A PROJECT REPORT ON COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN SPECTACLES & LENSES AMONG YOUTH WITH REFERENCE TO SURAT CITY SUBMITTED

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)

SUBMITTED BY Mr. CHIRAG R. PATEL (29)

PROJECT GUIDE Mr. HORMAZ D. PATEL

THE SURAT PEOPLES CO.OP.BANK COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, UDHNA, SURAT 2011-12

UDHNA CITIZEN COMMERCE COLLEGE & S.P.B. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION &
UDHNA ACADEMY COLLEGE OF COMPUTER APPLICATION & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Self Financed College Affiliated To VNSGU, Surat) (Managed By Udhna Academy Education Trust, Udhna) 214, Ranchhodnagar, Opp. Swaminarayan Temple, Surat-Navsari Road, Udhna, Surat 394 210

(B.B.A. Programme)
Phone :

(0261) (B.Com. : 2277739) (B.B.A.: 2270825) (B.C.A.: 2273542) (Fax : 2277739)

E-Mail ID : Website :

(B.Com. : uccbcc_uaet@rediffmail.com ) (B.B.A. : spbcba@gmail.com) (B.C.A.: uaccait@gmail.com) www.udhna-academy-edu-trust.org B.Com.: NAAC Accredited B (CGPA 2.67) 2009 =============================================================================================== Ref: Date: ===============================================================================================

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Chirag R. Patel has prepared the Project Report entitled

Comparative Study between Spectacles & Lenses among Youth with Reference to Surat City under my guidance & supervision. This project embodies the result of his work & is of the standard expected of a candidate for the successful completion of Bachelor of Business Administration Degree.

Date: Place: Surat

_______________ Faculty Guide Mr. Hormaz Patel

_______________ Vice Principal Dr. Daisy Sheby Thekkanal

_______________ Principal Dr. A.G.Mehta

II

DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, Mr. Chirag R. Patel here by, declare that this dissertation titled Comparative Study between Spectacles & Lenses among Youth with Reference to Surat City is an original and bonafide work carried out under the guidance of Mr. Hormaz D. Patel, Assistant Professor, The Surat Peoples Co-Op Bank College of Business Administration, Udhna, Surat.

The empirical findings in this report are based on the data collected and have not been taken from any other reports.

This dissertation does not form any basis for other degree or diploma.

__________________________ Mr. Chirag R. Patel BBA Roll No. 29 Date: Place: Surat

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the Leaders, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success. I am highly obliged to the South Gujarat University for arranging the programme of practical training in Bachelor of Business Administration such a manner. I would like to extend my gratitude to Mr. Prakash Lakhani, who provided me useful information and data regarding the subject with their cent percent participation and supported in making this project report a successful task. It was a memorable experience to work with them and complete my winter training. It is my privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Hormaz D. Patel for his efforts, guidance, valuable comments and suggestions for making this project report. He helped me to complete my report on the practical study and gave contribution to improve and expand my practical knowl edge. Finally, I express my intense gratitude to my parents whose blessings and helped me to translate my efforts into fruitful achievement. in

IV

INDEX SR NO.
I II III IV 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TOPIC
CERTIFICATE (From College) DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INDEX INDUSTRY PROFILE COMPANY PROFILE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RESEARCH METHODOLOGY DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS SUGGESTIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS Bibliography Annexure

PAGE NO.
II III IV V 1 16 28 50 55 84 86

CHAPTER 1 INDUSTRY PROFILE

CHAPTER 1 INDUSTRY PROFILE

1.1INTRODUCTION OF THE OPTICAL INDUSTRY
Italian Trade Commission (ICE), Trade Promotion Section of the Italian Embassy, New Delhi, has appointed Ace Global Private Limited, a consultancy company based in New Delhi, to undertake the Market Survey on Indias Optical sector, focusing on ophthalmic lenses and related products like sunglasses, spectacle frames etc. The main objective of the study is to identify potential business opportunities for Italian companies in the sector based on insights into the Indian Optical industry, especially with regard to the current state of the sector in India, principal factors driving the growth of the market, regulatory and other influences and external trade trends etc. This report summarizes the key findings of the study, which was based on extensive secondary research and primary research covering important manufacturers, importers/distributors and retailers.

1.2 INDIA- BRIEF ECONOMIC SCENARIOS

India is a large country with total area of 3.28 million sq. km., sharing land border with six countries, and a long coastline of 7,000 km. The country is a federation of 29 states and 6 union territories (administrative units). Indias total population is 1.13 billion (Italy 59.206 million), growing at 1.4% per annum. There are 5 major religions and the overall literacy level is 59.5%. There are 14 officially recognized languages. Hindi is the most used language. English is widely used in business as well as in everyday life. Economic Trends: India is among the fastest-growing economies in the world, with close to 8% annual growth since 2002, and expected to be sustained for the next 5 years as well. Inflation rate remained below 5% between 2001 to 2007, but has since increased, touching 8.75% in May 2008. The business regulatory environment is fairly open, and follows free-market competition principles. All quantitative restrictions on trade were removed in 2001, except for a few highly
1

sensitive goods. Trade as a % of GDP has risen from 13% in 1991 to nearly 30.2% in 2005-06. The total cumulative foreign direct investment (FDI) received into India up to March 2007 was US$ 54.63 billion, of which Italys share is about 1.2%. The monetary unit of India is Indian Rupee (1 Indian Rupee = 100 paise). The exchange rate of Indian Rupee is Euro 1 = Rs. 63.20 and US$ 1 = Rs. 40.45 (March 2008 - Reserve Bank of India). Demographics: India is a unique market on account of its diversity in age, income, and urbanrural demographics. Nearly 58 million households, comprising 32.3% of Indias dwelling units, live in urban areas. Nearly 38% of urban households are in middle and higher income strata, and only 14% of rural households have similar income levels. Income Classification: Even though the population is more than 1.1 billion, the real consuming class of 300 million people outnumbers several of the worlds large markets in terms of market potential. Of these, around 150 million people (2 million very rich and 30 million rich households) represent the consuming potential, particularly for lifestyle goods and services. o There are close to 80,000 high net worth Individuals in India, with saving and assets exceeding US$1 million. o At least 50,000 households buy premium cars every year (priced at US$ 30,000 and above). o The market for luxury goods is estimated to be Rs 100 billion, with over 2 million Indians estimated to be engaging in some luxury purchase or the other each year. Main Cities: Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Hyderabad and Chennai are the most populated and wealthiest cities, closely followed by Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Vadodara and Kanpur. The top seven cities Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Bangalore, together have over 6 million homes falling in the upper socio-economic strata. Age-group distribution: India is a very young nation with 85% of its population below the age of 45, and 55% of its people below 25 years of age. Young adults, the group between 20 and 35 years, represent nearly 25% of the consumer base in the country, and drive consumer and lifestyle trends.

Health & Vision Care indicators: o Life expectancy at birth Male/Female (years) : 61.0/63.0 o Total health expenditure per capita (2003): US$82 (4.8% of GDP) o 360 million Indians above the age of 35 need near vision correction [for reading]. o 386 million Indians require spectacles every year (NOA) o Average rate of spectacles replacement 3 years o Due to the geographical location of India and global warming very large number of people require protection from harmful UV rays of the sun.

1.3 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL OPTICAL INDUSTRY 1.3.1 OVERVIEW AND TRENDS

The demand is driven by demographics, fashion, and changing healthcare practices. Aging population is increasing the demand for eye exams and glasses. Eye care has evolved from age-related vision disorders to cosmetic concerns. Spectacles are nowadays considered as personality enhancers and a fashion accessory. Changing lifestyles and activities that affect the eyes, have led to increasing use of colored contacts, tinted spectacle lens, polycarbonate lenses with anti-glare and photo chromatic lenses This has been further aided by introduction of daily, weekly, and monthly disposable contact lenses.

1.3.2 MARKET SIZE

Healthcare expenditure on ophthalmic products is largely concentrated in the United States and Western Europe. USA is the biggest market for the optical industry (over $28 billion in 2006) but already very well penetrated. Companies have to explore new markets, especially the Asian market, to increase their revenues and market share.

World Market for Optical Products 2010

Category
IOLs Lasik

$ Billion
0.83 1.3

Spectacle Lenses & Frames 24.0 Spectacle Lenses & Frames 24.0 Contact Lenses 5 Sunglasses 4.9 Contact Lenses 5 Sunglasses 4.9

Lens Cleaning Solutions etc. 1.6 Lens Cleaning Solutions etc. 1.6

1.4 OPTICAL SECTOR IN INDIA

The Indian market for optical products - including ophthalmic, fashion and contact lens segments - is estimated to be about US$ 1.13 billion. India: Optical Sector - Market Segments 2007, by Value share

4% 13% 16% ICLs 5% 11% Lasik Spectacdelense Frames Sunglasses Contact Lenses 51%

1.4.1 MARKET CHARACTERISTICS

Opticians are the key influencers in consumers decision on selection of eye wear including contact lenses, which are not prescription products, and can be sold through the OTC route. Companies engage market research agencies for preparing databases of potential consumers in select cities (such as Ogilvy One for Ciba Vision and Carvodraft for Bausch &Lomb). In a country where the car market is growing exponentially, with consumers wanting better cars, not cheaper cars, where nearly everyone has his own mobile phone, it is no longer right to say that price is the only consideration and not quality, comfort and wearing satisfaction. Even the small towns and villages have their own share of beauty parlors. Young boys and girls in these places also want to look good and presentable. Their average monthly expense in these beauty parlors would easily exceed Rs 300 to Rs 400. Young, urban, affluent customers hold the key. Over the years, the age profile of contact lens users has come down. Currently, the average user tries on contact lens for the first time around 15 years of age - when s/he enters 11th grade or junior college. Even three years ago, a first-time buyer of contact lens was a little over 20 years - about to start his /her first job. The teenaged user needs parents' approval (and funding), but there's a whole new set of IT/BPO consumers that is now flush with funds and to whom appearance is critical.

1.4.2 LEADING PLAYERS

Almost all leading international players (Luxottica, Essilor, Carl Zeiss, Bausch & Lomb, Johnson & Johnson, to name a few) have a strong presence in the Indian market, through own subsidiaries, joint ventures, marketing tie-ups etc. Though international brands of eye care products have been marketed in India for many decades, their production in India has taken of mostly in the last 10-15 years. Several indigenous companies (GKB Rx Lens Pvt. Ltd., Titan Industries, Auro Lab etc.) have also emerged as strong players in the Indian market in the recent years. Many of these companies have collaborations with global leaders in the optical industry, and have set up state-of-art manufacturing facilities to not only cater to the domestic market but also exporting in big way.
5

1.4.3 ITALIAN PRESENCE

Italian eyewear industry viewed as undisputed world leader, especially in the top/premium segment of the market. As per official statistics, share of Italy in imports into India is still very small, being US$ 4.27 million (less than 2% of total imports), except for low cost, low technology products like frames and mountings for spectacles. Sunglasses account for 83% of the imports from Italy. However, the above statistics may not be truly representative, as some of the Italian brands may be imported into India from production locations outside Italy, and also because of the major existence of the parallel market which is not reported in the official statistics. Luxottica entered India consequent to its worldwide acquisition of the sunglass business of Bausch & Lomb in June 1999 and acquired Ray-Ban manufacturing plant at Bhiwadi in Rajasthan. Other Italian companies include Safilo, Oakley etc.

1.4.4 PRODUCTION SCENARIO

IOLs: Market leaders in IOLs, namely Alcon, Bausch & Lomb, Advanced Medical Optics (AMO), do not have local manufacturing facilities in India. Aurolab (capacity of 700,000 IOLs a year) and Biotech Vision Care (capacity of over 1.5 million IOLs per year), Appasamy Associates and Eagle Optics are the leading producers. Spectacle Lenses: Production is mainly in the unorganized sector. GKB Rx Lens Pvt Ltd is the leading producer of glass ophthalmic lenses (capacity of 5000 prescription lenses per day). Carl Zeiss set up its first manufacturing facility in Goa, and has a joint venture `Zeiss Brand Lab' with a manufacturing capacity of 1,000 prescriptions a day. Essilor set up a facility in Bangalore in 1998 with a $15-million-plus investment for Plastic lenses. Contact Lenses: In 1992, Bausch & Lomb (now owned by Luxottica) set up an $11 million plant in India to make contact lenses, lens-care products and metal eyeglass frames for the Indian market. Titan is considering introducing its own contact lenses, though it currently sources its requirements from Bausch & Lomb, Johnson & Johnson and Silklens.

