests in Port Elizabeth.

C. 18901899
The Australian tour of England in 1890 was known as the battle of the greats. The rivalry between English captain WG Grace and his opposite number Billy Murdoch was hotly anticipated. England continued their winning streak however, winning the first two tests. The third test, held at Old Trafford, became the first test to abandon entirely because of rain, so England secured the series undefeated. Lord Sheffield led England to Australia in 189192, and what was considered to be a very strong England team succumbed to their first series defeat for some years.

2.1.3 TEST CRICKET PLAYING TEAMS

There are currently ten Test-playing teams, the majority of which are individual nations (except for England and the West Indies). Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the International Cricket Council. Teams that do not have Test status can only officially play a shortened version of cricket, except in events such as the ICC Intercontinental Cup, which was specifically designed to allow non-Test teams to play under conditions similar to Tests. The teams are listed below with the date of each team's Test debut: Order Test team Date of first Test Notes Match 15 March 1877 At the time represented all of Britain. Now officially represents England and Wales.

1 2

England

Australia 15 March 1877

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South Africa

12 March 1889

Did not participate in international cricket between 10 March 1970 and 10 November 1991. This was due to a decision by the International Cricket Conference in 1970 to suspend South Africa, in response to the then South African Government's policy of apartheid. Consists of players from a number of Caribbean nations and dependencies.[10]

West Indies New Zealand India

23 June 1928

10 January 1930 Before partition of India in 1947, included territory that now forms Pakistan and Bangladesh. Before Bangladeshi independence in 1971, included territory that is now Bangladesh.

25 June 1932

Pakistan Sri Lanka

16 October 1952

17 February 1982 Suspended from involvement in Test cricket between 10 18 October 1992 June 2004 and 6 January 2005, and from 18 January 2006 until 3 August 2011 10 November 2000

Zimbabwe

10

Bangladesh

In 2003, the ICC announced its intention to confer Test status upon Kenya in the near future. Kenyan cricket has been through difficulties since then. Ireland has stated its intention to apply for Full Membership of the ICC with the aim of achieving Test status Afghanistan has also stated its intentions to play Test cricket in the future, although the current security situation and lack of proper facilities, as well as a fledging domestic structure make this aim hard to achieve.

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2.1.4 CONDUCT OF THE GAME A. Playing time

See also: Playing time (cricket) Test cricket is played between two teams of 11 players over a period of up to a maximum five days (though finishing earlier if a result is reached before the maximum time). On each day there are usually three two-hour sessions, with a forty minute break for "lunch" and a twenty minute break for "tea". For example, in England, common times of play are as follows:
o o o

First session: 11am 1 pm Second session: 1:40 pm 3:40 pm Third session: 4 pm 6 pm

In addition, short breaks (5 minutes) may be taken during each session for "drinks", commonly after an hour of play. A 10 minute interval is also taken between changes of innings. The times of sessions and intervals may be altered in certain circumstances, for example:
o

If bad weather or a change of innings occurs close to a scheduled break, the break may be taken immediately;

If there has been a loss of playing time, for example due to unworthy bad weather, the session times may be adjusted to make up for the lost time;

If the batting side is nine wickets down, the tea break is delayed the earlier of 30 minutes or until the team is all out;

The final session may be extended by up to 30 minutes if 90 or more overs have not been bowled in that day's play (subject to any reduction for adverse weather);

The final session may also be extended by 30 minutes (except on the 5th day) if the umpires believe the match can be decided within that time (this is in addition to any time added to complete the prescribed number of overs). In these circumstances the extra time played is taken off the end of the scheduled final day's play.

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In the early days of the game, Test matches were played over three or four days. Up until the 1980s, it was usual to include a 'rest day', often on the Sunday. There have also been 'Timeless Tests', which did not end after a predetermined maximum time. In 2005 Australia played a sixday match against a World XI, which the ICC sanctioned as an official Test match even though the match reached a conclusion on the fourth day. There have been attempts by the ICC; the sports governing body, to introduce day-night Test Matches

B. Order of play
Test cricket is played in "innings" (the word denotes both the singular and the plural). In each innings, one team bats and the other bowl (or fields). Ordinarily four innings are played in a Test match, such that each team bats twice and bowls twice. To decide which team bats first, prior to the start of play on the first day, the two team captains and the match referee meet at the center of the wicket for a coin toss. The home captain will toss the coin, with the visiting captain calling either "Heads" or "Tails" while the coin is in the air. The captain who wins the toss has the privilege of deciding whether his team will bat or bowl first. In the following scenarios, the team that bats first is referred to as "Team A", and their opponents as "Team B". Usually the teams will alternate at the completion of each innings. Thus, Team A will bat (and Team B will bowl) until its innings comes to a close, at which point Team B will commence its first batting innings and Team A will bowl. At the completion of Team Bs innings, the same sequence repeats for each teams second innings. A teams score for the match is the combined total of runs scored in each of its innings.

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C. End of an innings
A team's innings may be completed in one of the following ways
o

The team is "all out", not having at least two batsmen to defend the wickets. This usually occurs when a team loses ten wickets (ten of the eleven batsmen have been dismissed) and are "bowled out". However, it may occur with the loss of fewer wickets if one or more batsmen are unavailable to bat (for example, because of their injury during the match).

The team's captain elects to cease batting (a declaration). This includes forfeiture of an innings where the team does not play a single ball.

The team batting 4th, score the required number of runs to win. (See End of Game discussion below).

The prescribed time for the match expires. (See End of Game discussion below).

Law 12.1(b) also makes provision for teams to agree, before the match, to limit the length of an innings to a prescribed number of overs or length of time; however, this Law does not apply to Test cricket. Clearly, a team will also cease batting if the game ends (i.e.: if a result is achieved, or the maximum time limit is reached).

