Infant

Freudian Psychosexual Development Stage : Oral Age Range : Birth1 year Erogenous zone : Mouth

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate Age : infant -18 months Virtues : Hopes Psycho Social Crisis : Trust vs. Mistrust

Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development Level : One (Preconventional Morality) Stage : 0 (Egocentric Judgement) Age Range: Birth 2 years Definition : The infant has no awareness of right and wrong

Type of Play Solitary Play - Safety is chief determinant in choosing toys(aspirating small objects is one cause of accidental death) - Mostly used for physical development - Toys need to be simple because of short attention span - Visual and auditory stimulation is important - Suggested toys: Rattles Soft, stuffed toys Mobiles Push-pull toys Unbreakable Mirrors Weighted or Suction toys Squeeze toys

Source of Anxiety o Fear of Strangers as early as 6 months; peak at 8 months eightmonth anxiety o Start of Separation Anxiety - 9-10 months

Consequences of psychologic Significant fixation : Relationship : Mother Orally aggressive: Existential chewing gum and Question : the ends of pencils, Can I Trust The etc. World? Orally Passive: Examples : smoking, eating, Feeding, kissing, oral sexual Abandonment practices Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature, manipulative personality.

Toddler

Stage : Anal Age Range : 1 3 years Erogenous zone : Bowel and bladder elimination Consequences of psychologic fixation : Anal retentive: Obsessively organized, or excessively neat Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac

Approximate Age : 18 month-3 years Virtues : Will Psycho Social Crisis : Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Significant Relationship : Parents

Level : One (Preconventional Morality) Stage : 1 (Punishment Obedience Orientation) Age Range: 2 3 years

Definition : At this stage children cannot Existential Question : reason as mature Is It Ok To Be Me? members of the Examples : society. Toilet Training, Children view the Clothing world in a selfish Themselves way, with no real understanding of right and wrong. The child obeys rules and demonstrates

Teething toys Books with textures Activity books Nested boxes and fitting forms Parallel Play - The child plays alongside other children but not with them - Mostly free and spontaneous, no rules or regukations - Attention span is still very short, and change of toys occurs at frequent intervals - Safety is important; there is danger of: 1. Breaking a toy through explorationand ingesting small pieces 2. Ingesting lead from lead based paint on toys

o Loss of parents - separation anxiety o Stranger anxiety o Large animals, Loud noises o Going to sleep o Emotional support, comfort, and simple explanations may help allay fears

acceptable behavior to avoid punishment and to avoid displeasing those ho are in power, and because the child fears punishment from a superior force, such as a parent. A toddler typically is at the first substage, involving punishment and obedience orientation, in which the toddler makes judgements based on avoiding punishment or obtaining a reward Physical punishment and withholding privilidges tand to give the toddler a negative view of morals. Withdrawing love

3. Being burned by potentially flammable toys - Imitation and make believe play begins by end of second year. - Suggested toys: Play furniture, dishes, cooking utensils, telephone Puzzles with a few large pieces Pedal-propelled toys, such as tricycle; straddle toys such as rocking horse Clay, sandbox toys, crayons, finger paints Pounding toys; blocks; push-pull toys

Preschooler

Stage : Phallic Age Range : 3 6 years Erogenous zone : Genitalia Consequences of psychologic fixation : Oedipus complex (in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud. Electra Complex

Approximate Age : 3 - 5 years Virtues : Purpose Psycho Social Crisis : Initiative vs. Guilt Significant Relationship : Family

and affection as punishment leads to feeling of guilt in the toddler. Appropriate discipline includes providing simple explanations why certain behaviours are unacceptable, praising appropriate behaviour, and using distractions when toddler is headed for an unsafe action. Level : One (Preconventional Morality) Stage : 2 (Instrumental Relativist Orientation) Age Range: 4 7 years

Existential Question : Definition : The child conforms Is It Ok For Me To to rules to obtain Do, Move and Act? rewards or have

Cooperative Play - Loosely organized group play where membership changes readily, as do rules - Through play, the child deals with reality, learns control of feelings, and expresses emotions more through action than through words

Castration fear / Body Mutilation - fear of intrusive procedures o Fear of the dark - fear heightened by childs vivid imagination o Fear of Separation or abandonment

(in girls); according to Carl Jung.

Examples : Exploring, Using Tools or Making Art

favors returned. The childs moral standards are those of others and, and the child observes them either to avoid punishment or obtain reawards. A preschooler is in the preconventional stage of moral development In this stage conscience emerges and the emphasis is on external control.