Sunglasses: Luxottica acquired the Ray-Ban manufacturing plant at Bhiwadi in Rajasthan, India. GKB Rx Lens Pvt. Ltd. launched a contemporary range of designer sunglasses in the Indian market in March 2004 through sourcing arrangements with design and production houses in Italy and Germany. Titan, one of the leading Indian companies in the sunglasses segment, has set up manufacturing units abroad though design facilities are located in India. Spectacle Frames: Indias largest concentration of spectacle frame manufacturers is in the state of Gujarat, manufacturing 20,000 frames daily. Most of the Indian manufacturers are small and use same concept and technology, as foreign companies (sheet cutting, ring forming, pressing, screw forming, hinge manufacture and assembling) but cannot afford hi-tech machines. They use local machines costing Euro 5000 to 7000, designed using reverse engineering, against foreign machines costing over Euro 1 million.

1.4.5 DEPENDENCE ON IMPORTS

Import of optical products into India has been growing steadily and has doubled from US$ 32.16 million in 2003-04 to US$ 65.36 million in 2006-07. However, share of Italy is very small, being less than 2%, except for low cost, low technology products like frames and mountings for spectacles. Sunglasses account for 83% of the imports from Italy. Even as leading players are setting up base in the country, all these companies still import lenses from Europe or from their production facilities in low-cost countries, such as Hong Kong, China and South Korea. Indian companies also import raw products and items for finishing and assembly, especially from Hong Kong and China. Top Indian sunglass brands Fas track and Vintage also import sunglasses from the China. Hong Kong is the most popular source for import of spectacle frames. Medium sized Italian brands for eyeglasses will also find the Indian market opportunity attractive in the second-tier markets outside the large metro cities, although they will be volume markets. There is also a huge parallel market in unbranded imported eyewear. This includes products that are mainly imported from the China, and are available in the unorganized market at very low prices ranging from USD 2 to USD 10. These are mainly ophthalmic spectacles and usually

feature low-quality plastic lenses. A large variety of unbranded sunglasses are also available in this segment.

1.5 STRUCTURE OF TRADE & DISTRIBUTION 1.5.1 TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURES

The optical sector has a multi-tiered structure consisting of import agents, distributors/ wholesalers, dealers and retail outlets, depending on the size of the market in consideration. Larger cities and metros have up to four levels in the distribution network till the final point of sale. Building an effective distribution channel is a key pre-requisite for a new entrant in the business. Of late, new distribution models, especially multilevel marketing, direct selling and on-line marketing are catching up in India. Import Agents have an important role in distribution and promotion of the products, besides taking care of the compliance with regulatory requirements (handling customs clearance procedures, appointment of distributors and retailers; pricing decisions; training of sales staff, promotion campaigns, etc. ), as the sector is largely imports dependent. Distributors / Wholesalers are the principal link between retail outlets and the brand within the city/region. Most distributors have their own godowns / storage space, with varying capacity depending upon the volume of business as well as geographical area of the territory covered. Most distributors also maintain their own showrooms for display of products. Retail sector is fragmented (more than 3.5 million outlets) and outlets are mostly stand-alone (almost 80% of total), small shops in Local Shopping Centres, often manned by the owner and 1 or 2 assistants. Organised retail accounts for less than 4% of total retail in India but is likely to reach 35% by 2015, with over 7 million sq. m. of space under construction. Retailers of optical products generally receive supplies from distributors or sub distributors appointed by companies. However as a means of direct contact with the outlets, companies also depute their own sales persons to book orders from retail outlets, which are then supplied by

distributors. Retailers often carry more than one brand in each product category, except in the case of single brand outlets (about 7% of all retail outlets for optical products). Most retailers carry a wide range and multiple brands of products (frames, lenses, contact lenses, cleaning solution etc.) with average stock of 75 to 100 units. The retailers have reported a positive growth outlook in the coming years, projecting a 30%+ growth in business for frames, sunglass and contact lenses. The frequency of supply ranges from once to twice a month depending upon the product and size of the retail outlet. The retailers expect a credit against supplies, which varies widely from one week to 6 months.

1.5.2 TRADE COMMERCIAL TERMS

The overall trade margins range from 25% to 35%, shared by all trade channel partners, depending on the segment in consideration. The total mark-up at different levels up to the retailer is between 12 20%. However, retailers margins can be as high as 70%, depending on the brands, especially in the premium/super premium segments. The most popular promotional schemes are in the form of free gifts (leather bags, wrist watches), cash discounts, free trial offers for first time users.

1.6 REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 1.6.1 INVESTMENT AND TRADE REGULATIONS

o Foreign direct investment (FDI) is allowed (even up to 100% foreign ownership) in the manufacture of all optical products. The approval is automatic and requires only a filing of the investment details with the Reserve Bank of India. o FDI in Retail Trade is presently allowed only for Single Brand product retailing, and FDI is permitted only up to 51%. However, foreign investment up to 100% is permitted for Wholesale/ Cash & Carry trading, and trading for exports.

o All foreign companies having existing previous joint venture/technology transfer/royalty agreements require prior approval before setting another venture in the same field. All foreign investments are fully reparable for both profit as well as principal values, subject to payment of applicable Indian taxes and obtaining due clearances from the Reserve Bank of India. TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS Foreign technology agreements, including licensing rights, lump sum payments and royalty payments are allowed on an automatic approval basis provided the value of the lump sum does not exceed US$ 2 million, royalties do not exceed 5% of net domestic sales or 8% of FOB exports, and the total value of payments over a seven- year production period is below 8% of the total revenues of the company receiving the knowhow. Foreign companies are also entitled to receive royalties on account of licensing fee, brand name rights, etc., up to 1% of net sales from their Indian subsidiaries or ventures even without a technology transfer agreement, on an automatic approval basis. EXPORT FISCAL INCENTIVES AND CONCESSIONS India offers an attractive scheme of incentives on exports, especially through its Export Oriented Unit (EOU) Schemes. The most important provisions concerning EOUs are exemption of import duty on all capital goods, raw materials and consumables, sales in the domestic market (subject to value addition requirements) at a lower customs duty, exemption from income tax on profits until April 2010.

1.6.2 TAXES AND DUTIES

o Import duties: Imports of all optical products attract Import Duty @ 34.13%. o Corporate Income Tax for companies incorporated in India: 33.66% including surcharge and cess. o Dividend Distribution Tax: 14.025% including surcharge and cess. o Value Added Tax: This is a turnover tax applying on sales, and varies state to state; for example 12.5% in Delhi.

10

1.6.3 INVESTMENT AND TRADE REGULATIONS

The Labeling and Marking Rules stipulate that the following must be prominently on the principle display panel of the packages: o Maximum retail sale price for the ultimate consumer, inclusive of all taxes, freight, transport charges, commission payable to dealers, and all charges towards advertising, delivery, packing, forwarding etc. (in Indian Rupees) o Generic name of product o Month and year in which manufactured or packed or imported o Importer name and address o Quantity in standard units The above labeling requirements are applicable only on imports of those prepackaged goods which are intended for retail sale in India.

1.6.4 INVESTMENT AND TRADE REGULATIONS

o Shippers Invoice o Packing List o House Air way Bill (HAWB) Original o Master Air way Bill (MAWB) Copy o Airline D.O. o Manifest o Letter addressed to Asstt. Commissioner of Customs (on company letter head) authorizing the Shipping Agent to clear the goods on behalf of the shipper (exporter) / importer in India. If applicable o Technical Write-Up on the items (product catalogues, etc.) o Copy of Importer Exporter Code (IE) number of the consignee (importer) in India

11

1.7 OPPORTUNITIES FOR ITALIAN COMPANIES IN INDIA 1.7.1 INDIA IN GENERAL

Rising Incomes fuelling Demand for Branded / Imported Lifestyle products: India's increasing new middle income earners (new-mids) in urban centers offer foreign companies unprecedented growth opportunities. According to a McKinsey study, there are 1.2 million affluent households, expected to reach 2.5 million households by 2015. In addition there are 40 million middleincome households earning between US$20,000 to $45,000 which holds the key to Indias retailing boom. Accordingly, India is fast becoming a large market even for luxury goods and services, based on: o Ten-fold rise in Indias middle class: from 50 million to 580 million; with comfortable living standards. o The upper middle class expected to swell from 25 million people to over 130 million by 2025, and o 24 million upper crest Indians (income > Rs 1mn per year, or $ 117,000 PPP) with global lifestyles. In addition to the rising income levels, the share of basic requirements in household spending is expected to progressively reduce, while that of lifestyle products and services (personal products, leisure, healthcare) is increasing. Booming Retail sector: The retail sector is experiencing an exponential growth, with consumer expectations shifting from merely purchasing goods to an enhanced shopping experience. Favorable Government policies: Liberal foreign investment policy and gradual opening up of retail sector to foreign investors, makes India an attractive destination for Italian companies. The decision by the government of India in 2006, to allow foreign direct investment in singlebrand retailing marked a significant watershed, giving foreign brands a direct route to the Indian consumers. Substantial reduction in import tariffs over the years, has also fuelled the demand for imported lifestyle goods among the higher income groups.

12

Italian companies now have various options for entry to the Indian market manufacturing (joint venture or on their own), technology licensing, franchising, branded retailing etc.

1.7.2 OPTICAL SECTOR

Market scenario: Considering that India has the worlds second largest population, of which nearly one-third require some form of eye-sight correction, India represents a huge market opportunity in the optical sector. However, the market is extremely fragmented, complex, price sensitive, diverse and distribution driven. Most consumers are ignorant about quality, brands, country of origin of products etc., and are largely guided by the opticians and of course the price. Hence, it is very important to educate and train the trade. Therefore, Italian companies need to be conscious of the importance of tailoring the business model to local conditions. McKinsey offers four key guidelines to setting up a successful business in India, which are quite apt for the optical sector as well. o Offering value at the right price, with affordability the main component. o Educating the consumer, through effective marketing campaigns. o Designing to cost, as the challenge is to make a profit at prices that Indian consumers can afford. o Getting the distribution right. No matter what opportunities exist to change the retail scene, McKinsey stresses that the traditional network of local retailers will remain important for years, even if modern retailing continues to grow at the current rate of 25 percent a year. Huge Untapped Potential: In a country of 1 billion plus people, the total market for optical products has only reached US$ 1 billion, which is miniscule as compared to the potential. The average market growth of 20% per year in the last few years is likely to be sustained. According to eye specialists almost 20-30% of the Indian population, i.e. 200 to 300 million people, requires visual correction. However, only a fraction these people are presently using proper optical products due to lack of awareness as well as affordability issues. Nevertheless this points to huge untapped potential in the Indian market.

13

Further, branded eyewear has very limited penetration in the Indian market at present, but it is increasing. Key market characteristics o India is a highly price sensitive market though demand for premium/ branded goods is rapidly increasing, at a faster rate vis--vis the overall market. o Mid price segment is most promising, with large volumes and decent margins o Low end segment has high inspirational value and would like to move up the value chain o Medium and small sized cities are fast emerging has high potential markets for life style products Market segmentation and positioning is important as the expectations and paying capacities differ across consumer segments in India. Therefore, new entrants should preferably offer different products/brands for different segments giving price value equation, using both exclusive and multi brand outlets. Favorable Perception of Italian Optical Products History and parentage is an important reinforce for new international brands being introduced in India. Success of European brands in India is to an extent because traditionally, Europe is considered the face of fashion. Retailers, importers and distributors, rate Italian products as superior compared to other imported products and Indian products. Even among the ophthalmologists, the perception about Italian optical products is better or comparable to other imported products. It is important to highlight here that retailers and ophthalmologists play an important and influential role in the consumers decision in selection of products and the brand. Therefore, their positive perception about Italian products, in spite of overall market share being low at present, will provide a head start for Italian companies entering the Indian market. Market Segments: Currently, spectacle lenses and sunglasses offer the maximum potential, both in terms of size and growth rates. In both the segments, even though the upper end may be growing faster, it is miniscule compared to mid and low segments, which have huge unmet demand and aspiration levels. It would be crucial to position the product properly.