D. The follow-on
If, at the completion of its first innings, Team Bs first innings total falls short of Team As first innings total by at least 200 runs, the captain of Team A may (but is not required to) order Team B to follow on If he does so, Team B must commence its second batting innings immediately, that is, before Team A commences its second innings. Thus, the usual order of the third and fourth innings is reversed: Team B will bat in the third innings, and Team A will bat in the fourth. It is extremely rare for a team forced to follow on to win the match. Out of over 285 follow-ons enforced in the history of Test cricket, the following-on team has come back to win the match

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only three times, and Australia was the losing team on each occasion: twice to England, in 1894 and in 1981, and once to India in 2001

E. The new ball

After 80 overs, the captain of the bowling side has the option to take a new ball. A new ball, which is harder and smoother than an old ball, generally favors fast bowlers who can make it bounce at a greater range of (unpredictable) heights and speeds. The roughened, softer surface of an old ball is more conducive to spin bowlers or those using reverse swing. The captain may delay the decision to take the new ball if he wishes to continue with his spinners (because the pitch favors spin), but most regard the new ball as an opportunity to introduce new life into the bowling and more chances of taking wickets. Should an innings last a further 80 overs after a new ball has been taken, the captain will again have the option to take another new ball.

F. End of the game

A Test match may end in one of seven scenarios: o All four innings have concluded. The team batting fourth is all out and failed to overtake the other team, so the team that batted third is the winners. The winning margin is the difference in the aggregate run totals of the two teams (for example, "Team a wins by 95 runs"). o All four innings have concluded with the scores tied. To be tied, the aggregate run total of each team must be equal. However, such an occurrence is rare; in over 2,000 Test matches played, only have been tied. o The team batting in the fourth innings overtakes the opposing team's run total. The match ends immediately and the batting team is the winner. The winning margin is the number of wickets remaining in the innings (for example, "Team B wins by five wickets"). o The third innings concludes with the team that batted twice still trailing the team that batted once. The match ends without playing a fourth innings and the team that batted once is the

38

winner. The winning margin is "an innings" plus the difference in aggregate run totals of the teams (for example, "Team B wins by an innings and 96 runs"). o The match is awarded due to forfeiture. If a team refuses to take the field of play, the umpires may award the match to the opposing team. Such an occurrence has only happened once in Test cricket, in the 2006 Fourth Test between England and Pakistan, when Pakistan refused to take the field after tea on day four. The umpires awarded the match to England, in accordance with Law 21.3, a decision ultimately (in 2009) upheld by the ICC. o Time for the match expires without a result being reached. This usually occurs at the end of the fifth day. The match is a draw and neither team wins, regardless of the relative positions of the teams at the time. A common contributory factor to drawn results is the loss of playing time to adverse weather conditions. o The match is abandoned because the ground is declared unfit for play. This has occurred three times, resulting each time in a draw being declared: o England v Australia at Headingly, Leeds, 1975. Abandoned after four days because of vandalism; campaigners for the release of armed robber George Davis broke into the ground, dug three large holes in the pitch and poured oil on it overnight, rendering it unplayable. West Indies v England at Sabina Park, Kingston, Jamaica, 1998. Abandoned after 56 minutes because of the dangerously variable bounce from the newly re-laid pitch. West Indies v England at Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, Antigua, 2009. Abandoned after just ten balls as fast bowlers did not have traction on the sandy surface and could not run up safely.

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2.1.5 COMPETITIONS
Test cricket is almost always played as a series of matches between two countries, with all matches in the series taking place in the same country (the host). The number of matches in a series varies from one to six. Often there is a perpetual trophy traded between a pair of teams when series between them are won or lost (the most famous of these being the Ashes contested between England and Australia). There have been two exceptions to the bilateral nature of Test cricket: the 1912 Triangular Tournament, a three-way competition between England, Australia and South Africa (hosted by England), and the Asian Test Championship, an event held in 1998 99 and 200102. Until recently Test series between international teams were organized between the two national cricket organizations with umpires provided by the home team. However, with the entry of more countries into Test cricket competition, and a wish by the ICC to maintain public interest in Tests (which was flagging in many countries with the introduction of one-day cricket), a new system was added to Test match competition. A rotation system that sees all ten Test teams playing each other over a six-year cycle, and an official ranking system (with a trophy held by the highestranked team) were introduced. It was hoped by the ICC that the new ranking system would help maintain interest in Test cricket in nations where one-day cricket is more popular. In the new system, umpires are provided by the ICC. An elite panel of eleven umpires has been established, and the panel is supplemented by an additional International Panel that includes three umpires named by each Test-playing country. The elite umpires officiate almost all Test matches (usually not a Test involving their home country); the International Panel is only employed when the cricketing calendar is filled with activity, or for one-day internationals (ODIs).

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2.2 ONE DAY INTERNATIONAL

The Melbourne Cricket Ground hosts an ODI match between Australia and India. The Australians, wearing yellow, are the batsmen, while India, wearing blue, and are the fielding team. A One Day International (ODI) is a form of limited overs cricket, in which a fixed number of overs, usually 50, but in the past 40, 45 or 60 overs, are played between two teams with international status. The Cricket World Cup is played in this format. One Day International matches are also called "Limited Overs Internationals (LOI)", because they are limited overs cricket matches between national sides, and if the weather interferes they are not always completed in one day. Important one-day matches, international and domestic, often have two days set aside, the second day being a "reserve" day to allow more chance of the game being completed if a result is not possible on the first day (for instance if play is prevented or interrupted by rain). The international one-day game is a late twentieth-century development. The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. When the first three days of the third Test were washed out officials decided to abandon the match and, instead, play a one-off one day game consisting of 40 eight-ball overs per side. Australia won the game by 5 wickets. In the late 1970s, Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket (WSC) competition, and it introduced many of the features of One Day International cricket that are now commonplace, including coloured uniforms, matches played at night under floodlights with a
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white ball and dark sight screens, and, for television broadcasts, multiple camera angles, effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch, and on-screen graphics. The first of the matches with colored uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink, played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979. It was credited with making cricket a more professional sport.

