First Law of Thermodynamics

Reading 3-1 3-6 5-1 5-5 6-1 6-5 Problems 3-40, 3-49 5-9, 5-10, 5-25, 5-29, 5-35, 5-42, 5-61 6-17, 6-23, 6-37, 6-52, 6-78, 6-87, 6-152

Control Mass (Closed System)

The two underlying conservation equations for performing a thermodynamic analysis on a Closed System or a Control Mass, are: 1. Conservation of Mass, and 2. Conservation of Energy

Conservation of Mass
Conservation of Mass, which states that mass cannot be created or destroyed, is implicitly satised by the denition of a control mass.

Conservation of Energy
The rst law of thermodynamics states: Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only change forms. energy transformation is accomplished through energy transfer as work and/or heat. Work and heat are the forms that energy can take in order to be transferred across the system boundary. the rst law leads to the principle of Conservation of Energy where we can stipulate the energy content of an isolated system is constant. energy entering energy leaving = change of energy within the system

Sign Convention
There are many potential sign conventions that can be used. Cengel Approach Heat Transfer: heat transfer to a system is positive and heat transfer from a system is negative. Work Transfer: work done by a system is positive and work done on a system is negative.

Culham Approach Anything directed into the system is positive, anything directed out of the system is negative.

Forms of Energy Transfer

Work Versus Heat
Work is macroscopically organized energy transfer. Heat is microscopically disorganized energy transfer.

Heat Energy
heat is dened as a form of energy that is transferred solely due to a temperature difference (without mass transfer) Notation: Q (kJ ) amount of heat transfer Q (kW ) rate of heat transfer (power) q (kJ/kg) - heat transfer per unit mass q (kW/kg) - power per unit mass

Work Energy
work is a form of energy in transit. One should not attribute work to a system. Notation: W (kJ ) amount of work transfer W (kW ) power w (kJ/kg) - work per unit mass w (kW/kg) - power per unit mass

Mechanical Work force (which generally varies) times displacement

2

W12 =

F ds
1

Moving Boundary Work

consider compression in a piston/cylinder, where A is the piston cross sectional area (frictionless) the area under the process curve on a P V
2

diagram is proportional to
1

P dV

sometimes called P dV work or compression /expansion work

polytropic processes: where P V n = C

Gravitational Work Work is dened as force through a distance

2

W12 =

F ds
1

Acceleration Work if the system is accelerating, the work associated with the change of the velocity can be calculated as follows:
2 2 2

W12 =

F ds =
1 1

ma ds =
1

dV dt

ds =
1

m dV

ds dt
V

and we can then write

2

W12 =

mV dV = m
1

2 V2

2 V1

Charge Transfer Work (Electrical Work) charge is a conserved quantity, like mass and energy the electrical work done is given as

We = =

I dt
1

It

Control Volume (Open System)

The major difference between a Control Mass and and Control Volume is that mass crosses the system boundary of a control volume. We will dene a region in space that may be moving or changing shape. As the process proceeds we will monitor the volume as mass, heat and work cross the system boundary. The control volume approach will be used for many engineering problems where a mass ow rate is present, such as: turbines, pumps and compressors heat exchangers nozzles and diffusers, etc. CONSERVATION OF MASS:

m OUT

m cv

m IN cv

rate of increase of mass within the CV d dt where: mCV =

V

net rate of mass f low = IN

net rate of mass f low OU T

(mCV ) = mIN mOU T

dV

mIN = ( V A)IN mOU T = ( V A)OU T with V = average velocity

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:

The 1st law states: ECV (t) + Q + Wshaf t + (EIN EOU T )+ (WIN WOU T ) = ECV (t + t) 6 (1)

where: EIN = eIN mIN EOU T = eOU T mOU T W = ow work e = E m = u

internal

V2 2
kinetic

gz
potential

Some Practical Assumptions for Control Volumes

Steady State Process: The properties of the material inside the control volume do not change with time. For example

P2 > P1 P1 P2
Diffuser: P changes inside the control volume, but the pressure at each point does not change with time.

V2 < V1
Steady Flow Process: The properties of the material crossing the control surface do not change with time. For example

T = T(y) T T(t)
y x

Inlet Pipe: T at the inlet may be different at different locations, but temperature at each boundary point does not change with time.

The steadiness refers to variation with respect to time if the process is not steady, it is unsteady or transient often steady ow implies both steady ow and steady state

Uniform State Process: The properties of the material inside the control volume are uniform and may change with time. For example
50 C
o

t=0

50 C

50 C 50 C
o

Q t=10
60 C
o

Heating Copper: Cu conducts heat well, so that it heats evenly.

60 C 60 C
o

60 C

Uniform Flow Process: The properties of the material crossing the control surface are spatially uniform and may change with time. For example

P P(y)
Inlet Pipe: P at the inlet is uniform across y.

y x
Uniformity is a concept related to the spatial distribution. If the ow eld in a process is not uniform, it is distributed.