14

There is only limited production of contact lenses in India, and only three international brands Bausch & Lomb, J&J and Ciba are being marketed. Also the market at present is small, but growing fast as the prices come down. There is scope for a mid-range brand/ product that could be a window of opportunity for Italian companies. Partnerships: Opportunity for Italian companies to partner with the existing small and medium sized who typically have limited resources for expanding/upgrading their operations, but understand the Indian market dynamics. Going by the model successfully used by other international brands, Italian companies planning to enter the Indian market should consider tying up with an Indian Importer-Distributor, for handling all import related formalities, and managing the logistics, retail network and promotion. Another emerging option is to tie-up with major retail chains, to have an exclusive or preferential presence across their retail outlets. While this route promises scale and reach, the margins tend to be lower. Promotion: Local adaptation needs to manifest in communications, language, promotions, selection of brand ambassadors, and in the product attributes themselves. The positive perceptions about Italian optical products should be capitalized in the promotions. Roll out: Mumbai is considered to be the most interesting city to launch premium end products, being the commercial capital of India, with the largest concentration of business families and overall high disposable incomes. Mumbai is also the fashion and glamour capital of India, and home to Bollywood, the Indian film industry. In addition to Mumbai, Delhi NCR, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore are also important markets, given the large corporate working class and also a predisposition to indulgence in personal care and fashion. Therefore, while a new player should begin with launch in one city, it should plan to expand its market coverage to other important cities within the first two-three years of launch.

15

CHAPTER 2 COMPANY PROFILE

CHAPTER 2 COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 RAY-BAN

Ray-Ban is an American high end manufacturer of sunglasses, founded in 1937 by Bausch & Lomb. They were introduced for the United States Army Air Corps. In 1999, Bausch & Lomb sold the brand to the Italian Luxottica Group for a reported $640 million.

2.1.1 HISTORY
Ray-Bans were first created in 1936. The idea of Ray Bans began some years earlier when Lieutenant John A. Macready returned from a balloon flying adventure and complained that the sun had permanently damaged his eyes. He contacted Bausch & Lomb asking them to create sunglasses that would provide protection and also look elegant. On May 7, 1937, Bausch & Lomb took out the patent. The prototype, known as Anti-Glare, had an extremely light frame weighing 150 grams. They were made of gold-plated metal with green lenses made of mineral glass to filter out infrared and ultraviolet rays. Pilots in the United States Army Air Corps immediately adopted the sunglasses. The army had intentions to have sunglasses that would protect the soldiers from the rays of the sun but yet still have an elegant look. The Ray-Ban Aviator became a well-known style of sunglasses when General Douglas MacArthur landed on the beach in the Philippines in World War II, and photographers snapped several pictures of him wearing them. Ray Bans were quickly seen outside of just the army. In 1937, Ray Ban made their first patent on the Ray Ban Aviator sunglasses. Ray Bans quickly gained popularity through other wars and even made a debut in the movies. In 1952, Ray Ban created another style, the Ray Ban Wayfarer. The difference with these sunglasses was the plastic frames. This design of the
16

Wayfarer glasses became very popular with the public. The Wayfarer sunglasses were seen on movie stars, TV stars, and musicians. Ray Ban still remains a top designer in the sunglasses industry with their constant change in color, frames, and lenses.

2.1.2 INTERNATIONAL AND CULTURAL IMPACT

Sometimes commercial products gain a cultural significance within a new market when exported around the globe. An interesting case and point is how Ray-bans have a special place as a status symbol of coolness in the southern port city of Abadan in Iran. Before it's Islamic revolution of 1979, Iran was a fast growing oil rich country that was a big consumer of everything western. At the time, Abadan was vibrant oil exporting port city with a constant stream of international visitors from sailors to corporate executives. Abadan was very much like any other sunny settlement by the sea, with a relaxed sun culture of flip flops and sunglasses and to this day natives subscribe to this dress code. Sometime between the 1960s and the 70s, Ray-ban became the must have brand in Abadan. The name has become a word in the local dialect and is used as the general word for sunglasses, pronounced Raybon. Most of the jokes about the Abadan region in Iran center on their love affair with Ray-bans. One goes something like this: An Abadani was walking when suddenly a flood hits. He quickly takes of his rubber flip flops and places his Raybans on them and says "Save you, don't worry about me". Even in an Abadani social network site, www.abadan.ning.com, the default pictures have Ray-bans for eyes.

2.1.3 LENSES
Ray Ban has created a number of different lenses for each of their glasses. Each of the lenses is designed to suit every life style. The High Contrast Brown Lenses are made for a military design that allows for the maximum amount of clarity and protection. These lenses are made to block out blue light and most commonly used for driving and action sports. The Neutral Grey lenses are recommended for reduced eye strain and to see color as it truly is. Polarized lenses were created to reduce the amount of reflected light into your eyes. Lastly, Light Adaptive lenses are designed to adjust to all different amounts of light. The lenses will turn dark when excessive light is present and lighter when there is not as lighter.
17

2.2 KAENON POLARIZED

Kaenon Polarized is a luxury performance polarized sunglasses and lens brand based in Newport Beach, CA. The company was founded in 2001 by elite sailors, and brothers, Steve and Darren Rosenberg. Specializing in performance sunglasses, all Kaenon Polarized sunglasses feature the company's proprietary SR-91 polarized lens material.

2.2.1 SUNGLASS LINE

The Kaenon Polarized sunglass line is divided into three categories: Luxury Performance, Lifestyle Performance and Kore Performance. Both metal alloy and TR-90 frames are offered and are manufactured in Japan and Italy, respectively. Since the brand manufactures functional sunglasses, all frames offered feature an 8 base curve radius.

2.2.2 LENS CONSTRUCTION SR-91 MATERIAL

This resin-based lens material was created by Kaenon Polarized. SR-91 was certified by Colts Laboratories and received a score of 40 lines of resolution, the highest score offered by the facility for optical clarity and acuity (20 is a passing score; anything beyond 40 is undetectable to the human eye). SR-91 was the first non-polycarbonate material to pass the high-mass impact ANSI Z.87.1 testing and was the first to combine this passing score with the highest marks for clarity. The proprietary material is used only by Kaenon Polarized and is found in every sunglasses offered by the brand.

18

GLARE 86 POLARIZING ELEMENT

SR-91 is combined with another proprietary polarizing element Glare 86. The film is 30 microns thin and was engineered to work inside the SR-91 material. The molecules in the Glare 86 polarizing element run in parallel, horizontal lines and act as a filter to block glare. Manufacturing processes encapsulate the Glare 86 film into the SR-91 lens material. Glare 86 also houses the tints and prescribed Light Transmission Levels in each lens.

2.3 LUXOTTICA

Luxottica Group S.p.A. is the world's largest eyewear company. Its best known brands include Ray-Ban, Persol and Oakley, Inc.. It also makes sunglasses and prescription frames for a multitude of designer brands such as Chanel and Prada, whose designs and trademarks are used under license. Luxottica also makes sunglasses branded Burberry, Polo Ralph Lauren, Stella McCartney, Tiffany, Versace, Vogue, Miu Miu, Tory Burch and Donna Karan. Its prime competitor is the Safilo Group S.p.A

2.3.1 HISTORY

Leonardo Del Vecchio started the company in 1961, in Agordo north of Belluno, Italy; today the company is headquartered in Milan.
19

Del Vecchio began his career as the apprentice to a tool and die maker in Milan, but decided to turn his metalworking skills to making spectacle parts. So in 1961 he moved to Agordo in the province of Belluno, which is home to most of the Italian eyewear industry. The new company was Luxottica s.a.s., a limited partnership with Del Vecchio as one of the founding partners. In 1967 he started selling complete eyeglass frames under the Luxottica brand, which proved successful enough that by 1971 he ended the contract manufacturing business. Convinced of the need for vertical integration, in 1974 he acquired Scarrone, a distribution company. In 1981 the company set up its first international subsidiary, in Germany, the first in a rapid period of international expansion. The first of many licensing deals with a designer was struck with Armani, in 1988. The company listed in New York in 1990, and in Milan in December 2000, joining the MIB-30 (now S&P/MIB) index in September 2003. The listing raised money for the company and allowed it to use its shares to acquire other brands, starting with Italian brand Vogue in 1990, Persol and US Shoe Corporation (LensCrafters) in 1995, Ray-Ban in 1999 and Sunglass Hut, Inc. in 2001. Luxottica later increased its presence in the retail sector by acquiring Sydney-based OPSM in 2003, Pearle Vision and Cole National in 2004.. The company also acquired Oakley in a US$2.1bn deal in November 2007, and in August 2011 Erroca for 20 million.

2.3.2 RETAIL
Luxottica Retail has 7.000 retail locations in the United States, Canada, China, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel and the United Kingdom. The headquarters of the retail division is in Mason, Ohio. Their retail banners include: Sunglass Hut International, LensCrafters, OPSM, Laubman & Pank, Budget Eyewear, Bright Eyes, Pearle Opticians, Pearle Vision, Surfeyes, Sears Optical, Target Optical, BJ's Optical, Cole Vision Care, ICON, Optical Shop of Aspen and ILORI. They also own EyeMed Vision Care, a managed vision care organization in the United States.

20

2.3.3 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

Year Net sales (K) Operative income (K) Operative income (K) 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 5,798,035 5,094,318 5,201,611 4,966,054 4,676,156 712,159 571,085 731,693 833,264 768,853 712,159 571,085 731,693 833,264 768,853

(Source - from Luxottica website)

2.3.4 MAJOR SHAREHOLDER

The list of Luxottica shareholders with more than 2% of holdings, represented by voting shares at April 28, 2011 o Delfin S.A.R.L. 66.98% o Giorgio Armani 4.87% o Treasury Share 1.39% o Other shareholders < 2% 26.76%

21

2.4 COSTA DEL MAR

Costa Del Mar Sunglasses, Inc. is a designer and manufacturer of high-end polarized sunglasses for use in sports such as fishing, sailing, and surfing. It was founded in 1983 and is headquartered in Daytona Beach, Florida. Costa Del Mar products are sold via the Costa Del Mar Online Store, other online dealers, or stores located worldwide.

2.4.1 HISTORY
Costa Del Mar was founded in 1983, the same year that a NOAA nature sanctuary asked the company for a donation of polarized sunglasses. The first style of sunglasses released by Costa Del Mar was called "Catalina," which is no longer in production. The first lens developed by Costa Del Mar was The Costa 400 in CR-39 material. In 1986, Costa Del Mar created The Costa 400 in a glass lens. The company provided sunglasses to Jacques Cousteau and the Cousteau Society, and lenses for the team-issue frames of the F-16C Eastern Demo Team. Additionally, Costa Del Mar launched its premium lens, The Costa 580 in August 2000. On April 22, 2003, A. T. Cross bought Costa Del Mar Sunglasses. Today, the list of pro guides and outdoor personalities that use Costa Del Mar sunglasses includes Jose Wejebe, Cindy Garrison, and Blair Wiggins.

22

2.4.2 TECHNOLOGY
Costa Del Mar provides 52 styles and 8 lens options of polarized eyewear, and 18 frame colors. The lenses are manufactured in three different materials: CR-39, Glass, and Polycarbonate. Each of these lenses offer different attributes mainly focused on durability, optical clarity, and scratch resistance. Every lens made by Costa Del Mar is 100% Polarized and offers 100% UVA, UVB, and UVC protection. Costa Del Mar offers two quality lenses. The Costa 400 is offered in all three lens materials, and it eliminate glare at 400 nanometer mark. This allows for clearer vision & reduces strain on eyes. The Costa 580 is Costa Del Mar's premium lens collection. This lens eliminates glare at the 580 nanometer mark. Specifically, it significantly reduces the amount of yellow light that penetrates the lens; yellow light is the hardest light for the eye to process. This nearly completely eliminates glare, allowing enhanced color saturation and definition. Some of the frame styles also offer C-Mates, a bifocal lens. It is offered in +1.75 and +2.5 magnification. Costa Del Mar sunglasses can also be made with prescription lenses. All of Costa Del Mar's sunglasses are produced in Japan China, Mauritius, or Taiwan, while its headquarters are located in Daytona Beach, Florida. Older models were produced in the US.