2.2.1 RULES
In the main the Laws of cricket apply. However, in ODIs, each team gets to bat only a fixed number of overs. In the early days of ODI cricket, the number of overs was generally 60 overs per side but now it has been uniformly fixed at 50 overs. Simply stated, the game works as follows: o An ODI is contested by 2 teams of 11 players each. o The Captain of the side winning the toss chooses to either bat or bowl (field) first. o The team batting first sets the target score in a single innings. The innings lasts until the batting side is "all out" (i.e., 10 of the 11 batting players are "out") or all of the first side's allotted overs are used up. o Each bowler is restricted to bowling a maximum of 10 overs (fewer in the case of rainreduced matches and in any event generally no more than one fifth or 20% of the total overs per innings). o The team batting second tries to score more than the target score in order to win the match. Similarly, the side bowling second tries to bowl out the second team for less than the target score in order to win. o If the number of runs scored by both teams is equal when the second team loses all of its wickets or exhausts all its overs, then the game is declared a tie (regardless of the number of wickets lost by either team). Where a number of overs are lost, for example, due to inclement weather conditions, then the number of overs may be reduced. Where the number of overs available for the team batting second is different from the number of overs faced by the team that batted first, the result may be determined by the Duckworth-Lewis method.
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A. POWER PLAY
The bowling team is subject to fielding restrictions stipulating that nine fielders, including two fielders in catching positions, must be inside the fielding circle for a set number of overs. Traditionally, the fielding restrictions applied for the first 15 overs of each innings. In a 10 month trial period starting 30 July 2005, the ICC introduced the Power plays rule as part of a series of new ODI regulations. Under the Power plays rule, fielding restrictions apply for the first 10 overs, plus two blocks of five overs (called Power play Fives). From October 2008 the batting side decides when one of the remaining two blocks occur, the fielding side decides when to begin the other Power play. In the first Power play, no more than two fielders can be positioned outside 30 yard circle (this is increased to three for the second and third Power play blocks). In the first 10 overs, it is also required that at least two fielders are in close catching positions. The ICC have announced, as of 1 October 2007, with regard to Power plays, that the captain of the fielding side may elect to position 3 fielders outside the 30 yard circle in one of the two 5over Power plays. The rule was first invoked in a match between Sri Lanka and England at Dambulla Stadium on 1 October 2007. Sri Lanka won the match by 119 runs. Currently both 2nd and 3rd power play will have 3 fielders outside 30 yard circle, and one power play is chosen by batting team. In October 2011, ICC introduced new changes for using Power play overs. Teams now will have to use the batting and bowling Power play overs between start of 16th and 46th over of a full 50 over ODI game.

B. TRIAL REGULATIONS
The trial regulations also introduced a substitution rule that allowed the introduction of a replacement player at any stage in the match. Teams nominated their replacement player, called a Supersub, before the toss. The Supersub could bat, bowl, field or keep wicket; the replaced player took no further part in the game. Over the six months it was in operation, it became very clear that the Supersub was of far more benefit to the side that won the toss, unbalancing the
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game. Several international captains reached "gentleman's agreements" to discontinue this rule late in 2005. They continued to name Supersubs, as required, but simply did not field them. On 15 February 2006, the ICC announced their intention to discontinue the Supersub rule on 21 March 2006.

2.2.2 TEAMS WITH ODI STATUS

The International Cricket Council (ICC) determines which teams have ODI status (meaning that any match played between two such teams under standard one-day rules is classified as an ODI). The ten Test-playing nations (which are also the ten full members of the ICC) have permanent ODI status. The nations are listed below with the date of each nation's ODI debut shown in brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Australia (5 January 1971) England (5 January 1971) New Zealand (11 February 1973) Pakistan(11 February 1973) West Indies (5 September 1973) India (13 July 1974) Sri Lanka (7 June 1975) Zimbabwe (9 June 1983) Bangladesh (31 March 1986) South Africa (10 November 1991)

The ICC temporarily grants ODI status to other teams (known as Associate/Affiliate members); at present these are: Kenya (from 18 February 1996, until the 2015 ICC World Cup Qualifier) Canada (from 1 January 2006 until the 2015 ICC World Cup Qualifier) Ireland (from 1 January 2006 until the 2015 ICC World Cup Qualifier) Netherlands (from 1 January 2006 until the 2015 ICC World Cup Qualifier)
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Scotland (from 1 January 2006 until the 2015 ICC World Cup Qualifier) Afghanistan (from 19 April 2009 until the 2015 ICC World Cup Qualifier) Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands and Scotland earned this status as a result of their performance at the 2005 ICC Trophy. The ICC followed this precedent in 2009 and used the results of the 2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier (the new name of the ICC Trophy) to award ODI status for the following four years. During the tournament Afghanistan capped a remarkable year by finishing 5th and qualifying for ODI status. At one point, the ICC occasionally granted associate members permanent ODI status without granting them full membership and Test status. This was originally introduced to allow the best associate members to gain regular experience in internationals before making the step up to full membership. First Bangladesh and then Kenya received this status. Bangladesh have since made the step up to Test status and full membership; but as a result of Kenya's poor performance the ICC have since decided to end their permanent ODI status. In addition, the ICC reserves the right to grant special ODI status to all matches within certain high profile tournaments, with the result being that the following countries have also participated in full ODIs: East Africa (from 7 June 1975 until 14 June 1975) United Arab Emirates (from 13 April 1994 until 17 April 1994; from 16 February 1996 until 1 March 1996; from 16 July 2004 until 17 July 2004 and from 24 June 2008 until 26 June 2008) Namibia (from 10 February 2003 until 3 March 2003) Hong Kong (from 16 July 2004 until 18 July 2004 and from 24 June 2008 until 25 June 2008) United States (from 10 September 2004 until 13 September 2004) Bermuda (from 1 January 2006 until 8 April 2009) In 2005 the ICC controversially gave ODI status, for the first time, to several matches involving teams composed of players from more than one country. These were the Asia XI vs ICC World XI game played in January 2005 as part of the World Cricket Tsunami Appeal in aid of the 2004
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Indian Ocean tsunami relief effort and three commercially sponsored "Australia vs ICC World XI" ICC Super Series games which took place in Melbourne in October 2005. The latter matches were poorly attended, heavily one-sided and generated little interest in the cricketing world. It was an experiment which many feel should not be repeated and many cricket statisticians (e.g. Bill Frindall) agree that the matches should not be incorporated into the official ODI records.

