Adaptive Array Signal Processing for DS CDMA Systems under Multipath Fading Channel

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the detection problem of DS-CDMA systems is transformed to an equivalent problem of beamforming systems by the multirate signal processing technique. In this situation, the channel plus spreading code in DS-CDMA systems is represented by an equivalent steering matrix in the signal processing of beamforming systems. An optimum detection design based on optimum beamforming technique is proposed for DSCDMA systems. Furthermore, stochastic processes model the timevarying tap coefficients of multipath fading channel. The channel parameter or steering matrix estimation algorithm is developed using the Kalman state estimation method. Because the dynamics of multipath fading channel is considered in the design procedure, the proposed design method possesses better tracking ability of multipath fading channel than that of the conventional adaptive methods.Finally, an adaptive detection design for DS-CDMA systems is also discussed in this paper. Several simulation results are also given to illustrate the performance of the proposed method. Keywords: DS-CDMA systems, Fading channel, Beamforming, Kalman state estimation, Adaptive detection.

INTRODUCTION
Direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) techniques have attracted increasing attention recently in wireless and cellular applications for efficient use of available bandwidth, resistance to interference,and adaptability to variable traffic pattern. In DS-CDMA systems,several independent users are simultaneously active in the same transmission medium and distinguishable at the receiver by different user-specific signature waveforms. The advantages of direct-sequence spread-spectrum for these services include superior operation in multipath environments, flexibility in the allocation of channels, ability to operate asynchronously, increased capacity in burst of fading channels, and ability to share bandwidth with narrowband communication systems without undue degradation of either system's performance (Liu, 2000). Multipath fading channel with Rayleigh (or Rician) distribution has been used to determine the statistical properties of fading channel for a long time (Waheed and Salem, 2005). Each tap coefficient of the multipath fading channel is usually modelled as a Gaussian stochastic process.To treat the equalization problem of such a time-varying channel, conventional adaptive schemes using recursive least squares (RLS) adaptation algorithms are usually employed to track the channels variations and equalize the received signal(Soderstrom and Stoica, 1989). However, the reconstruction performance is poor because the conventional adaptive equalization algorithms cannot effectively track the timevarying characteristics of the multipath fading channel. The problems of optimal as well as sub-optimal detection for CDMA transmission over a white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel have been discussed in (Waheed and Salem, 2005).Adaptive multiuser detection (Nguy et al., 2005) has been proposed recently to combine time-varying fading channels.In spite of its success in some scenarios, an adaptive receiver can only track the slow variation channels. In the study, a design method is proposed to treat the estimation and equalization problems for multipath fading channel via the steering matrix method. In this method, the channel parameter and steering matrix estimation algorithms in the training period and operation period are derived, respectively,using the Kalman filtering method.

Then, from this estimated steering matrix, an optimal and realizable equalization filter is designed based on the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) (Soderstrom and Stoica, 1989). Since the stochastic dynamics of the multipath fading channel has been considered in training period and operation period in this design procedure, the proposed design method possesses a more robust tracking ability for multipath fading channel, and therefore exhibits a better reconstruction performance than the conventional adaptive method. Throughout the paper lowercase bold letters represent vectors, uppercases bold letters represent matrices, and non-bold letters represent scalars.

CDMA SYSTEMS: In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems all users transmit in the same bandwidth simultaneously. Communication systems following this concept are "spread spectrum systems''. In this transmission technique, the frequency spectrum of a data-signal is spread using a code uncorrelated with that signal. As a result the bandwidth occupancy is much higher then required. The codes used for spreading have low cross-correlation values and are unique to every user. This is the reason that a receiver which has knowledge about the code of the intended transmitter, is capable of selecting the desired signal. Advantages: Low power spectral density. As the signal is spread over a large frequencyband, the Power Spectral Density is getting very small, so other communications systems do not suffer from this kind of communications. However the Gaussian Noise level is increasing. Interference limited operation. In all situations the whole frequencyspectrum is used. Privacy due to unknown random codes. The applied codes are - in principle unknown to a hostile user. This means that it is hardly possible to detect the message of an other user. Applying spread spectrum implies the reduction of multi-path effects. Random access possibilities. Users can start their transmission at any arbitrary time. Good anti-jam performance. There exist different techniques to spread a signal: Direct-Sequence (DS), Frequency-Hopping(FH), Time-Hopping (TH) and Multi-Carrier CDMA (MCCDMA). It is also possible to make use of combinations of them. We will now concentrate on the most popular technique: Direct-Sequence. Direct sequence: Direct Sequence is the best known Spread Spectrum Technique. The data signal is multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise Code (PN code). A PN code is a sequence of chips valued -1 and 1 (polar) or 0 and 1 (non-polar) and has noiselike properties. This results in low cross-correlation values among the codes and the difficulty to jam or detect a data message. Several families of binary PN codes exist.A usual way to create a PN code is by means of at least one shift-

register. When the length of such a shift-register is n, the following can be said about the period NDS of the above mentioned code-families: In direct-sequence systems the length of the code is the same as the spreadingfactor with the consequence Figure 1: direct-sequence spreading This can also be seen from figure 1, where we show how the PN code is combined with the data-signal, in this example NDS=7. The bandwidth of the data signal is now multiplied by a factor NDS.The power contents however stays the same, with the result that the power spectral density lowers.The generation of PN codes is relatively easy, a number of shift-registers is all that is required.For this reason it is easy to introduce a large processing-gain in Direct-Sequence systems. Figure 2: DS-concept, before and after despreading In the receiver, the received signal is multiplied again by the same (synchronized) PN code.Since the code existed of +1s and -1s, this operation completely removes the code from the signal and the original data-signal is left. Another observation is that the despread operation is the same as the spread operation. The consequence is that a possible jamming-signal in the radio channel will be spread before data-detection is performed. So jamming effects are reduced (see figure 2).The main problem with applying Direct Sequence spreading is the so-called Near-Far effect which is illustrated in figure 3. This effect is present when an interfering transmitter is much closer to the receiver than the intended transmitter. Although the cross-correlation between codes A and B is low, the correlation between the received signal from the interfering transmitter and code A can be higher than the correlation between the received signal from the intended transmitter and code A. The result is that proper data detection is not possible Pseudo-Random Noise Codes

2.PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 2.1 DS-CDMA Systems Consider the DS-CDMA system in Fig. 1. Suppose there are N users and per user the effective bandwidth with Wo . The coded symbol stream ui( k) of the ith user is modulated by distinct spreading signature si (k ) for i = 1,.,N.The modulated signal xi( k) is transmitted through a channel hi( k) to the base station (see Fig. 1), n(k ) denotes the noise.In this study, and n(k ) is assumed to be of white zero-mean Gaussian noise. In the conventional DS-CDMA systems, the received signal r(k ) is demodulated by distinct despreading sequences to separate different users' sequences and then eliminate the ISI(intersymbol interference) and MAI(multiple access interference) by equalizers or other filters to reconstruct the transmitted sequences of each user.In this study, the equalization problem of DS-CDMA systems is transformed to an equivalent signal reconstructive problem of beamforming systems by the multirate signal processing technique. Then the optimal signal reconstruction technique of beamforming signal processing will be employed to treat the optimal equalization problem of DS-CDMA systems. The DS-CDMA system in Fig. 1 can be transformed to an equivalent multirate system in Fig. 2 through the multirate signals processing technique (Tsatsanis and Giannakis,1996).