2.4.3 SPONSORSHIPS AND ENDORSEMENTS

Costa Del Mar sponsors over forty fishing tournaments, both on- and offshore, every year. It is the official sunglass sponsor of organizations such as Trout Unlimited, International Game Fish Association, Coastal Conservation Association, and The Billfish Foundation. Costa Del Mar also sponsors fishing guides in 18 States of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil. It sponsors fishing pros in events such as The B.A.S.S. Tour and The World Billfish Championship. Corky Carroll became an endorser for Costa Del Mar. Professional fishermen who endorse Costa Del Mar include Bass pros Jason Quinn, Kevin Short, and Todd Faircloth.
23

2.5 PERSOL

Persol is an Italian luxury eyewear company specializing in sunglasses. The name is derived from "per il sole," which, in Italian, means "for the sun." Formed in 1917 by Giuseppe Ratti, Persol originally catered to pilots and sports drivers. Presently, the company is famous for its durable sports sunglasses. Its trademark is the silver arrow (often referred to as the "Supreme Arrow"), and several of the company's glasses feature this symbol. Persol was a heavy influence in the production of sunglasses. The company developed the first flexible stem. This flexible stem system is known as the patented Meflecto system and was one of the first spring hinges ever developed for eyewear. Persol was introduced to the United States in 1962. Its first boutique opened on Rodeo Drive in Los Angeles in 1991. It is currently owned by the Luxottica group. Currently all "plastic" Persol eyewear is hand crafted in Italy using cellulose acetate, a hypoallergenic material derived from cotton. Steve McQueen popularized two Persol models: the 714 folding sunglasses and closely styled 649. He wore a special pair of 714's with blue lenses in The Thomas Crown Affair and was often photographed wearing the 649 model. Persol models 2244-S and 2720-S were both worn by Daniel Craig in the James Bond film Casino Royale. Pierce Brosnan wore Persol model 2672-S as James Bond in the film Die Another Day and then Persol model 2720-S in Mamma Mia! Don Johnson wore a Persol 69218 during Season Three of Miami Vice. Persol sunglasses have also been used in other movies, Bill Murray can be seen wearing them in both Lost in Translation and Broken Flowers. One of the most iconic images of Persol sunglasses can be seen in the movie Divorce Italian Style where Marcello Mastroianni wears a pair of black 649s; Mastroianni also has a pair of Persol sunglasses on in almost every scene in the movie La Dolce Vita. In addition Nicolas Cage wears them in Lord of War. Robert Culp, as Kelly Robinson, in the iconic I SPY TV series in the 1960s sported Persols 2656S in many episodes.

24

2.6 IC! BERLIN

Ic! Berlin brillen GmbH is a German company who designs and produces handcrafted eyewear in Berlin, Germany, and distributes it worldwide. The company was founded in 1999 by Ralph Anderl. The ic! Berlin hinge on an acetate frame. Ic! Berlin produces eyewear from 0.5mm thick stainless spring steel sheet metal, using a patented hinge design which avoids the use of any screws or glue in the construction of their frames. The combination of materials and techniques allows their products to be light and flexible. The company has received various awards for their product designs and technological achievements, including: o 1998 Einfach Genial TV Award/MDR, Germany o 1998 Golden Silmo Eyewear Award, Paris/France o 1999 2nd of Mido Eyewear Award, milano/Italy o 1999 Eyewear of the Year 2000/IOFT, Tokyo/Japan o 2000 Eyewear of the Year 2001/IOFT, Tokyo/Japan o 2002 Red Dot Award/Product Design, Germany o 2004 Eyewear of the Year 2005/IOFT, Tokyo/Japan o 2005 Eyewear of the Year 2006/IOFT, Tokyo/Japan o 2007 Landmark in the Land of Ideas 2007, Germany o 2008 Golden Silmo Eyewear Award, France/Paris o 2008 Eyewear of the Year 2009/IOFT, Tokyo/Japan o 2009 Eyewear of the Year 2010/IOFT, Tokyo/Japan o 2010 Eyewear of the Year 2011/IOFT, Tokyo/Japan o 2011 Golden Silmo Eyewear Award, France/Paris Ic! berlin has produced designs in collaboration with Danish fashion label Bo Van Melskens, German/French design collective KIX, Jeremy Tarian, Freitag, and London fashion label Superfine.
25

2.7 RANDOLPH ENGINEERING

Randolph Engineering, Inc., located in Randolph, Massachusetts, is a manufacturing company that makes sunglasses, shooting eye-wear, and prescription frames. They are most noted for supplying eye-wear to the United States military.

2.7.1 HISTORY
Randolph Engineering, Inc. was founded in 1972 by Jan Waszkiewicz and Stanley Zaleski. Ironically, the company originally focused on designing and manufacturing optical tools and machinery for the production of eye-wear. Waszkiewicz and Zaleski designed and made most of the machinery in the plant. In time, the company turned its attention to making its own eyewear, using the tools and machinery designed and manufactured by the company itself. In 1977, Randolph Engineering obtained its first government contract. By 1982, they became the prime contractor for military-style aviation flight glasses for the U.S. Department of Defense. With 68 employees, 200,000 pairs of sunglasses were made for the Navy, Air Force, and Army that year. Ever since, they have provided eye-wear for many government agencies and soldiers, ranging from sunglasses for air force pilots to eye-wear for submarine staff. In the early 1990s, sales were expanded to offer commercial lines of products. Towards August 2008, the company extended its eye-wear offerings to other specialty lines of work including police, security, outdoor sports and adventure, and other sight critical careerists and hobbyists. The company still supplies the military with a variety of glasses. They signed contracts with the Defense Logistics Agency on January 11, 2010 and January 5, 2011 worth $9 million each. Their most recent contract, valued at $38,662,664, was issued on December 23, 2011. In 2011, the company had approximately $8 million in sales. All glasses are still made at the U.S. location in Randolph, Massachusetts using only a handful of international components. Sales are handled through their website and world-wide distributors. Randolph Engineering has positioned themselves as a viable vendor to other Air Forces around the world including Australia, Belgium, Israel, and Jordan. The Alliance for the Commonwealth

26

and the Massachusetts Port Authority awarded Randolph the 1997 Massachusetts Product Export Achievement Award in recognition for achievements made in International trade.

2.7.2 PRODUCT
Randolph Engineering produces shooting eye-wear, sunglasses, and prescription eye-wear. Their products come in a variety of lens and frame styles, the most popular being the traditional aviator style. Each pair of sunglasses is made nearly entirely by hand in a detailed 200 step process. Averages of 53,000 pairs of glasses are produced per month. All manufacturing processes take place at the companys 22,000-square-foot facility in the United States. Randolph Engineering has three categories of products: the Sunglass Series, Ranger Series, and Rx Series. Randolph Engineering also produces their own high-strength solder flux, and every pair of their glasses comes with a lifetime replacement guarantee for every solder joint. Navy pilots and Army helicopter pilots both wear Randolphs matte chrome 52mm Aviators. In 2011, Randolph Engineering also began production of the Michael Bastian Signature Series. Today products are sold in over 400 retailers globally and compete with brands like Ray-Ban and Oakley.

27

CHAPTER 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 SPECTACLES
Glasses, also known as eyeglasses, spectacles or simply specs, are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the eyes. They are normally used for vision correction or eye protection. Safety glasses are a kind of eye protection against flying debris or against visible and near visible light or radiation. Sunglasses allow better vision in bright daylight, and may protect against damage from high levels of ultraviolet light. Other types of glasses may be used for viewing visual information or simply just for aesthetic or fashion purposes. Historical types of glasses include the pince-nez, monocle, lorgnette, and scissor or scissorsglasses. Modern glasses are typically supported by pads on the bridge of the nose and by temple arms placed over the ears. CR-39 lenses are the most common plastic lenses due to their low weight, high scratch resistance, low dispersion, and low transparency to ultraviolet and infrared radiation. Polycarbonate and Trivex lenses are the lightest and most shatter-resistant, making them the best for impact protection. An unpopular aspect of glasses is their inconvenience. Though modern frames can be both lightweight and flexible, and new lens materials and optical coatings are resistant to breakage or scratching, glasses can still cause problems during rigorous sports. Visibility can be significantly reduced by becoming greasy, trapping vapour when eating hot food, swimming, walking in rain or rapid temperature changes. Scraping, fracturing, or breakage of the lenses require timeconsuming and costly professional repair.

3.1.1 HISTORY PRECURSORS

His earliest historical reference to magnification dates back to ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs in the 5th century BC, which depict "simple glass meniscal lenses". The earliest written record of
28

magnification dates back to the 1st century AD, when Seneca the Younger, a tutor of Emperor Nero of Rome, wrote: "Letters, however small and indistinct, are seen enlarged and more clearly through a globe or glass filled with water". Nero (reigned 5468 AD) is also said to have watched the gladiatorial games using an emerald as a corrective lens. The use of a convex lens to form a magnified image is discussed in Alhazen's Book of Optics (1021). Its translation into Latin from Arabic in the 12th century was instrumental to the invention of eyeglasses in 13th century Italy. Englishman Robert Grosseteste's treatise De iride , written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". A few years later, Roger Bacon is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses in 1262. Sunglasses, in the form of flat panes of smoky quartz, were used in China in the 12th century. Similarly, the Inuit have used snow goggles for eye protection. However, they did not offer any corrective benefits and the use by historians of the term "sunglasses" is anachronistic before the twentieth century.

INVENTION OF EYEGLASSES
The first eyeglasses were made in Italy at about 1286, according to a sermon delivered on February 23, 1306 by the Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa (ca. 1255 - 1311): "It is not yet twenty years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses, which make for good vision ... And it is so short a time that this new art, never before extant, was discovered ... I saw the one who first discovered and practiced it, and I talked to him." Giordano's colleague Friar Alessandro della Spina of Pisa (d. 1313) was soon making eyeglasses. The Ancient Chronicle of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa records: "Eyeglasses, having first been made by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he made them and shared them with everyone with a cheerful and willing heart." By 1301, there were guild regulations in Venice governing the sale of eyeglasses. Although there have been claims that Salvino D'Armate of Florence invented eyeglasses, these claims have been exposed as hoaxes. Furthermore, although there have been claims that Marco Polo encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century, no such statement

29

appears in his accounts. Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th century and those Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported. Seated apostle holding lenses in position for reading. Detail from Death of the Virgin, by the Master of Heiligenkreuz, ca. 140030. The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses is Tommaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of the cardinal Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium. Another early example would be a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the Alps in an altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen, Germany, in 1403. These early spectacles had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and the presbyopia that commonly develops as a symptom of aging. It was not until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.

LATER DEVELOPMENTS
The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals. Serious historians have from time to time produced evidence to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention; however, a correspondence between George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of The Gazette of the United States, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps 50 years earlier than had been originally thought. The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were constructed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1825. Over time, the construction of spectacle frames also evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose (pince-nez). Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could be held in place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed some time before 1727, possibly by the British optician Edward Scarlett. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and various styles with attached handles such as "scissors-glasses" and lorgnettes were also fashionable from the second half of the 18th century and into the early 19th century.

30

In the early 20th century, Moritz von Rohr at Zeiss (with the assistance of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld), developed the Zeiss Punktal spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and laser corrective eye surgery, glasses remain very common, as their technology has improved. For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames made of special memory metal alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offers dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also often made from strong, light-weight materials such as titanium alloys, which were not available in the earlier times.

3.1.2 TYPES CORRECTIVE

Corrective lenses are used to correct refractive errors of the eye by modifying the effective focal length of the lens in order to alleviate the effects of conditions such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia) or astigmatism. Another common condition in older patients is presbyopia, which is caused by the eye's crystalline lens losing elasticity, progressively reducing the ability of the lens to accommodate (i.e. to focus on objects close to the eye). The power of a lens is generally measured in diopters. Glasses correcting for myopia will have negative diopter strengths, and glasses correcting for hypermetropia will have positive diopter strengths. Glasses correcting for astigmatism require two different strengths placed at right angles in the same lens. Prescription lenses, made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist, are used to make prescription glasses, which are then verified correct using a professional lensmeter. Pinhole glasses are a type of corrective glasses that do not use a lens and are claimed to help correct the eye's refractive error without introducing the image distortion of traditional lensbased glasses. Pinhole glasses do not actually refract the light or change the focal length, they operate by reducing the size of the blur circles in the retinal images. In blurry vision, every point on the object corresponds with a blur circle in the image. By reducing the size of the blur circles,
31

they reduce the overlap of the blur circles in the image, clarifying the vision somewhat. They do not heal the eye of refractive error, as sometimes claimed, and vision with pinhole glasses, although clearer than without them, is not as clear as with conventional lenses. Correcting one's vision is effected by use of lenses to move the focal point on the retina accordingly with one's particular needs. The depth of the curve, the thickness of the lens, and the precise shape of the lens can all be used to change the focal point. Eyeglasses can normally correct and compensate for four types of vision deficiencies: o Myopia is a vision disorder that causes far objects to appear blurred but near objects are seen clearly. Individuals suffering from myopia are prescribed eyeglasses with concave lenses, which compensate for the refraction error by moving the image of the distant objects that cannot be seen clearly backward onto the retina. o Correcting hyperopia is normally done with eyeglasses with convex lenses. With this disorder, the patients can see distant objects clearly but they have trouble with seeing objects that are close to them. Eyeglasses with convex lenses compensate for the refraction errors by moving the image of a distant object forward onto the retina. o Astigmatism is typically corrected with a cylindrical lens. This disorder is caused by a nonuniform curvature in the refractive surfaces of the eye, which leads to an abnormality in focusing the light rays on the retina. As a result, a part of the light rays are focused on the retina and the other part is focused behind it or in front of it. o Presbyopia is a condition where the eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects with age. It is more frequent in people over 40 years old and it is corrected with convex lenses. These patients need reading or bifocal eyeglasses. Corrective eyeglasses can significantly improve the life quality of the patient as they are helpful in both correcting vision disorders and reducing problems that appear when such lenses are needed, such as headaches or squinting. Corrective lenses can also be added to work masks or eyeglasses used in sports. Eyeglass lenses are commonly made from plastic, including CR-39 and polycarbonate. These materials reduce the danger of breakage and weigh less than glass lenses. Some plastics also have more advantageous optical properties than glass, such as better transmission of visible light

32

and greater absorption of ultraviolet light. Some plastics have a greater index of refraction than most types of glass; this is useful in the making of corrective lenses shaped to correct various vision abnormalities such as myopia, allowing thinner lenses for a given prescription. Scratch-resistant coatings can be applied to most plastic lenses giving them similar scratch resistance to glass. Hydrophobic coatings designed to ease cleaning are also available, as are anti-reflective coatings intended to reduce glare, improve night vision and make the wearer's eyes more visible.