2.2.3 TOURNAMENTS
Generally ODI series between 2 teams or tri-series are played. Most popular tournaments of ODI are: o Cricket World Cup o ICC Champions Trophy

2.2.4 ONE DAY INTERNATIONAL RECORDS

Wasim Akram, a Pakistani bowler, took four hat-tricks in international cricket, two each in Tests matches and One Day Internationals. He is the only bowler in cricket to have achieved four hattricks. He was the third of only three bowlers to have taken two Test cricket hat-tricks, the others being Hugh Trumble and Jimmy Matthews. Akram was also the first of only four bowlers to have taken two One Day International cricket hat-tricks, the others being Pakistan offspin bowler, Saqlain Mushtaq and Sri Lankan fast bowlers Chaminda Vaas and Lasith Malinga. Akram's Test hat-tricks are significant, since they were taken in consecutive Test matches in the same series, a game played against Sri Lanka in the 1998-99 Asian Test Championship. Akram is also one of only two bowlers to have taken both a Test match and One Day International hattrick, the other being Pakistan fast bowler, Mohammad Sami. The record for the highest innings total in any List A limited overs match is 443 for nine by Sri Lanka against Netherlands in their One Day International 50-overs match at Amstelveen on July 4, 2006. The lowest team total is 35 all out by Zimbabwe against Sri Lanka in Harare, 2004.

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The most runs scored by both sides in any List A limited overs match is 872: Australia, batting first, scored 434 for four in 50 overs, and yet were beaten by South Africa who scored 438 for nine with a ball to spare during their One Day International at Johannesburg in 2006. The best bowling figures are 8-19 by Chaminda Vaas for Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe in Colombo, 2001-02 - he is the only player to take eight wickets in a One Day international. The best batting performance is a knock of 219 runs by Virender Sehwag against the West Indies on 08th of December 2011. He's the first captain and the second person so far to score a double century in any One Day International and other one who have scored double century is Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar on 24 Feb 2010 made the first ever one day double century off 147 balls against the South Africa and third-one batsmen at highest individual scores in ODI is Pakistan's Saeed Anwar with 194 runs off 146 balls against the India on 21 May 1997.

A. PLAYERS WHO HAVE PLAYED FOR MORE THAN ONE TEAM

As there are residency and/or nationality requirements that need to be met to represent a team at international level, usually a player will only represent one team in ODIs in his career. Several have, however, played for more than one team. These include: Kepler Wessels (Australia and South Africa) Tests and One Day Internationals Clayton Lambert (West Indies and United States of America) Dougie Brown (England and Scotland) Anderson Cummins (West Indies and Canada) Eoin Morgan (Ireland and England) Dirk Nannes (Netherlands and Australia) Ed Joyce (Ireland and England) Additionally, John Traicos played Tests for South Africa and Zimbabwe, but ODIs just for Zimbabwe, and Gavin Hamilton has only played ODIs for Scotland and represented England in one Test match. Dirk Nannes has represented Netherlands in T20s for the 2009 ICC World Twenty20held in England but played for Australia in an ODI vs Scotland. He has since played more T20s for Australia.
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2.3 TWENTY 20

A view of the Twenty20 match between England and Sri Lanka at the Rose Bowl on 15 June 2006 Twenty20 is a form of cricket, originally introduced in England for professional inter-county competition by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), in 2003. A Twenty20 game involves two teams; each has a single innings, batting for a maximum of 20 overs. Twenty20 cricket is also known as T20 cricket. It has been played at club and junior levels for years, usually in evenings when daylight was a problem. A Twenty20 game is completed in about two and half hours, with each innings lasting around 75 minutes, thus bringing the game closer to the timespan of other popular team sports. It was introduced to create a lively form of the game which would be attractive to spectators at the ground and viewers on television and as such it has been very successful. The ECB did not intend that Twenty20 would replace other forms of cricket and these have continued alongside it. Since its inception the game has spread around the cricket world. On most international tours there is at least one Twenty20 match and all Test-playing nations have a domestic cup competition. The inaugural ICC World Twenty20 was played in South Africa in 2007 with India winning by five runs against Pakistan in the final. Pakistan won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20, defeating Sri Lanka by eight wickets. England won the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 defeating Australia in the final by 7 wickets.