Schooler

Stage : Latency Age Range : 6 - puberty

Approximate Age : 5-13 years Virtues : Competence

Level : Two (Conventional Morality)

- Play is still physically oriented but is also imitative and imaginary - Increasing sharing and cooperation among preschool children, especially 5 year old children - Suggested toys: Dress-up clothes; dolls; doll house; small trucks; animals; puppets, etc. Painting sets, coloring books, paste and cut-out sets Illustrated books; puzzle with large pieces and more shapes Tricycle; swing; slide; other playground equioment - Play activities varies with age; number of play activities

o Anxiety related to beginning of school o School Phobia

Erogenous zone : Dormant sexual feelings Consequences of psychologic fixation : Sexual unfulfillment if fixation occurs in this stage.

Psycho Social Crisis : Industry vs. Inferiority Significant Relationship : Neighbors, School Existential Question : Can I Make It In The World Of People And Things? Examples : School, Sports

The child conforms to rules to please others. The child has increased awareness on others feelings. A concern for social order begins to emerge. A child views good behavior as that which those in authority will approve If the behaviour is not acceptable, the child feels guilty Stage : 3 (Good Boy Nice Girl Orientation) Age Range: 3 7 years Definition : Conformity occurs to avoid disapproval or

decreases, whereas the amount of time spent in one particular activity increases Likes games with rules because of increased mental abilities Likes games of athletic competition because of increased motor ability Should learn how to work as well as play, with a beginning appreciation for economics and finances In beginning of school years, boys and girls play together but gradually separate into sex-oriented type of activities Suggested play for 6 9 years old More

o Latchkey children - school children who are without adult supervision for a part of each weekday

dislike by others. This stage involves living up to what is expected by individuals close to the child or what individuals generally expect of others in their roles as daughter, son, brother, sister, and friend. Stage : 4 (Law and Order Orientation) Age Range: 10 12 years Definition : The child has more concern with society as a whole. Emphasis is on obeying laws to maintain social order. Moral reasoning

housekeeping toys that work; doll accessories; paper-doll sets; simple sewing machine; needlework; building toys Simple work number games that require increased skills Physically active games such as hopscotch, jumprope, climbing trees, bicycle riding Collections and hobbies such as stamp collecting and building simple models - Suggested play for 9 12 years olds Handicrafts of all kinds; model kits; pottery; clay; hobbies; collections

Adolescent

Stage : Genital Age Range : Puberty - Death Erogenous zone : Sexual interests mature

Approximate Age : 13-21years Virtues : Fidelity Psycho Social Crisis : Identity vs. Role Confusion

develops as the Archery; dart child shifts the games; chess; focus of living to jidsaw puzzles society Science toys; The school-age magic sets child is at the conventional level of the conformity stage and has an increased desire to please others. The child observes and to some extent internalizes the standards of others. The child wants to be considered Good by those individuals whose opinions matter to him or her. Level : Three Sports that require (Post Conventional strenuous physical Morality) exertion The individual focuses on individual rights and principles of

o Increased need for privacy, sense of control, and independence o Increased concern for mutilation, disfigurement, and

Consequences of psychologic fixation : Frigidity, impotence, unsatisfactory relationships

Significant Relationship : Peers, Role Model

Existential Question : Stage : 5 Who Am I? What (Social Contact and Can I Be? Legalistic Examples : Orientation) Social Relationships Definition : The person is aware that others hold a variety of values and opinions and that most values and rules are relative to the group. The adolescent in this stage gives and takes and does not expect to get something without paying for it. Stage : 6 (Universal Ethical Principles) Definition :

conscience The focus is on concerns regarding what is best for all.

loss of function; needs to be like peers; body image important o Concern about separation from peers and possible loss of status in group

 Conformity is based on universal principles of justice and occurs to avoid selfcondemnation. This stage involves following self chosen ethical principles. The development of the postconventional level of morality occurs in the adolescent about age 13 years, marked by the development of an individual conscience and a defined set of moral values. The adolescent can now acknowledge a conflict between a two socially accepted

standards and to try to decide between them. Control of conduct is now internal in the standards observed and in reasoning about right and wrong.

Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES University Town Catarman, Northern Samar _______________

COLLEGE OF NURSING _______________

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES _______________

A Written Output on Maternal and Child Nursing In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Nursing _______________

Mrs. Mary Day Florano, RN, MAN Professor _______________

Ms. Maria Neze E. Dalimocon, RN I MAN _______________ February 2nd Semester, 2012