SAFETY
Safety glasses are usually made with shatter-resistant plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris. Although safety lenses may be constructed from a variety of materials of various impact resistance, certain standards suggest that they maintain a minimum 1 millimeter thickness at the thinnest point, regardless of material. Safety glasses can vary in the level of protection they provide. For example, those used in medicine may be expected to protect against blood splatter while safety glasses in a factory might have stronger lenses and a stronger frame with additional shields at the temples to protect from sawdust, flying wood, or metal. The lenses of safety glasses can also be shaped for correction. The American National Standards Institute has established standard ANSI Z87.1 for safety glasses in the United States, and similar standards have been established elsewhere. OSHA provides guidance on the type of safety eyewear that should be used for an application. Some safety glasses are designed to fit over corrective glasses or sunglasses. They may provide less eye protection than goggles or other forms of eye protection, but their light weight increases the likelihood that they will actually be used. Modern safety glasses tend to be given a more stylish design in order to encourage their use. Corrective glasses with plastic lenses can be used in place of safety glasses in many environments; this is one advantage that they have over contact lenses. There are also safety glasses for welding, which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where a full sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles", because they provide protection from welding flash.
33

Worker safety eyewear is available in various lens colors and/or with coatings to protect or enable eyesight in different lighting conditions, particularly when outdoors. Nylon frames are usually used for protection eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. They are able to bend slightly and return to their original shape instead of breaking when pressure is applied to them. Nylon frames can become very brittle with age and they can be difficult to adjust. Safety lenses are usually made of polycarbonate. Polycarbonate and Trivex lenses are the lightest and most shatter-resistant, making them the best for impact protection, though polycarbonate offers poor optics due to high dispersion, having a low Abbe number of 31. Safety glasses are also available in prescription form for those persons who need corrective lenses. Depending on the particular area in which the individuals work, they may be required to wear side protectors additionally to safety eyeglasses. In order to comply with the ANSI Z87.1 requirements, safety eyeglasses must pass the high velocity and high mass tests. Also, the lenses of protective goggles, faceshield windows and welding filters cannot be thinner than 3 mm, excepting high-impact lenses meant to be installed in prescription frames, which cannot be thinner than 2 mm.

SUNGLASSES
Sunglasses may be made with either prescription or non-prescription lenses that are darkened to provide protection against bright visible light and, possibly, ultraviolet (UV) light. Photochromic lenses, which are photosensitive, darken when struck by UV light. Light polarization is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters remove horizontally polarized rays of light, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to see into water when reflected light would otherwise overwhelm the scene). Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed, or instrument readings on liquid crystal displays may be blocked. Gray or gray-green lenses produce the most natural appearance of colors. Yellow lenses increase color contrast and improve depth perception. They are worn by people driving at dusk, but are detrimental to vision at night. Any tint further reduces incoming light to the retina, and yellow
34

tints also reduce glare-recovery times for night drivers. Brown lenses are common among golfers, but cause color distortion. Blue, purple, and intense green lenses provide less vision enhancement, and are mainly cosmetic.[citation needed] Some sunglasses with interchangeable lenses have optional clear lenses to protect the eyes during low light or night time activities and a colored lens with UV protection for times where sun protection is needed. Sunglasses are often worn just for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include teashades and mirrorshades. Many blind people wear opaque glasses to hide their eyes for aesthetic reasons.

3D GLASSES
The illusion of three dimensions on a two dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual information. 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions by filtering out the light not intended for that eye, resulting in each eye receiving a different image. The traditional anaglyph 3D glasses have one red lens and one blue or cyan lens. Another kind of 3D glasses uses polarized filters, with one lens using clockwise circular polarization and the other anti-clockwise, with the two images required for stereo vision polarized the same way. Circular polarization is used so the image separation is maintained even if the viewer tilts their head (although the depth effect will suffer as the head tilt increases), which would not be possible with the more usual linear polarizers. Polarized 3D glasses allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce a dull black-and-white picture with red and blue fringes. Both types have been distributed to audiences at 3D movies. One kind of electronic 3D spectacles uses electronic shutters, while virtual reality glasses & helmets have separate video screens for each eye. A 3D effect can be produced using LCD shutter glasses.

READY-MADE READING GLASSES

Reading glasses come in two main styles: full frames, in which the entire lens is made in the reading prescription, and half-eyes, the smaller "Ben Franklin" style glasses that sit lower down on the nose. Readymade reading glasses are available in strengths ranging from 1.00 to 3.5 Magnifying lenses or generic spectacles that are used to treat mild presbyopia and hyperopia can be bought off the shelf. Although such glasses are generally considered safe, an individual
35

prescription, as determined by an ophthalmologist or optometrist and made by a qualified optician, usually results in better visual correction and fewer headaches & visual discomfort. There have also been many cases where people have delayed having a proper eye examination with an optometrist or ophthalmologist, preferring to purchase off the shelf glasses, which have put their sight at risk from conditions such as AMD, glaucoma and complications from diabetes. It is important to stress off the shelf readers are not a replacement for regular eye examinations. Full reading glasses are more suitable for people who only need them for close-up reading while half-eye reading glasses can be used to read at smaller or larger distances. The reading glasses are most of the time needed by people who have never worn glasses. Although specialists recommend individuals who need to wear eyeglasses to have them custommade according to their own needs, most of the patients prefer buying them at a pharmacy or department store. This type of eyeglass-shopping became very popular in the 1990s when it was estimated that over 30 million pairs were sold per year. These reading glasses are not as expensive as the custom-made ones and they are certainly designed to catch the buyer's eye. Glasses that can be purchased off the shelf are available in a wide variety of colors and designs, suitable for different tastes. One downside of ready-made eyeglasses is that their prescription is the same for each eye. The optical center of each lens is also the same. Yet, most individuals who need reading glasses need different prescriptions in each eye. Wearing ready-made eyeglasses can result in headaches, eyestrain or nausea, and these "side effects" increase with the extent of the prescriptions' mismatch. Another disadvantage is that people with a strong prescription will not find readymade solutions. They usually cannot be found with spherical corrections greater than plus or minus three dioptres, and of course are never corrected for astigmatism. Some feel that it would be possible to obtain a cheap frame for their existing lenses by first purchasing ready-mades; while this may be possible for some, the problem with the idea is twofold; there is no standard for lens shapes, so without resorting to extreme fitting methods like glue, it is unlikely that the right fitting could be found; the ready-mades themselves might have their existing lenses glued in place, so could be difficult to remove.

36

BIFOCALS, TRIFOCALS, AND PROGRESSIVE LENSES

As people age, their ability to focus is lessened and many decide to use multiple-focus lenses, which can be bifocal or even trifocal, to cover all the situations in which they use their sight. Traditional multifocal lenses have two or three distinct horizontal viewing areas, each requiring a conscious effort of refocusing. Some modern multifocal lenses, such as progressive lenses, give a smooth transition between these different focal points, unnoticeable by most wearers, while other glasses have lenses specifically intended for use with computer monitors at a fixed distance. People may have several pairs of glasses, one for each task or distance, with specific glasses for reading, computer use, television watching, and writing.

EXTREME MAGNIFICATION (BIOPTICS)

A form of glasses with extreme magnification to improve the distance vision of those with severe eyesight impairment, especially people with albinism, are known as bioptics or a bioptic telescope. They may take the form of self-contained glasses that resemble goggles or binoculars, or may be attached to existing glasses.

3.1.3 FASHION PERSONAL IMAGE

For most of their history, eyeglasses were seen as unfashionable, and carried several potentially negative connotations: Wearing glasses caused individuals to be stigmatized and stereotyped as pious clergymen, elderly, or physically weak and passive. The stigma began to fall away in the early 1900s when the popular Theodore Roosevelt was regularly photographed wearing eyeglasses, and in the 1910s when popular comedian Harold Lloyd began wearing a pair of hornrimmed glasses as "The Glass Character" in his films Since, eyeglasses have become an acceptable fashion item and often act as a key component in individuals' personal image. Musicians Buddy Holly and John Lennon became synonymous with the styles of eye-glasses they wore to the point that thick, black horn-rimmed glasses are often called "Buddy Holly glasses" and perfectly round metal eyeglass frames called "John Lennon Glasses." British comedic actor Eric Sykes is known in the United Kingdom for wearing thick,
37

square, horn-rimmed glasses, which are in fact a sophisticated hearing aid that alleviates his deafness by allowing him to "hear" vibrations. Some celebrities have become so associated with their eyeglasses that they continued to wear them even after taking alternate measures against vision problems: United States Senator Barry Goldwater and comedian Drew Carey continued to wear non-prescription glasses after being fitted for contacts and getting laser eye surgery. Other celebrities have used glasses to differentiate themselves from the characters they play, such as Anne Kirkbride, who wears oversized, 1980s-style round horn-rimmed glasses as Deirdre Barlow on the soap opera Coronation Street, and Masaharu Morimoto, who wears glasses to separate his professional persona as a chef from his stage persona as Iron Chef Japanese. In superhero fiction, eyeglasses have become a standard component of various heroes' disguises, allowing them to adopt a nondescript demeanor when they are not in their superhero persona: Superman is well known for wearing 1950s style horm-rimmed glasses as Clark Kent, while Wonder Woman wears either round, Harold Lloyd style glasses or 1970s style bug-eye glasses as Diana Prince.

STYLES
In the 20th century, eyeglasses came to be considered a component of fashion; as such, various different styles have come in and out of popularity. Most are still in regular use, albeit with varying degrees of frequency. o Browline glasses o Bug-eye glasses o Cat eye glasses o GI glasses o Horn-rimmed glasses o Pince nez o Rimless glasses Rare and currently noncommercial variations are rimless and frameless glasses attached to a piercing at the bridge of a wearer's nose. Such glasses have the visual look of the pince-nez.

38

3.2 CONTACT LENS

A contact lens, or simply contact, is a lens placed on the eye. Contact lenses are considered medical devices and can be worn to correct vision, for cosmetic or therapeutic reasons. In 2004, it was estimated that 125 million people (2%) use contact lenses worldwide, including 28 to 38 million in the United States. In 2010, worldwide contact lens market was estimated at $6.1 billion, while the U.S. soft lens market is estimated at $2.1 billion. Some have estimated that the global market will reach $11.7 billion by 2015. As of 2010, the average age of contact lens wearers globally was 31 years old and two thirds of wearers were female. People choose to wear contact lenses for many reasons. Aesthetics and cosmetics are often motivating factors for people who would like to avoid wearing glasses or would like to change the appearance of their eyes. Other people wear contacts for more visual reasons. When compared with spectacles, contact lenses typically provide better peripheral vision, and do not collect moisture such as rain, snow, condensation, or sweat. This makes them ideal for sports and other outdoor activities. Additionally, there are conditions such as keratoconus and aniseikonia that are typically corrected better by contacts than by glasses.

3.2.1 HISTORY
Leonardo Da Vinci is frequently credited with introducing the idea of contact lenses in his 1508 Codex of the eye, Manual D, where he described a method of directly altering corneal power by submerging the eye in a bowl of water. Leonardo, however, did not suggest his idea be used for correcting visionhe was more interested in learning about the mechanisms of accommodation of the eye. Ren Descartes proposed another idea in 1636, in which a glass tube filled with liquid is placed in direct contact with the cornea. The protruding end was to be composed of clear glass, shaped to correct vision; however, the idea was impracticable, since it would make blinking impossible. In 1801, Thomas Young, made a basic pair of contact lenses on the model of Descartes. He used wax to affix water-filled lenses to his eyes. This neutralized his own refractive power. He then corrected for it with another pair of lenses.