2.3.1 HISTORY
The idea of a shortened format of the game at a professional level was discussed by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 1998 and 2001.
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When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002, the ECB needed another one day competition to fill its place. The cricketing authorities were looking to boost the game's popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship. It was intended to deliver fast paced, exciting cricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game. Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the ECB, proposed a 20 over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 117 in favour of adopting the new format. A media group was invited to develop a name for the new game and Twenty20 was the chosen title. Twenty20 cricket is also known as T20 cricket. A mathematician fromPerth, Western Australia, Dr George Christos, also claims to have proposed a similar format to the ICC and ECB in 1997. However, the ICC has dismissed his involvement in developing the final concept. Twenty20 cricket was formally introduced in 2003 when the ECB launched the Twenty20 Cup and was marketed with the slogan "I dont like cricket, I love it", taken from the 10cc song "Dreadlock Holiday".

2.3.2 TWENTY 20 CUP

The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup. The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success, with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the Twenty20 Cup. On 15 July 2004 Middlesex vs. Surrey (the first Twenty20 game to be held at Lord's) attracted a crowd of 26,500, the largest attendance for any county cricket game other than a one-day final since 1953.

2.3.3 T TWENTY 20 WORLDWIDE

Pakistan Cricket Board initiated The Twenty-20 Cup in 2004 as a professional league for Twenty20 cricket competition in Pakistan, sponsored by Faysal Bank. Overall 13 teams from different part of the country participated in the competition and Faisalabad Wolves team won the
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final. On 10 January 2005 Australia's first Twenty20 game was played at the WACA Ground between the Western Warriors and the Victorian Bushrangers. It drew a sellout crowd of 20,700. Starting 11 July 2006 19 West Indies regional teams competed in what was named the Stanford 20/20 tournament. The event has been financially backed by billionaire Allen Stanford, who gave at least US$28,000,000 funding money. West Indies legends also backed the programme, and several "looked after" the teams during their stay in and around the purpose built ground in Antigua. It was intended that the tournament would be an annual event. Guyana won the inaugural event, defeating Trinidad and Tobago by 5 wickets. The top prize for the winning team was US$1,000,000, but other prizes were given throughout the tournament, such as play of the match (US$10,000) and man of the match (US$25,000). On 1 November 2008 the Superstars West Indies team (101-0/12.5 overs) beat England (99/all out) by 10 wickets. England slumped to 334 and then 658 after 15 overs before Samit Patel's 22 took them to 99 in 19.5 overs, still easily their lowest Twenty20 total. Chris Gayle scored an impressive 65 runs not out. On 5 January 2007 Queensland Bulls played the New South Wales Blues at The Gabba, Brisbane. A crowd of 11,000 was expected based on pre-match ticket sales. However, an unexpected 16,000 turned up on the day to buy tickets, causing disruption and confusion for surprised Gabba staff as they were forced to throw open gates and grant many fans free entry. Attendance reached 27,653. For 1 February 2008's Twenty20 match between Australia and India, 84,041 people attended the match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground involving the Twenty20 World Champions against the ODI World Champions. Twenty20 attracted many of fans to the game through the Indian Premier League. The first Indian Premier League which was staged in India in 2008 changed the face of the game. The league involved over hundreds of players contracted and over billion dollars investment. It was won by Rajasthan Royals with the Chennai Super Kings finishing as runners-up. The second edition was staged in South Africa which was won by Deccan Chargers beating the Royal Challengers in the final. The third edition was played in India despite the many challenges and controversies occurred. The league was won by the Chennai Super Kings with Mumbai Indians finishing as the runners-up. In the fourth edition, Chennai Super Kings defended their title by thrashing the Royal Challengers from Bengaluru in their hometown.
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2.3.4 TWENTY20 INTERNATIONALS

On 17 February 2005 Australia defeated New Zealand in the first men's full international Twenty20 match, played at Eden Park in Auckland. The game was played in a light-hearted manner both sides turned out in kit similar to that worn in the 1980s, the New Zealand team's a direct copy of that worn by the Beige Brigade. Some of the players also sported moustaches/beards and hair styles popular in the 1980s taking part in a competition amongst themselves for best retro look, at the request of the Beige Brigade. Australia won the game comprehensively, and as the result became obvious towards the end of the NZ innings, the players and umpires took things less seriously Glenn McGrath jokingly replayed the Trevor Chappell underarm incident from a 1981 ODI between the two sides, and Billy Bowden showed him a mock red card (red cards are not normally used in cricket) in response. The first Twenty20 international in England was played between England and Australia at the Rose Bowl in Hampshire on 13 June 2005, which England won by a record margin of 100 runs. On 9 January 2006 Australia and South Africa met in the first international Twenty20 game in Australia. In a first, each player's nickname appeared on the back of his uniform, rather than his surname. The international match drew a crowd of 38,894 people at The Gabba. Australia convincingly won the match with man of the match Damien Martyn scoring 96 runs. On 16 February 2006 New Zealand defeated West Indies in a tie-breaking bowl-out 30; 126 runs were scored apiece in the game proper. The game was the last international match played by Chris Cairns NZC handed out life-size cardboard masks of his face to patrons as they entered the ground.

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2.4 AWARENESS
Awareness is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects or sensory patterns. In this level of consciousness, sense data can be confirmed by an observer without necessarily implying understanding. More broadly, it is the state or quality of being aware of something. In biological psychology, awareness is defined as a human's or an animal's perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event.

2.4.1 Concept
Awareness is a relative concept. An animal may be partially aware, may be subconsciously aware, or may be acutely aware of an event. Awareness may be focused on an internal state, such as a visceral feeling, or on external events by way of sensory perception. Awareness provides the raw material from which animals develop qualia, or subjective ideas about their experience.

Also used to distinguish sensory perception is the word "awarement." "Awarement" is the established form of awareness. Once one has accomplished their sense of awareness they have come to terms with awarement.