39

However, like Leonardo's, Young's device was not intended to correct refraction errors. Sir John Herschel, in a footnote of the 1845 edition of the Encyclopedia Metropolitana, posed two ideas for the visual correction: the first "a spherical capsule of glass filled with animal jelly", and "a mould of the cornea" which could be impressed on "some sort of transparent medium". Though Herschel reportedly never tested these ideas, they were both later advanced by several independent inventors such as Hungarian Dr. Dallos with Istvan Komromy (1929), perfected a method of making molds from living eyes. This enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye. It was not until 1887 that a German glassblower, F.E. Muller, produced the first eye covering to be seen through and tolerated. In 1887, the German ophthalmologist Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick constructed and fitted the first successful contact lens. While working in Zrich, he described fabricating afocal scleral contact shells, which rested on the less sensitive rim of tissue around the cornea, and experimentally fitting them: initially on rabbits, then on himself, and lastly on a small group of volunteers. These lenses were made from heavy blown glass and were 1821mm in diameter. Fick filled the empty space between cornea/callosity and glass with a dextrose solution. He published his work, "Contactbrille", in the journal Archiv fr Augenheilkunde in March 1888. Fick's lens was large, unwieldy, and could only be worn for a couple of hours at a time. August Mller in Kiel, Germany, corrected his own severe myopia with a more convenient glass-blown scleral contact lens of his own manufacture in 1888. Also in 1887, Louis J. Girard invented a similar scleral form of contact lens. Glass-blown scleral lenses remained the only form of contact lens until the 1930s when polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA or Perspex/Plexiglas) was developed, allowing plastic scleral lenses to be manufactured for the first time. In 1936, optometrist William Feinbloom introduced plastic lenses, making them lighter and more convenient. These lenses were a combination of glass and plastic. In 1949, the first "corneal" lenses were developed. These were much smaller than the original scleral lenses, as they sat only on the cornea rather than across the entire visible ocular surface, and could be worn up to sixteen hours per day. PMMA corneal lenses became the first contact lenses to have mass appeal through the 1960s, as lens designs became more sophisticated with improving manufacturing (lathe) technology.
40

Early corneal lenses in the 1950s and 1960s were relatively expensive and fragile, resulting in the development of a market for contact lens insurance. Replacement Lens Insurance, Inc. (now known as RLI Corp.) phased out its original flagship product in 1994 after contacts became more affordable and easier to replace. One important disadvantage of PMMA lenses is that no oxygen is transmitted through the lens to the conjunctiva and cornea, which can cause a number of adverse clinical effects. By the end of the 1970s, and through the 1980s and 1990s, a range of oxygen-permeable but rigid materials were developed to overcome this problem. Chemist Norman Gaylord played a prominent role in the development of these newer, permeable contact lenses.[16] Collectively, these polymers are referred to as "rigid gas permeable" or "RGP" materials or lenses. Although all the above lens types sclerals, PMMA lenses and RGPs could be correctly referred to as being "hard" or "rigid", the term hard is now used to refer to the original PMMA lenses, which are still occasionally fitted and worn, whereas rigid is a generic term that can be used for all these lens types: hard lenses (PMMA lenses) are a sub-set of rigid lenses. Occasionally, the term "gas permeable" is used to describe RGP lenses, but this is potentially misleading, as soft lenses are also gas permeable in that they allow oxygen to move through the lens to the ocular surface. The principal breakthrough in soft lenses was made by the Czech chemists Otto Wichterle and Drahoslav Lim who published their work "Hydrophilic gels for biological use" in the journal Nature in 1959. This led to the launch of the first soft (hydrogel) lenses in some countries in the 1960s and the first approval of the Soflens material by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1971. These lenses were soon prescribed more often than rigid lenses, mainly due to the immediate comfort of soft lenses; by comparison, rigid lenses require a period of adaptation before full comfort is achieved. The polymers from which soft lenses are manufactured improved over the next 25 years, primarily in terms of increasing the oxygen permeability by varying the ingredients. In 1972, British optometrist Rishi Agarwal was the first to suggest disposable soft contact lenses. In 1998, an important development was the launch of the first silicone hydrogels onto the market by CIBA VISION in Mexico. These new materials encapsulated the benefits of silicone which has extremely high oxygen permeability with the comfort and clinical performance of the conventional hydrogels which had been used for the previous 30 years. These lenses were
41

initially advocated primarily for extended (overnight) wear although more recently, daily (no overnight) wear silicone hydrogels have been launched. In a slightly modified molecule, a polar group is added without changing the structure of the silicone hydrogel. This is referred to as the Tanaka monomer because it was invented and patented by Kyoichi Tanaka of Menicon Co. of Japan in 1979. Second-generation silicone hydrogels, such as galyfilcon A (Acuvue Advance, Vistakon) and senofilcon A (Acuvue Oasys, Vistakon), use the Tanaka monomer. Vistakon improved the Tanaka monomer even further and added other molecules, which serve as an internal wetting agent. Comfilcon A (Biofinity, CooperVision) was the first third-generation polymer. The patent claims that the material uses two siloxy macromers of different sizes that, when used in combination, produce very high oxygen permeability (for given water content). Enfilcon A (Avaira, CooperVision) is another third-generation material that is naturally wettable. The enfilcon A material is 46% water.

3.2.2 TYPES OF CONTACT LENSES 1) FUNCTIONS Corrective contact lenses

Corrective contact lenses are designed to improve vision, most commonly by correcting refractive error. This is done by directly focusing the light so that it enters the eye with the proper power for clear vision. Recently, there has been renewed interest in orthokeratology, the correction of myopia by deliberate overnight flattening of the corneal epithelium, leaving the eye without a refractive error during the day. A spherical contact lens bends light evenly in every direction (horizontally, vertically, etc.). They are typically used to correct myopia and hyperopia. A toric contact lens has a different focusing power horizontally than it does vertically and as a result can correct for astigmatism. Some spherical rigid lenses can also correct for astigmatism. (See below.) Because a toric lens must have the proper orientation to correct for a person's astigmatism, a toric contact lens must have additional design characteristics to prevent the lens from rotating out of the ideal alignment. This
42

can be done by weighting the bottom of the lens or by using other physical characteristics to rotate the lens back into position. Some toric contact lenses have marks or etchings that can assist the eye doctor in fitting the lens. The first disposable toric lenses were introduced in 2000 by Vistakon. The correction of presbyopia (a need for a reading prescription that is different from the prescription needed for distance) presents an additional challenge in the fitting of contact lenses. Two main strategies exist: multifocal contact lenses and monovision. Multifocal contact lenses are comparable to bifocals or progressive lenses because they have multiple focal points. Multifocal contact lenses are typically designed for constant viewing through the center of the lens, but some designs do incorporate a shift in lens position to view through the reading power (similar to bifocal glasses). Monovision is the use single vision lenses (one focal point per lens) to focus one eye for distance vision (typically the person's dominant eye) and the other eye for near work. The brain then learns to use this setup to see clearly at all distances. A technique called modified monovision uses multifocal lenses and also specializes one eye for distance and one eye for near. Alternatively, a person may simply wear reading glasses over their distance contact lenses.

Other types of vision correction

For those with certain color deficiencies, a red-tinted "X-Chrom" contact lens may be used. Although the lens does not restore normal color vision, it allows some colorblind individuals to distinguish colors better. ChromaGen lenses have been used and these have been shown to have some limitations with vision at night although otherwise producing significant improvements in color vision. An earlier study showed very significant improvements in color vision and patient satisfaction. Later work that used these ChromaGen lenses with dyslexics in a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial showed highly significant improvements in reading ability over reading without the lenses This system has been granted FDA approval in the USA.

43

Cosmetic contact lenses

A woman wearing a cosmetic type of contact lenses; the enlarged section of the image shows the grain produced during the manufacturing process. Curving of the lines of printed dots suggests these lenses were manufactured by printing onto a flat sheet then shaping it. A cosmetic contact lens is designed to change the appearance of the eye. These lenses may also correct refractive error. Although many brands of contact lenses are lightly tinted to make them easier to handle, cosmetic lenses worn to change the color of the eye are far less common, accounting for only 3% of contact lens fits in 2004. In the USA, the Food and Drug Administration frequently calls non-corrective cosmetic contact lenses decorative contact lenses. As with any contact lens, cosmetic lenses carry risks of mild and serious complications, including ocular redness, irritation, and infection. For this reason all contact lenses, even purely cosmetic ones, are classified as medical devices in many countries (USA, UK). All individuals who would like to wear cosmetic lenses should have a contact lens examination with an eye doctor prior to first use, and if used long-term, regular aftercare examinations, in order to avoid potentially blinding complications. Cosmetic lenses can be used to drastically alter the appearance of the eye, as seen in the entertainment industry. Scleral lenses that cover the white part of the eye (i.e., sclera) are used in many theatrical applications. These lenses are typically custom made for a specific production and as a result have very limited availability to the general public. As with any cosmetic lens, if the design changes the clarity of the center of the lens, the lens may interfere with vision. A new trend in Japan, South Korea and China is the circle contact lens. Circle lenses extend the appearance of the iris onto the sclera. The result is the appearance of a bigger, wider iris. Cosmetic lenses can have more direct medical applications. For example, some lenses can restore the appearance and, to some extent the function, of a damaged or missing iris.

Therapeutic contact lenses

Soft lenses are often used in the treatment and management of non-refractive disorders of the eye. A bandage contact lens protects an injured or diseased cornea from the constant rubbing of blinking eyelids thereby allowing it to heal. They are used in the treatment of conditions

44

including bullous keratopathy, dry eyes, corneal abrasions and erosion, keratitis, corneal edema, descemetocele, corneal ectasis, Mooren's ulcer, anterior corneal dystrophy, and neurotrophic keratoconjunctivitis.Contact lenses that deliver drugs to the eye have also been developed

2) MATERIALS Rigid lenses

Glass lenses were never comfortable enough to gain widespread popularity. The first lenses to do so were lenses made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA or Perspex/Plexiglas). PMMA lenses are commonly referred to as "hard" lenses. A disadvantage of these lenses is that they do not allow oxygen to pass through to the cornea, which can cause a number of adverse clinical events. Starting in the late 1970s, improved rigid materials which were oxygen-permeable were developed. Lenses made from these materials are called rigid gas permeable or 'RGP' lenses. A rigid lens is able to replace the natural shape of the cornea with a new refracting surface. This means that a spherical rigid contact lens can correct for astigmatism. Rigid lenses can also be made as a front-toric, back-toric, or bitoric. This is different from a spherical lens in that one or both surfaces of the lens deliver a toric correction. Rigid lenses can also correct for corneal irregularities, such as keratoconus. In most cases, patients with keratoconus see better through rigid contact lenses than through glasses. Rigid lenses are more chemically inert, allowing them to be worn in more challenging environments than soft lenses.

Soft lenses
While rigid lenses have been around for about 120 years, soft lenses are a much more recent development. The principal breakthrough in soft lenses made by Otto Wichterle led to the launch of the first soft (hydrogel) lenses in some countries in the 1960s and the approval of the "Soflens" daily material (polymacon) by the United States FDA in 1971. Soft lenses are immediately comfortable, while rigid lenses require a period of adaptation before full comfort is achieved. The biggest improvements to soft lens polymers have been increasing oxygen permeability, lens wetability, and overall comfort.

45

In 1998, silicone hydrogels became available. Silicone hydrogels have both the extremely high oxygen permeability of silicone and the comfort and clinical performance of the conventional hydrogels. Because silicone allows more oxygen permeability than water, the oxygen permeability of silicone hydrogels is not tied to the water content of the lens. Lenses have now been developed with so much oxygen permeability that they are approved for overnight wear (extended wear). Lenses approved for daily wear are also available in silicone hydrogel materials and launched. Disadvantages of silicone hydrogels are that they are slightly stiffer and the lens surface can be hydrophobic and less "wettable." These factors can influence the comfort of the lens. New manufacturing techniques and changes to multipurpose solutions have minimized these effects. A surface modification processes called plasma coating alters the hydrophobic nature of the lens surface. Another technique incorporates internal rewetting agents to make the lens surface hydrophilic. A third process uses longer backbone polymer chains that results in less cross linking and increased wetting without surface alterations or additive agents.