2.4.2 Self-awareness
Popular ideas about consciousness suggest the phenomenon describes a condition of being aware of one's awareness or, self-awareness. Efforts to describe consciousness in neurological terms have focused on describing networks in the brain that develop awareness of the qualia developed by other networks.

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2.4.3 Neuroscience
Neural systems that regulate attention serve to attenuate awareness among complex animals whose central and peripheral nervous system provides more information than cognitive areas of the brain can assimilate. Within an attenuated system of awareness, a mind might be aware of much more than is being contemplated in a focused extended consciousness.

A. Basic awareness
Basic awareness of one's internal and external world depends on the brain stem. Bjorn Merker, an independent neuroscientist in Stockholm, Sweden, argues that the brain stem supports an elementary form of conscious thought in infants with hydranencephaly. "Higher" forms of awareness including self-awareness require cortical contributions, but "primary consciousness" or "basic awareness" as an ability to integrate sensations from the environment with one's immediate goals and feelings in order to guide behavior, springs from the brain stem which human beings share with most of the vertebrates. Psychologist Carroll Izard emphasizes that this form of primary consciousness consists of the capacity to generate emotions and an awareness of one's surroundings, but not an ability to talk about what one has experienced. In the same way, people can become conscious of a feeling that they can't label or describe a phenomenon that's especially common in pre-verbal infants. Due to this discovery medical definitions of brain death as a lack of cortical activity face a serious challenge.

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B. Basic interests
Down the brain stem lie interconnected regions that regulate the direction of eye gaze and organize decisions about what to do next, such as reaching for a piece of food or pursuing a potential mate.

C. Changes in awareness
The ability to consciously detect an image when presented at near-threshold stimulus varies across presentations. One factor is "baseline shifts" due to top down attention that modulates ongoing brain activity in sensory cortex areas that affects the neural processing of subsequent perceptual judgments. Such top down biasing can occur through two distinct processes: an attention driven baseline shift in the alpha waves, and a decision bias reflected in gamma waves.

2.4.4 Living systems view

Outside of neuroscience biologists, Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela contributed their Santiago theory of cognition in which they wrote: Living systems are cognitive systems, and living as a process is a process of cognition. This statement is valid for all organisms, with or without a nervous system. This theory contributes a perspective that cognition is a process present at organic levels that we don't usually consider to be aware. Given the possible relationship between awareness and cognition, and consciousness, this theory contributes an interesting perspective in the philosophical and scientific dialogue of awareness and living systems theory.

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2.4.5 Communications and information systems

Awareness is also a concept used in Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW. Its definition has not yet reached a consensus in the scientific community in this general expression. However, context awareness and location awareness are concepts of large importance especially for AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting) applications. The composed term of location awareness still is gaining momentum with the growth of ubiquitous computing. First defined with networked work positions (network location awareness), it has been extended to mobile phones and other mobile communicable entities. The term covers a common interest in whereabouts of remote entities, especially individuals and their cohesion in operation. The composed term of context awareness is a superset including the concept of location awareness. It extends the awareness to context features of operational target as well as to context or (?) and context of operational area.

2.4.6 Covert awareness

Covert awareness is the knowledge of something without knowing it. Some patients with specific brain damage are for example unable to tell if a pencil is horizontal or vertical. They are however able to grab the pencil, using the correct orientation of the hand and wrist. This condition implies that some of the knowledge the mind possesses is delivered through alternate channels than conscious intent.

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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
o

3.2BENEFIT OF THE STUDY

o

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3.3 THE RESEARCH PROCESS

Following are the research process which can be useful to determine the project and project title also. There are mainly eight steps of the following charts:-

FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM CHOICE OF RESEARCH DESIGN DETERMINING SOURCES OF DATA DESIGNING DATA COLLECTION FORMS DETERMINING SAMPLING DESIGN AND SAMPLING SIZE ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING THE FIELD SURVEY PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT

3.3.1 Formulating the Research Problem

It is very first and most important step in the applied research process because, poorly defined problem will not yield useful results. It is rightly said A problem well defined is half solved. Poorly defined problem cause confusion and do not allow to develop a good research design. In this study researcher set problem of To Study Awareness Related to Various Format of Cricket.

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3.3.1.1 Sampling Unit

The individuals or objects whose characteristics are to be measures are called sampling unit. The sampling units always identify the objects to be studies. It is necessary that the universe is well defined. The researcher want to study on Awareness Related to Various Format of Cricket, so the researcher may consider all people of Surat, as sampling unit.

3.3.1.2 Time and Space Boundaries

As regard time and boundaries, we find that the two universes are again different. In the first instance, a precise date, viz. 30th January, 1990 is given while in the second instance the entire month of January is given. Similarly, two universes are different in terms of space-the buyer universe specifies stores located in Delhi while the shoppers universe specifies the Delhi metropolitan area which should be a larger territory than the former. The researcher set time and space boundaries as To Study Awareness Related to Various Format of Cricket with respect to Surat city in November-December 2011.

3.3.1.3 Characteristics of Interest

This aspect identifies the focus of the problem. In our earlier example, the characteristics of interest can be style and color preferences, buying behavior, personality traits, etc. Again, the researcher may be interested in only one characteristic. It is necessary that the problem definition specify one or more characteristics to be measured and the fact that the nature of relationships amongst them is to be determined. Thus, we may like to know more specifically as to what dresses are liked by educated women or those who are employed.

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3.3.1.4 Environmental Condition

This aspect indicates the uniqueness or generality of the problem. For example, if the management is interested in knowing how the units respond to price changes, then the problem definition should specify the prices to be researched. The management is sometimes interested in knowing the behavior of certain types of firm under specific economic condition. In such cases, the problem definition must spell out those conditions precisely.

3.3.1.5 Hypothesis Development

A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study. For example, a study designed to look at the relationship between sleep deprivation and test performance might have a hypothesis that states, "This study is designed to assess the hypothesis that sleep deprived people will perform worse on a test than individuals who are not sleep deprived. Before we pass on the next stage, it is worthwhile to briefly mention the development of hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposition which the researcher wants to verify. In statistical hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis (or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis) and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis test. An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. Types of hypothesis o Null Hypothesis o Alternative Hypothesis

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3.3.2 Choice of Research Design

The research design is the blue print of the study. A research design is a logical and systematical planning and it helps directing a piece of research. Types of research design are following:

Research Design

Exploratorystu dy

Descriptive Study

Causal Study

Litrature Search

Experince Survey

Focus Group

Analysis of Selected Cases

Longitudinal

Cross Section

Natural Ex.

Controlled Ex.

True Panel

Omnibus Panel

Sample Surver

Time Series

Cross Sectional Designs

Combination of These Two Design

Descriptive research - Cross Sectional research design was taken by the researcher for To Study Awareness Related to Various Format of Cricket With Reference To Surat City Because this, research design is focused on accurate descriptive of the variable present in the problem. A descriptive study is undertaken when the researcher wants to know the characteristics of certain groups such as age, sex, education level, income, occupations, etc.

3.3.3 Determining Sources of Data

After research design has been selected, the other important step is to collect the required data. There are two types of data: 1) Primary Data, 2) Secondary Data.

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For the purpose of the study, primary data is collected by directly personal interview of the respondents to collect their view about cricket. This was flat necessary because people in gravel have a tendency in answering question. There are some secondary data collected from Internet, websites, magazine to collect the proper information and the industry details about cricket.

3.3.4 Designing Data Collection Forms

Once the decision in favor of collection or sources of data, one has to decide the mode of collection. The two methods are available: 1) Observation Method o This method suggests that data are collect through ones observation. If the researcher is a keen observer, with integrity he would be in a position to observe and record data faithfully and accurately. While the observational method may be suitable in the case of some studies, several things of interest such as attitudes, opinions, motivations and other intangible states of mind cannot be observed.

2) Survey Method o In marketing research, field surveys are commonly used to collect primary data from the respondents. Surveys can be 1) Personal, 2) Telephonic, 3) Mail, 4) Diary. The researcher decided to collect data through primary data collection; the researcher was selecting the survey method for collection of primary data. In the survey method, the researcher selects personal survey for data collection. For the collection of required primary data, the researcher prepared the questionnaire, which is enclosed at the end of the topic. The questionnaire includes two types of question that is single choice, multi-choice and rank question.

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3.3.5 Determining Sampling Design and Sampling Size

When the researcher had decided to carry out a filed survey, he had to decide whether it is to be a census survey or sample survey. The researcher was select a sample survey for his research as it has an overwhelming advantages over censes survey and it is not possible for researcher to meet every and each retailer of Surat city as it has population something around 30 Lakh. Sampling Method: The researcher was selected Surat city of Gujarat state as his sample site and area sampling, convenience sampling and snow-ball sampling as sampling method. Sample size: In sample size the researcher have taken 128 samples as a sample size which include 125 as a personal interview.

3.3.6 Organizing and conducting The Field Survey

After selection of sample size and sample method, the researcher was went for a field survey. The researcher was collected required data by filing up the questionnaire from various respondents.

3.3.7 Processing and Analyzing the Collected Data

When the researcher was complete his field survey, the researcher processed the collected data and analyze it in a systematic manner so as the researcher derived results from it. In order to derive meaningful outcomes from the data, the researcher formed the data in tables and then uses various statistical tools and interprets the data as it shown in the chapter of findings and analysis of data.

3.3.8 Preparing the Research Report

After data had been tabulated, interpreted and analyzed, the researcher prepared his report embodying the findings of his research study and his recommendations.
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CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

1) Age :
Option 15-20 years 21-25 years 25-30 years Above 30 years Total Responses 116 9 0 0 125

0% 7%

15-20 years 21-25 years 25-30 years Above 30 years

93%

Interpretation: - From this diagram researcher may interpret that in retailing business 93% are
15-20 years old; 7% are between 20 to 25 years.

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2) Gender:
Option Male Female Total Responses 78 47 125

38% Male Female 62%

Interpretation: - From this diagram researcher may interpret that 62% are male and 38% are
female.

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3) Are you aware about cricket?

Option Yes No Total Responses 125 0 125

0%

Yes No

100%

Interpretation: - From this diagram researcher may interpret that in 100% respondents are
aware about cricket.

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4) Which features influence you to keep and sale Ajantas CFL?

Responses Attributes I like to watch T20 compare to one day Watching test match is boring compare to one day The rules at T20 are more interesting compare to one day T20 match is more glamorous compare to one day I like to watch T20 match on stadium with friends Test match is nothing more than waste time Test match is a place the real potential at batter bowler can be seen Too much cricket has reduced the excitement of cricket The amount of black or selling ticket at premium or high price is more in one day&T20 The amount at gambling is more in T20 100 25 0 0 0 65 35 25 0 0 Strong Agree 50 70 Agree Natural Disagree Strong Disagree 75 0 0 0 55 0 0 0

85

40

100

25

35

25

20

20

25

50

50

25

60

35

30

25

25

25

25

25

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A. I like to watch T20 compare to one day (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 50 75 0 0 0 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 250 300 0 0 0 550

0%

0%

0%

Strong Agree 40% Agree Natural 60% Disagree Strong Disagree

Interpretation: - 40% are strongly agreed and 60% are agreed.