Hybrid
A small number of hybrid lenses exist. Typically these lenses consist of a rigid center and a soft "skirt". A similar technique is "piggybacking" of a smaller, rigid lens on the surface of a larger, soft lens. These techniques give the vision corrections benefits of a rigid lens and the comfort benefits of a soft lens.

3) WEAR SCHEDULE
A "daily wear" (DW) contact lens is designed to be worn for one day and removed prior to sleeping. An "extended wear" (EW) contact lens is designed for continuous overnight wear, typically for up to 6 consecutive nights. Newer materials, such as silicone hydrogels, allow for even longer wear periods of up to 30 consecutive nights; these longer-wear lenses are often referred to as "continuous wear" (CW). Extended and continuous wear contact lenses can be worn overnight because of their high oxygen permeability. While awake, the eyes are typically open, allowing oxygen to from the air to dissolve into the tears and pass through the lens to the cornea. While asleep, oxygen is supplied from the blood vessels in the back of the eyelid. A lens that interferes with the passage of oxygen to the cornea can cause corneal hypoxia which can
46

result in many complications, including a corneal ulcer, which has the potential to permanently decrease vision. Extended and continuous wear contact lenses typically transfer 56 times more oxygen than conventional soft lenses, allowing the eye to remain healthy, even when the eyelid is closed. Wearing lenses designed for daily wear overnight has an increased risk for corneal infections, corneal ulcers, and corneal neovascularization. The most common complication of extended wear lenses is giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), sometimes associated with a poorly fitting contact lens.

4) REPLACEMENT SCHEDULE
The various soft contact lenses available are often categorized by their replacement schedule. The shortest replacement schedule is single use (1-day or daily disposable) lenses which are disposed of each night. Shorter replacement cycle lenses are commonly thinner and lighter, due to lower requirements for durability against wear and tear, and may be the most comfortable in their respective class and generation. These may be best for patients with ocular allergies or other conditions because it limits deposits of antigens and protein, and is considered the healthiest wear schedule due to the most frequent replacement. Single use lenses are also useful for people who use contacts infrequently, or for purposes (e.g., swimming or other sporting activities) where losing a lens is likely. More commonly, contact lenses are prescribed to be disposed of on a two-week or 4-week basis. Quarterly or annual lenses, which used to be very common, have lost favor because a more frequent replacement allows for increased comfort and fewer on-lens deposits. Rigid gas permeable lenses are very durable and may last for several years without the need for replacement. PMMA hard lenses were very durable, and were commonly worn for 5 to 10 years. Interestingly, a careful analysis of the materials used to manufacture many "daily" disposable lenses show that they are often manufactured from the same material as the longer life disposables (4-week replacement for example), from the same company. Although the materials are the same, the manufacturing processes by which the respective contact lenses are made is what differentiates a "daily disposable" lens from a lens recommended for two-week or 4-week replacement.

47

Contrary to popular belief, replacement schedule is not determined by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA). Replacement schedule is recommended only by the manufacturer of that contact lens. The only FDA-approved measure of contact lens wear is the "wear indication" or "wear schedule" (extended wear or daily wear) as was discussed in the previous section.

5) IMPLANTATION
Some intraocular lenses are known as implantable contact lenses. While these implants are used to correct refractive error, because of their surgical implantation in the eye, they are not true contact lenses.

3.2.3 COMPLICATIONS
Complications due to contact lens wear affect roughly 5% of contact lens wearers each year. Most complications arise when lenses are worn differently than prescribed (improper wear schedule or lens replacement) Sleeping in lenses not designed or approved for extended wear is a common cause of complications. Many people go too long before replacing their lenses, wearing lenses designed for 1, 14, or 30 days of wear for multiple months or years. While this does save on the cost of lenses, it risks permanent damage to the eye and loss of sight. Improper use of contact lenses may affect the eyelid, the conjunctiva, and the various layers of the cornea. Poor lens care can lead to infections by various microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and Acanthamoeba. Long-term (over 5 years) use of contact lenses may "decrease the entire corneal thickness and increase the corneal curvature and surface irregularity." Long-term wear of rigid contact lens is associated with decreased corneal keratocyte density and increased number of epithelial Langerhans cells. All contact lenses sold in the United States are studied and approved as safe by the FDA when specific wear schedules and replacement schedules are followed.

48

3.3 YOUTH
Youth is the time of life between childhood and adulthood (maturity). Definitions of the specific age range that constitutes youth vary. An individual's actual maturity may not correspond to their chronological age, as immature individuals could exist at all ages.

3.3.1 USAGE
Around the world, the terms "youth", "adolescent", "teenager", "kid", and "young person" are interchanged, often meaning the same thing, occasionally differentiated. Youth generally refers to a time of life that is neither childhood nor adulthood, but rather somewhere in-between. Youth also identifies a particular mindset of attitude, as in "He is very youthful". The term youth is also related to being young. "This world demands the qualities of youth: not a time of life but a state of mind, a temper of the will, a quality of imagination, a predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the life of ease." - Robert Kennedy Youth is an alternative word to the scientifically-oriented adolescent and the common terms of teen and teenager. Another common title for youth is young person or young people. Population aged under 15 years in 2005 12 August is declared International Youth Day by The United Nations.

49

CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
o To study the purpose of wearing spectacles or lenses among youth. o To study the amount spent on buying spectacles or lenses. o To study the preference of youth between spectacles or lenses. o To study the issues related to safety and comfort ability. o To study the issues related to safety and comfort ability.

4.2 BENEFIT OF THE STUDY

o The

50

4.3 THE RESEARCH PROCESS

Following are the research process which can be useful to determine the project and project title also. There are mainly eight steps of the following charts:-

FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM CHOICE OF RESEARCH DESIGN DETERMINING SOURCES OF DATA DESIGNING DATA COLLECTION FORMS DETERMINING SAMPLING DESIGN AND SAMPLING SIZE ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING THE FIELD SURVEY PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT

4.3.1 FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

It is very first and most important step in the applied research process because, poorly defined problem will not yield useful results. It is rightly said A problem well defined is half solved. Poorly defined problem cause confusion and do not allow to develop a good research design. In this study researcher set problem of Comparative study between spectacles & lenses among youth.

51

4.3.1.1 SAMPLING UNIT

The individuals or objects whose characteristics are to be measures are called sampling unit. The sampling units always identify the objects to be studies. It is necessary that the universe is well defined. The researcher want to study on comparison between spectacles & lenses among youth, so the researcher may consider all people who use it, as sampling unit.

4.3.1.2 TIME AND SPACE BOUNDARIES

As regard time and boundaries, we find that the two universes are again different. In the first instance, a precise date, viz. 30th January, 1990 is given while in the second instance the entire month of January is given. Similarly, two universes are different in terms of space-the buyer universe specifies stores located in Delhi while the shoppers universe specifies the Delhi metropolitan area which should be a larger territory than the former. The researcher set time and space boundaries as Comparative study between spectacles & lenses among youth with respect to Surat city in November-December 2011.

4.3.2 CHOICE OF RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design is the blue print of the study. A research design is a logical and systematical planning and it helps directing a piece of research. Types of research design are following: Descriptive research design was taken by the researcher for Comparative study between spectacles & lenses among youth with respect to Surat city in November-December 2011. Because this, research design is focused on accurate descriptive of the variable present in the problem. A descriptive study is undertaken when the researcher wants to know the characteristics of certain groups such as age, sex, education level, income, occupations, etc.

52

4.3.3 DETERMINING SOURCES OF DATA

After research design has been selected, the other important step is to collect the required data. There are two types of data: 1) Primary Data, 2) Secondary Data. For the purpose of the study, primary data is collected by directly personal interview of the respondents to collect their view about Spectacles & Lenses. This was flat necessary because people in gravel have a tendency in answering question. There are some secondary data collected from Internet, websites, magazine to collect the proper information and the industry details about Spectacles & Lenses.

4.3.4 DESIGNING DATA COLLECTION FORMS

Once the decision in favor of collection or sources of data, one has to decide the mode of collection. The two methods are available: 1) OBSERVATION METHOD o This method suggests that data are collect through ones observation. If the researcher is a keen observer, with integrity he would be in a position to observe and record data faithfully and accurately. While the observational method may be suitable in the case of some studies, several things of interest such as attitudes, opinions, motivations and other intangible states of mind cannot be observed. 2) SURVEY METHOD o In marketing research, field surveys are commonly used to collect primary data from the respondents. Surveys can be 1) Personal, 2) Telephonic, 3) Mail, 4) Diary. The researcher decided to collect data through primary data collection; the researcher was selecting the survey method for collection of primary data. In the survey method, the researcher selects personal survey for data collection. For the collection of required primary data, the researcher prepared the questionnaire, which is enclosed at the end of the topic. The

53

questionnaire includes two types of question that is single choice, multi-choice and rank question.

4.3.5 DETERMINING SAMPLING DESIGN AND SAMPLING SIZE

When the researcher had decided to carry out a filed survey, he had to decide whether it is to be a census survey or sample survey. The researcher was select a sample survey for his research as it has an overwhelming advantages over a sample survey and it is possible for researcher to meet every and each retailer of Surat city as it has population something around 132. Sample size: In sample size the researcher have taken 132 samples as a sample size which include 132 as a personal interview.

4.3.6 ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING THE FIELD SURVEY

After selection of sample size and sample method, the researcher was went for a field survey. The researcher was collected required data by filing up the questionnaire from various respondents.

4.3.7 PROCESSING AND ANALYZING THE COLLECTED DATA

When the researcher was complete his field survey, the researcher processed the collected data and analyze it in a systematic manner so as the researcher derived results from it. In order to derive meaningful outcomes from the data, the researcher formed the data in tables and then uses various statistical tools and interprets the data as it shown in the chapter of findings and analysis of data.

4.3.8 PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT

After data had been tabulated, interpreted and analyzed, the researcher prepared his report embodying the findings of his research study and his recommendations.
54

CHAPTER 6 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

CHAPTER 6 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

6.1 ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Do you visit eye specialist?
Option Response Yes 33 No 99 Total 132

25%

Yes No

75%

Interpretation: - 25% are visited the eyes specialist and 75% are not.

55

2. How often do you visit eye specialist?

Option Once in a month Twice in a month Threes in a month More than 3 times in a month Total Responses 26 5 2 0 33

0% 6% 15% Once in a month Twice in a month Thrais in a month More then 3 times in a month

79%

Interpretation: - 79% are visited once in a month, 15% twice in a month, 6% threes in a
month.

56

3. Which of following do you wear?

Option always Seldom frequently Some time never Total Responses Spectacles Lenses 39 8 46 30 20 53 21 28 6 13 132 132

45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% always seldom 6.00% 23.00% 30.00% 35.00%

40.00%

21.00% 15.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00%

Spectacle Lense

freqantly Some time

never

Interpretation: - 30% are always wear spectacles, 35% seldom, 40% are frequently, 15% are
sometimes and 5% never. 6% are always wearing lenses, 23% are seldom, and 40% are frequently, 21% are sometimes, 10% are never.

57

4. For which purpose do you wear spectacles or lenses?

Responses Spectacles Lenses Problem in eye sight 79 56 For fashion or style 36 69 Due to headache 12 5 To protect eyes from sunrays & dust 5 2 Total 132 132 Option

70.00% 60.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Problem in eye sight For fashion or stayle Due to headache To protect eyes from sunrays & dust 9.00% 4.00% 4.00% 2.00% 27.00% Spectacle Lense 42.00% 52.00%

Interpretation: - 60% are wear spectacles due to problem in eye sight, 27% for fashion or
style, and 9% due to headache are frequently. 42% are wear lenses due to problem in eye sight, 52% for fashion or style.

58

5. Which types of spectacles or lenses do you buy?

Responses Spectacles Lenses Local 66 56 Branded 66 76 Total 132 132 Option

60.00%

58.00%

55.00% 50.00% 50.00% Spectacle 45.00% 42.00% 40.00% Lence 50.00%

35.00% Local Branded

Interpretation: - 50% are having local spectacles and 50% having branded. 42% are having
local lenses and 58% are branded.

59

6. How much do you spend on spectacles or lenses?

Responses Spectacles Lenses Less than 500 14 11 500 to 700 43 23 700 to 1000 54 75 More then 1000 21 23 Total 132 132 Option

60.00% 50.00%

57.00%

41.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Less then 500 500 to 700 700 to 1000 More then 1000 11.00% 8.00% 18.00% 17.00% 15.00% 33.00% Spectacle Lense

Interpretation: - 11% are spend < 500 rupees, 33% 5spend 00-700, 41% spend 700-1000 and
15% spend > 1000 rupees on spectacles. 8% are spend < 500 rupees, 18% 5spend 00-700, 57% spend 700-1000 and 17% spend > 1000 rupees on lenses.