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B. Watching test match is boring compare to one day (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 70 55 0 0 0 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 350 220 0 0 0 570

0%

0%

0%

Strong Agree 44% 56% Agree Natural Disagree Strong Disagree

Interpretation: - 56% are strongly agreed and 44% are agreed.

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C. The rules at T20 are more interesting compare to one day (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 85 40 0 0 0 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 425 160 0 0 0 585

0%

0%

0%

32%

Strong Agree Agree Natural Disagree 68% Strong Disagree

Interpretation: - 68% are strongly agreed and 32% are agreed.

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D. T20 match is more glamorous compare to one day (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 100 25 0 0 0 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 500 100 0 0 0 600

0%

0%

0%

20% Strong Agree Agree Natural Disagree Strong Disagree 80%

Interpretation: - 80% are strongly agreed and 20% are agreed.

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E. I like to watch T20 match on stadium with friends (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 35 25 20 20 25 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 175 100 60 40 25 400

20% 28% Strong Agree Agree Natural 16% Disagree Strong Disagree 20% 16%

Interpretation: - 28% are strongly agreed; 20% are agree; 16% are natural; 16% are disagree
and 20% are strongly disagreed.

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F. Test match is nothing more than waste time (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 0 0 50 50 25 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 0 0 150 100 25 275

0% 0%

20% Strong Agree 40% Agree Natural Disagree Strong Disagree 40%

Interpretation: - 40% are natural; 40% are dis agree and 60% are strongly agreed.

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G. Test match is a place the real potential at batter bowler can be seen (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 60 35 30 0 0 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 300 140 90 0 0 530

0% 0%

24% Strong Agree 48% Agree Natural Disagree Strong Disagree 28%

Interpretation: - 48% are strongly agreed; 60% are agreed and 24% are natural.

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H. Too much cricket has reduced the excitement of cricket (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 25 25 25 25 25 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 125 100 75 50 25 375

20%

20% Strong Agree Agree Natural

20%

20%

Disagree Strong Disagree

20%

Interpretation: - 25% are strongly agreed; 25% are agree; 25% are natural; 25% are disagree
and 25% are strongly disagreed.

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I. The amount of black or selling ticket at premium or high price is more in one day& T20 (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 65 35 25 0 0 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 325 140 75 0 0 540

0% 0%

20% Strong Agree Agree Natural 52% 28% Disagree Strong Disagree

Interpretation: - 52% are strongly agreed; 28% are agreed and 20% are natual.

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J. The amount at gambling is more in T20 (5= Strongly Agree,..,1= Strongly Disagree)
Response (Fi) 100 25 0 0 0 Total = 125 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 500 100 0 0 0 600

0%

0%

0%

20% Strong Agree Agree Natural Disagree Strong Disagree 80%

Interpretation: - 80% are strongly agreed and 20% are agreed.

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K. Weighted Average Mean

Attributes Weighted Mean 4.4 4.56 4.68 4.8 3.2 2.2 4.24 3 Average

I like to watch T20 compare to one day Watching test match is boring compare to one day The rules at T20 are more interesting compare to one day T20 match is more glamorous compare to one day I like to watch T20 match on stadium with friends Test match is nothing more than waste time Test match is a place the real potential at batter bowler can be seen Too much cricket has reduced the excitement of cricket

The amount of black or selling ticket at premium or high price is more 4.32 in one day&T20 The amount at gambling is more in T20 4.8

5.2 4.7 4.2 3.7 3.2 2.7 2.2 4.4 4.56

4.68

4.8 4.24 4.32

4.8

3.2 2.2

Interpretation: - According to WAM method T20 match is more glamorous compare to one
day and the amount at gambling is more in T20.
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CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS

5.1 FINDING
1) 93% are 15-20 years old; 7% are between 20 to 25 years. 2) 62% are male and 38% are female. 3) 100% respondents are aware about cricket. 4) According to WAM method T20 match is more glamorous compare to one day and the amount at gambling is more in T20.

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5.2 CONCLUSIONS
1) The cricket is a well-known to various format of cricket throughout the world, and by the survey conducted it revealed that cricket is the leading cricket in Surat city. 2) The effect of present now cricket format is better than the previous cricket format 3) According to my survey the role of cricket in attracting more the T20 format

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CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIONS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
o Books:
Name Marketing Research: Research Design Business Research Method Statistical Methods Author G.C. Beri Donald R. Cooper & Pamela S. Schindler S P Gupta Publication Tata McGraw-Hill

Tata McGraw-Hill Sultan Chand & Sons Publishers

o Websites:
o www.en.wikipedia.org o www.oreva.com o www.criinfo.com

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ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE
DEAR RESPONDENTS. I am a student of the Surat Peoples co-op Bank College of Business Administration And Research from sixth semester doing a marketing research project on To Study Awareness Related to Various Format of Cricket. I require your support for my study. Your suggestions will be valuable to us and the information provided by you will be kept confidential. Satish L.Dholiya

1. Name City

Mobile No.

2. Age:

a) 15-20 c) 26-30

b) 21-25 d) 30 above

3. Gender:

a) Male

b) Female

4. are you aware about cricket? (a) Yes (b) No

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5.rate following parameters particular Strong Agree 1.I like to watch T20 compare to one day Agree Natural Disagree Strong Disagree

2.watching test match is boring compare to one day

3.the rules at T20 are more interesting compare to one day

4.T20 match is more glamorous compare to one day

5. I like to watch T20 match on stadium with friends

6..test match is nothing more than waste time.

7.test match is a place the real potential at batter bowler can be seen.

8.too much cricket has reduced the excitement of cricket. 9.the amount of black or selling ticket at premium or high price is more in one day&T20

10.The amount at gambling is more in T20

6. Any suggestions:

Thank you very much for giving the information and for sparing your valuable time.
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