60

7. From where do you purchase spectacles or lenses?

Responses Spectacles Lenses Nearer shops 49 22 Branded outlets 66 75 From malls 17 35 Total 132 132 Option

60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Nearer shops 17.00% 37.00%

57.00% 50.00%

26.00%

Spectacle Lense

13.00%

Branded outlets

From malls

Interpretation: - 37% are purchase spectacles from nearer shop, 50% from branded outlets and
13% from malls. 17% are purchase lenses from nearer shop, 57% from branded outlets and 26% from malls.

61

8. What do you prefer to wear?

Responses Attributes Spectacles Lenses Highly Prefer Prefer Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer 45 16 48 55 13 21 16 19 10 21

8.1 Spectacles (5= Highly Prefer... 1= Highly Not Prefer)

Response (Fi) 45 48 13 16 10 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 270 276 15 0 0 498

8% 12% 34% 10% Highly Prefer Prefer Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer 36%

Interpretation: - 34% are highly prefer to spectacles, 36% prefer, 10% neutral, 12% not prefer
8% not highly prefer.

62

8.2 Lenses (5= Highly Prefer... 1= Highly Not Prefer)

Response (Fi) 16 55 21 19 21 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 80 220 63 38 21 422

16%

12% Highly Prefer Prefer

14%

Neutral Not Prefer 42% 16% Highly Not Prefer

Interpretation: - 42% are highly prefer to lenses, 16% prefer, 14% neutral, 16% not prefer
12% not highly prefer.

63

8.1 Weighted Average Mean

Option Very Good Spectacles 3.77 Lenses 3.20

3.90 3.80 3.70 3.60 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.00 Spectacles Lense 3.20 3.77

Interpretation: - From weighted average mean method researcher may interpret that most of
respondents are prefer the spectacles.

64

9. If you wear Spectacles then rate the following features of spectacles.

Responses Attributes Excellent Safety comfort ability perishability Availability of colors Design & pattern clarity maintenance 59 67 40 18 56 51 11 Good 44 47 52 55 56 60 67 Average 6 3 23 20 3 12 26 Poor 16 8 11 19 14 7 12 Very Poor 7 7 6 20 3 2 16

65

A. Safety (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 59 44 6 16 7 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 270 276 15 0 0 528

5% 12% Excellent 5% 45% Good Average Poor Very Poor 33%

Interpretation: - 45% are rate excellent, 33% to good, 5% average, 12% to poor and 5% to
very poor.

66

B. comfort ability (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 67 47 3 8 7 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 335 188 9 16 7 555

2%

6%

5% Highly Prefer Prefer 51% Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer

36%

Interpretation: - 51% are rate excellent, 36% to good, 2% average, 6% to poor and 5% to very
poor.

67

C. perishability (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 40 52 23 11 6 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 200 208 69 22 6 505

5% 8% 30% 18% Highly Prefer Prefer Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer

39%

Interpretation: - 30% are rate excellent, 39% to good, 18% average, 8% to poor and 5% to
very poor.

68

D. Availability of colors (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 56 56 3 14 3 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 280 224 9 28 3 544

2% 2% 11% Highly Prefer 43% Prefer Neutral Not Prefer 42% Highly Not Prefer

Interpretation: - 43% are rate excellent, 42% to good, 2% average, 11% to poor and 2% to
very poor.

69

E. Design & pattern (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 51 60 12 7 2 Total = 132 WAM Wi 5 4 3 2 1 Fi Wi 255 240 36 14 2 547

2% 5% 9% Highly Prefer 39% Prefer Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer 45%

Interpretation: - 39% are rate excellent, 45% to good, 9% average, 5% to poor and 2% to very
poor.

70

F. clarity (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 59 44 6 16 7 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 270 276 15 0 0 528

5% 12% Excellent 5% 45% Good Average Poor Very Poor 33%

Interpretation: - 45% are rate excellent, 33% to good, 5% average, 12% to poor and 5% to
very poor.

71

G. maintenance (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 11 67 26 12 16 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 55 268 78 24 16 441

12% 9%

8% Highly Prefer Prefer Neutral

20% 51%

Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer

Interpretation: - 8% are rate excellent, 51% to good, 20% average, 9% to poor and 12% to
very poor.

72

9.1 Weighted Average Mean

Very Good Safety 4.00 comfort ability 4.20 perishability 3.83 Availability of colors 3.24 Design & pattern 4.12 clarity 4.14 maintenance 3.34 Option

4.30 4.10 3.90 3.70 3.50 4.00

4.20 4.12

4.14

3.83

3.34 3.30 3.10 Safety comfort ability perishability Availability of colors Design & pattern clarity maintenance 3.24

Interpretation: - From weighted average mean method researcher may interpret that most of
respondents are influenced by comfort ability, design and clarity.

73

10.If you wear lenses then rate the following features of Lenses

Responses Attributes Excellent Safety comfort ability perishability Availability of colors Design & pattern clarity maintenance 5 5 25 44 7 19 37 Good 62 56 51 73 60 86 82 Average 39 21 17 11 31 21 10 Poor 8 19 17 04 13 3 1 Very Poor 18 31 22 00 21 3 2

74

A. Safety (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 5 62 39 8 18 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 25 248 117 16 18 424

4% 14% 6% Highly Prefer Prefer Neutral 47% 29% Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer

Interpretation: - 4% are rate excellent, 47% to good, 29% average, 6% to poor and 14% to
very poor.

75

B. comfort ability (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 5 56 21 19 31 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 25 224 63 38 31 381

4%

24% Highly Prefer Prefer 42% 14% Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer 16%

Interpretation: - 4% are rate excellent, 42% to good, 16% average, 14% to poor and 24% to
very poor.

76

C. perishability (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 25 51 17 17 22 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 125 204 51 34 22 436

17%

19% Highly Prefer Prefer

13%

Neutral Not Prefer

13%

Highly Not Prefer 38%

Interpretation: - 19% are rate excellent, 38% to good, 13% average, 13% to poor and 17% to
very poor.

77

D. Availability of colors (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 44 73 11 4 0 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 220 292 33 8 0 553

3% 0% 8% 34% Highly Prefer Prefer Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer 55%

Interpretation: - 34% are rate excellent, 55% to good, 8% average, and 3% to poor.

78

E. Design & pattern (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 7 60 31 13 21 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 35 240 93 26 21 415

16%

5% Highly Prefer

10% 45% 24%

Prefer Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer

Interpretation: - 5% are rate excellent, 45% to good, 24% average, 10% to poor and 16% to
very poor.

79

F. clarity (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 19 86 21 3 3 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 95 344 63 6 3 511

2% 2% 15% 16% Highly Prefer Prefer Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer 65%

Interpretation: - 15% are rate excellent, 65% to good, 16% average, 2% to poor and 2% to
very poor.

80

G. maintenance (5= Excellent ,..,1= Very Poor)

Response (Fi) 37 82 10 1 2 Total = 132 WAM 5 4 3 2 1 Wi Fi Wi 185 328 30 2 2 547

1% 8%

1%

28%

Highly Prefer Prefer Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer

62%

Interpretation: - 28% are rate excellent, 62% to good, 8% average, 1% to poor and 1% to very
poor.

81

10.1 Weighted Average Mean

Very Good Safety 3.21 comfort ability 2.89 perishability 3.30 Availability of colors 4.19 Design & pattern 3.14 clarity 3.87 maintenance 4.14 Option

4.35 4.15 3.95 3.75 3.55 3.35 3.15 2.95 2.75 Safety comfort ability 2.89 3.21 3.30

4.19 3.87

4.14

3.14

perishability Availability of Design & colors pattern

clarity

maintenance

Interpretation: - From weighted average mean method researcher may interpret that most of
respondents are influenced by availability of color and maintenance.

82

11.Do you feel any problem in wearing spectacles or lenses?

Option Responses Spectacles Lenses Yes 30 97 No 102 35 Total 132 132

90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Yes No 23.00% 27.00% Spectacles Lense 77.00% 73.00%

Interpretation: - 23% feel problem in spectacles and 73% are not. 77% feel problem in lenses
and 27% are not.

83

CHAPTER - 6 FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 6 FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS

6.1 FINDINGS
1) 25% are visited the eyes specialist and 75% are not. 2) 79% are visited once in a month, 15% twice in a month, 6% threes in a month. 3) 30% are always wear spectacles, 35% seldom, 40% are frequently, 15% are sometimes and 5% never. 6% are always wearing lenses, 23% are seldom, and 40% are frequently, 21% are sometimes, 10% are never. 4) 60% are wear spectacles due to problem in eye sight, 27% for fashion or style, and 9% due to headache are frequently. 42% are wear lenses due to problem in eye sight, 52% for fashion/style. 5) 50% are having local spectacles and 50% having branded. 42% are having local lenses and 58% are branded. 6) 11% are spend < 500 rupees, 33% 5spend 00-700, 41% spend 700-1000 and 15% spend > 1000 rupees on spectacles. 8% are spend < 500 rupees, 18% 5spend 00-700, 57% spend 7001000 and 17% spend > 1000 rupees on lenses. 7) 37% are purchase spectacles from nearer shop, 50% from branded outlets and 13% from malls. 17% are purchase lenses from nearer shop, 57% from branded outlets and 26% from malls. 8) From weighted average mean method researcher may interpret that most of respondents are prefer the spectacles. 9) From weighted average mean method researcher may interpret that most of respondents are influenced to wear spectacles by comfort ability, design and clarity. 10) From weighted average mean method researcher may interpret that most of respondents are influenced to wear lenses by availability of color and maintenance. 11) 23% feel problem in spectacles and 73% are not. 77% feel problem in lenses and 27% are not.
84

6.2 CONCLUSIONS

85

CHAPTER - 8
RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER 8 RECOMMENDATIONS

86

BIBLIOGRAPHY
o Books:
Name Marketing Research: Research Design Business Research Method Statistical Methods Author G.C. Beri Donald R. Cooper & Pamela S. Schindler S P Gupta Publication Tata McGraw-Hill

Tata McGraw-Hill Sultan Chand & Sons Publishers

o Websites:
www.en.wikipedia.org www.ray-ban.com/india www.kaenon.com www.luxottica.com www.costadelmar.com www.persol.com/india www.ic-berlin.de www.randolphsunglasses.com

87

ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE
I, Chirag Patel, student of The Surat Peoples Co. Op. Bank College of Business Administration, Udhana, Surat, is conducting a survey Comparative Study between Spectacles & Lenses among Youth. I will be thankful, if you give proper response to the questions. The information you share with me is only used for academic purpose. Your personal details will be kept strictly confidential.
Thank you for spending your valuable time. Chirag Patel

1) Do you visit eye specialist? Yes No

2) How often do you visit eye specialist? Once in a month Thais in a month Twice in a month More than 3 times in a month

3) Which of following do you wear? Always Seldom Frequently Some Time Never Spectacle Lenses

88

4) For which purpose do you wear spectacles or lenses? Spectacles Problem in eye sight For fashion or style Due to headache To protect eyes from sunrays & dust Other________________________ 5) Which types of spectacles or lenses do you buy? Spectacles Local Branded Lenses Local Branded Lenses Problem in eye sight For fashion or style Due to headache To protect eyes from sunrays & dust Other________________________

6) How much do you spend on spectacles or lenses? Spectacles Less than 500 500 to 700 700 to 1000 More than 1000 Lenses Less than 500 500 to 700 700 to 1000 More then 1000

7) From where do you purchase spectacles or lenses? Spectacles Nearer shops Branded outlets From malls Lenses Nearer shops Branded outlets From malls

89

8) What do you prefer to wear? Highly Prefer Spectacles Lenses Prefer Neutral Not Prefer Highly Not Prefer

9) If you wear Spectacles then rate the following features of spectacles. Excellent Safety Comfort Ability Perishability Availability of Colors Design & Pattern Clarity Maintenance Good Average Poor Very Poor

10) If you wear Spectacles then rate the following features of lenses. Excellent Safety Comfort Ability Perishability Availability of Colors Design & Pattern Clarity Maintenance Good Average Poor Very Poor

90

11) Do you feel any problem in wearing spectacles or lenses? Spectacles Yes No Lenses Yes No

12) If yes then please specify...... ________________________________________________________________ 13) Give your Suggestions

Personal Details Name:Age: Phone No:Address:E-mail ID:Occupation: ______________________________________________ ___ ___________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________
Employed Self employed Student Household

91